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Empowerment approaches in order to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development are not new and still need further research on the concept, planning, and implementation. Involving the World Bank and other non -government institutions, the Government of Indonesia since 2003 develop ed those approaches which are more integrated and participative through Squatter Settlemen its Pilot Assistance Project (PPM-Squatter). This paper critiques and corrects the domination of those non -government institutions in financing and assisting the project/program. This paper also shows factors that determine the performance of empowerment ap proaches in squatter settlements assistance, which are (1) interpretation of concept of the program and typology of squatter, (2) political absorption by government institutions in all level, and (3) facilitation, monitoring and evaluation.Keywords: empowerment approach, squatter settlement assistance, empirical evaluation

Abstract This paper assesses the democratizing potential of the institutionalization of social movements in Brazil under the Lula Government, in order to evaluate their impact on political hegemony and social inclusion when they establish close links with the state apparatus. We focus on rural movements and the Sustainable Development Program of Rural Territories (Pronat), and show that the institutionalization of a significant part of the rural movement was part of the phenomenon known as Lulism, a social class alliance in which social movements had a prominent role that enabled the Lula government to consolidate its hold on power. We argue that social movements have not only successfully converted their demands into public policies and strengthened political participation, but also perpetuated class hegemony and legitimated the authority of the government.

In 2014, the new Indian government declared its intention to achieve 100 smart cities. In promoting this objective, it gave the example of a large development in the island city of Mumbai, Bhendi Bazaar. There, 3-5 storey housing would be replaced with towers of between 40 to 60 storeys to increase density. This has come to be known as "vertical with a vengeance". We have obtained details of the proposed project from the developer and the municipal authorities. Using an extended urban metabolism model, which measures the impacts of the built environment, we have assessed its overall impact. We determined how the flows of materials and energy will change as a result of the redevelopment. Our research shows that the proposal is neither smart nor sustainable.

Debates about new free-trade agreements provide various societal actors with opportunities to communicate their visions of sustainable futures. This paper analyses the development of US environmental groups' imaginaries of sustainability from discussions around the North American Free Trade Agreement in the 1990s to current debates about the Transpacific Partnership. Using a qualitative Science and Technology studies approach, it examines statements, 'fact sheets', and reports published by environmental groups for (changing) patterns of mutually held visions of desirable futures in these two, isolated free-trade debates. The paper concludes that while argumentative continuity can be detected in the imagining of sustainability as an inclusive democratic concept, claims made against TPP increasingly focused on exclusively national concerns, the intrinsic value of nature, and the compatibility of economic growth with environmental protection.

Critical raw materials (CRM) are used in various applications in different sectors, and their consumption will likely further increase in future. The threats caused by their limited availability and high prices have led to discussion on more efficient use of the resources available. The enhanced recycling of critical raw materials could be a significant opportunity for the Nordic countries.This report focuses on the recycling potential of wastes containing CRMs, analyses of the bottlenecks of recycling, and identifies potential policy instruments to eliminate the barriers or reduce their impact. In order to enhance sustainable recycling, the Nordic countries should improve knowledge of CRM availability, develop new recycling strategies, support demonstration and selected R&D actions, and strengthen Nordic influence on the development of European legislation and standards.

The aerotropolis—a metropolitan region with cities that capitalize on proximity to a globally networked economy's airport—is regarded as the twenty-first century's new urban-development paradigm. Similarly, the regional city—a polycentric metropolitan region with linked mixed-use centers, multi-modal corridors, multi-functional districts, and natural preserves—is regarded as an urban form of the future with global and local advantage. In this paper, the building blocks of the regional city, which are increasingly regarded as principles of a durable urbanism, inform a multi-criteria framework toward a sustainability assessment of the aerotropolis-built form. The implications for the redevelopment of a North American city as an aerotropolis are noted. The paper concludes with an expansive discussion of the sustainable urban form of the future

Unequal access to green space as a cause of a new categoryof health inequalitiesThe article presents the influence of unequal access to green space on human health, resulting in the formation of health inequalities. The work is based on the hypothesis that unequal access to green areas in the place of residence and leisure, largely determined by the level of income and the scope of implementation of sustainable development strategy by the state, contributes to deepening social health inequalities. The article analyses the attitude towards the impact of access to green space on health present in official documents and related researchIt also identifies a direct link between limited access to green space and social health inequalities. In the last part of the article, legal regulations concerning access to greenery in Poland are presented.

