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The Arab uprisings have laid bare the abyss between the rhetoric and reality of the dominant development paradigm in the region. It is widely agreed that socioeconomic discontent was a major cause of the uprisings. An early slogan raised at the start of the uprising in Tunisia was "employment is a right, you gang of thieves". The slogan contrasted the denied universal right to employment with the actual accumulation of illicit privileges by a narrow minority.

Tables. ; Part of a CIHM set. For individual microfiches in this set, see CIHM microfiche nos. 49232-49235. ; Includes advertising matter. ; "In three volumes. Vol. I." ; "Illustrated by eighty-two maps, and about eleven hundred other engravings on wood representing the most remarkable objects of nature and art in every in every region of the globe, together with a new map of the United States." ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

The written legacy of the Transylvanian princes preserved in Ukrainian archival funds is a less researched area. The aim of the article is to shed light on the documentary heritage of two Transylvanian princes preserved by the archival funds of Ukraine. The methodology of the research is based on the description of the sources, with the help of which new data is introduced into the scientific stream. Archival-descriptive methods were applied that can be used to exploit the historical data in the records. The scientific novelty of the article is about exploring sources that have not been published so far or have already been mentioned in the foreign literature, but are less known in the historical literature of Ukraine. Conclusions: The present study covers the documentary legacy of two princes, György Rákóczi I (1593-1648) and his great-grandson Ferenc Rákóczi II (1676-1735), examining the letters in the State Archives of the Transcarpathian Region, which were signed by them. Although the Transylvanian princes were not independent rulers, they left a significant mark in European history in the administrative, military and political spheres. Their military-political careers had an impact on the peoples of the region, the Ukrainians, the Hungarians, the Poles and the Germans alike. Of all the princes of the Rákóczi dynasty, the documentary legacy of the princes mentioned above is the richest in the State Archives of the Transcarpathian Region. The princes in question were suffering in the European space between the two great powers of the time, the Habsburgs and the Turkish Empire, and could succeed only with great effort. Letters, decrees, and other orders written or issued in the princely chancelleries, the description of which appears in this article, are essentially the result of the present research. These expand the image of the relationship between the peoples living in the principality and the Rákóczis, who often acted in political coercion. A detailed examination of the princes' letters of donation, the treaties with the rulers, or the relations with the poor peasantry may be of interest for further research

The article is devoted to the formation and development of the community of Tajik migrants in the Post-Soviet period in the South Urals. The source database was made up of archival documents from the archive of the Chelyabinsk region, data on international migration and field materials of the author. Using this set of sources, the author reconstructs the quantitative and qualitative parameters of cross-border movements from Tajikistan, shows the time and circumstances of arrival migrants, reveals the participation of Tajiks in internal Russian and cross-border migrations. In total, the author collected 56 interviews with immigrants from Tajikistan, implemented 115 hours of included observation. The sample of objects for observation and establishment of contacts with informants included: cafes, "points" selling clothes in the markets "Chinese", "Vostochnyi Gorod" and "Kashirinsky" in Chelyabinsk, residential buildings and schools near them, as well as public transport. The methodological basis of the research is transnationalism. The use of transnational optics made it possible to see the life of migrants simultaneously in two contexts – "there" and "here". In the structure of Central Asian migration to the South Urals since the 1990s Tajiks predominated. Against their background, the Kyrgyz were small and "invisible" for the host country; Uzbeks joined labor migration only relatively recently. Dynamic movements from Tajikistan have led to the formation of stable transnational ties, connected, first of all, with the supply and sale of fruits and vegetables, seasonal work at construction sites, etc. People from the Khatlon and Sughd regions come to the South Urals. At the same time, Tajik migrants demonstrated a high level of mobility within Russia already in the 1990s, they actively moved around Russian cities (Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk) in search of work, higher earnings, and prospects for starting a business. Labor migration from Tajikistan is due to steady population growth in the country of origin, combined with low rates of economic development, unemployment, and low incomes. According to informants' estimates, in the coming years, one should hardly expect a significant reduction in migration from Tajikistan to the Chelyabinsk region.

Background and objectives: Extemporaneous preparations are pharmaceutical preparations individually prepared for a specific patient or patient group, but also high-risk products accompanied by doubts regarding their safety and quality. Legislation regulating the compounding of extemporaneous preparations is not harmonized among European countries. This problem is partially resolved by Resolution CM/Res(2016)1 on quality and safety assurance requirements for medicinal products prepared in pharmacies for the special needs of patients. In order to understand the relevance of extemporaneous compounding in Latvia and the fulfillment of the abovementioned resolution&rsquo ; s requirements, it is essential to get information about the volume and breakdown of sales of extemporaneous medicinal products in community pharmacies. The purpose of this survey is to identify the sales volume of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies in Latvia in 2017 by analyzing unpublished data of the State Agency of Medicines (SAM), as well as comparing Latvian laws with the requirements of the resolution. Materials and Methods: A separate Microsoft Excel spreadsheet was prepared for each statistical region in order to summarize the unpublished information of SAM on the turnover of extemporaneous preparations in 2017 in all Latvian statistical regions. In order to compare the regulatory framework in Latvia with the resolution, the Latvian Pharmaceutical Law and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulations regulating prescription, compounding and control of extemporaneous preparations in community pharmacies were analyzed. Results: Only 280 of 384 pharmacies submitted a report of sales of extemporaneous preparations for 2017 to the SAM. These pharmacies represented all Latvian statistical regions. Extemporaneous preparations were mostly sold in Riga (78.93%). The Latvian regulation does not include all paragraphs of the resolution. Most of the paragraphs of the resolution are described in Latvian regulatory enactments only partially. Conclusions: The total number of compounding pharmacies evidence that the service is needed. Latvian example highlights a necessity for European Union countries to compare their national legislation with the requirements of the resolution&rsquo ; s last version and, if necessary, implement relevant amendments.