Over the last two decades, governance has become a central area of research in various disciplines of social sciences. Although scholars widely recognize the importance of governance in sustainable development, the quality of governance and how to measure it in a comprehensive way are still under discussion. In response to this, we developed a framework for assessing governance capacity that is based on the policy arrangement approach. The framework highlights three elements—enabling rules of the game, converging discourses, and facilitating resources—and their inter-linkages. To illustrate the use of the framework, we present its application to the policy of forest land allocation in Vietnam. Our findings indicate the complicated link between institutional capacity and governance performance and the effects of socioeconomic contexts on actors' interactions in a policy arrangement.

Theme [ssh.2013.3.2-1] [Social Innovation- Empowering People, changing societies] Project Full Title: "Transformative Social Innovation Theory project" ; [Abstract] This report presents the results of a case study developed on the Slow Food movement within the EU-FP7 funded TRANSIT Proyect. Slow Food is a International association founded to counter the rise of fast food and fast life. Slow Food demands a shift of paradigm towards a new food system, based on the defense of biodiversity, respect for local cultures and community empowerment. Slow Food envisions a world in which all people can access and enjoy quality food produced in a sustainable and fair way. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 613169

The study investigated the impacts of government expenditure and inflation rate on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2013. The data for the study were generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and was analyzed using the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) modeling approach. The variance decomposition shows that high level of government expenditure and inflation contributed significantly to shocks in the real gross domestic product. The central focus of the study is that fluctuation in output growth over the years is a true reflection of the level of government expenditure as well as the inflationary level in Nigeria. There is therefore, an urgent need for policy makers to formulate policies that will enhance real gross domestic product and consequently generate sustainable economic growth and development in the country.

Construction of road with cost efficiency and sustainable road pavement type is generally considered as an essential element for economic and social development our country. In the road construction industry the government of Ethiopia Ethiopian Road Authority is giving attention for the construction of rigid pavement in areas high traffic loading. Rigid pavements have not been extensively used in most tropical countries and in Ethiopia in particular, mainly due to a lack of tradition and experience in their design and construction and due to the relatively higher initial investments. Cost of rigid pavement is more advantageous than flexible pavement for high traffic loading areas. A total of 10km flexible pavements and rigid pavements costs are designed and their costs computed in the paper and rigid pavement cost is higher than flexible pavement cost by 41 %.

Construction of road with cost efficiency and sustainable road pavement type is generally considered as an essential element for economic and social development our country. In the road construction industry the government of Ethiopia Ethiopian Road Authority is giving attention for the construction of rigid pavement in areas high traffic loading. Rigid pavements have not been extensively used in most tropical countries and in Ethiopia in particular, mainly due to a lack of tradition and experience in their design and construction and due to the relatively higher initial investments. Cost of rigid pavement is more advantageous than flexible pavement for high traffic loading areas. A total of 10km flexible pavements and rigid pavements costs are designed and their costs computed in the paper and rigid pavement cost is higher than flexible pavement cost by 41 %.

Debates over wolf policy are driven by an underlying attitudinal divide between peoplefrom urban and rural areas. This study explores how the power relationship between urban and ruralgroups interact with individual attitude formation in relation to wolf policy, in order to understandwhy dissatisfaction with wolf policy tends to result in group level conflict patterns. Using Swedishsurvey data, I analyze attitudes to wolf policy, in relation to collective level effects and rural politicalalienation. Findings indicate that individual level attitudes towards the Swedish wolf policy are inpart determined by collective attitude patterns: effects that could be contingent on political alienation.This highlights the possibility of reducing attitude polarization with respect to the wolf policy,by addressing political alienation among the rural population. ; Governing sustainable rural development – for or by the local population?

This article reviews the channels through which horticultural exports affect food security in developing countries. We describe the trends in horticultural export chains and investigate the macro- and micro-level effects on the different components of food security, including availability, access, utilization and stability. The available evidence suggests that horticultural exports contribute to food security in developing countries, particularly through the development of rural labor markets and female wage employment in companies. Important challenges remain; most notably the provision of secure employment at remunerative conditions and the sustainable use of water resources. Overcoming these challenges requires tighter national legislation but also private food standards may contribute. Empirical evidence that directly measures the impact of horticultural exports on food security and the underlying impact pathways is still completely missing and highly needed.

The paper gives the description and study of the foreign economic policy of Georgia in the during independence period. The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the preconditions for the sustainable and stable development of the country by means developing foreign trade, improving investment potential and using an efficient foreign debt management system. During the studies, the paper used the materials of the studies conducted by Georgian and foreign scientists, as well as international and private organizations and their evaluations. The opinions about the improvement and risks of the present-day situation are given following the consideration of different components of the foreign economic policy of Georgia, and opportunities for the rationalization of foreign policy of Georgia are offered.