Article ; Rural areas as a living space for the population has been increasingly explored in official documents of various EU institutions and in research topics. Both the documents and the research papers stress the necessity to enhance and maintain the viability of rural areas. The viability of rural areas is ensured by employment opportunities and readiness of residents for active and innovative economic activities. The paper presents an analysis of vertical and horizontal changes in entrepreneurship in the period of 2009–2015 and their effect on changes in the living space of the analysed territories in Latvia's regions. The processes in administrative territories of regions, municipalities were analysed, as the life of residents is influenced not only by national policies but also by on-going processes in the administrative territories of local governments. The data of LURSOFT for the period of 2009–2015 and the Central Statistical Bureau for the period of 2013–2015 were used as the sources of information. The data were processed by quantitative (growth) and qualitative (structural change) statistical analysis methods. The Eurostat methodology and the methodology developed by the authors for classification of industries were employed for the analysis of structural changes in the national economy. The development level-rate matrix method was used for an in-depth examination of the research results. The research results showed that, in spite of the global economic crisis, both vertical growth and positive horizontal change took place in the national economy of all five regions of Latvia, nine cities of national significance as well as all 110 municipalities that composed the rural areas of Latvia. The authors arrived at the conclusion that, first, performance trends contributing to economic growth were observed in the rural space; second, there was no direct causal relationship between the population density and economic activity in the rural territories; third, the economic growth in the rural territories was greatly affected by the quality of local governance and local community residents' readiness for active, innovative and inclusive activities.

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, da Terra e do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015 ; The following PhD dissertation presents information on biological, ecological, socioeconomical and governmental aspects of the fishery of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris), captured by pot and trap fishing fleets in the region of Algarve (Portugal), in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The thesis work has been divided into two parts, Part One and Part Two. Part One addresses the fishery dynamics of the common octopus and its relationship with the life cycle of the species, especially those aspects concerning key reproductive stages such as spawning, para-larvae and fishing recruitment, and also its relationship with the environment. Part Two analyses the management of the fishery of the common octopus currently in force in Portugal, particularly in the Algarvian region. A series of workshops were held with stakeholders from this fishery, such as fishermen, scientists and government officials, with the purpose of discussing management approaches aimed to improve this fishery, for example the implementation of a seasonal closure in order to protect the reproduction of the species. Part One is sub-divided into two chapters, Chapter Two and Chapter Three, which precede the introduction or Chapter One. Chapter One gives an overview of the octopus fisheries around the world, the life cycle of the species and how it affects the management of the fishery, and challenges faced by the fishers and industry. Chapter Two emerges from the necessity of the fishermen to establish the time of the year that is deemed most suitable for implementing a ban on the fishery of the common octopus, in order to protect its reproduction and recruitment. This chapter aims to explain the relationship between the dynamics of the fishery and the octopus's life cycle. By means of multivariate statistical analysis of the last 25 years of data from fishing landing records at 12 main ports of the region, the ...

ABSTRACT Regional Autonomy are right, authority and duty of region to arranges and manages itself based on valid regulation. The region should do all of things that they got,, the destination is for making government serving be nearer with publics, publics can control every fund of Regional Income easier. besides that,, it can create healthy competition inter-Regional and push innovation. In implementation,, Ketapang Regency,, one of West Kalimantan Province is a part of Autonom Region as instruction of law No. 25 / 1956 about The Formation Regional Autonomy West Kalimantan Province, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan, the result is unoptimal. One of The Reason is the Regency is not making his Regional Fund and Cost maximal yet. so that,, the writer to critise about THE Fund and Cost of Ketapanag Regency before and after Autonomy happen. So,, the writer gives the title of this assignment with "The Analysis of Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency before and After Autonomy Happen". The formulation of problem that I can analyse is Do regional autonomy can give effect of Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency?. The purpose of this research is to know and to analyse the condition of Regional Fund and Cost before anad after autonomy happen. The result of this research expected can give benefit for Regional Government as input and judgment to determine financial regional policy that related to Regional Fund and Cost and as reference for the next researcher. This research use Descriptive metode and Time Series Data (1998-2013), the source is secondary data from The Official of Regional Fund in Ketapang Regency. The analyse instrument of this research are decentralitation level of fiscal, the analyse of effectivity and Paired Sample T-Test. The conclution is the level of Fiscal Decentralitation before and after regional autonomy in Ketapang Regency is low. The contribution of Regional Fund after regional autonomy higher than before regional autonomy. It cause the differences of number Regional Cost is higher than before Regional Autonomy and the effect of Regional Autonomy about Regional Fund and Cost in Ketapang Regency.

[Introduction .] The paper begins in Section 2 by providing an overview of the design, operations and trajectories of the PAA. We explore the actors involved in the design and the different implementation modalities (i.e. purchase from individual farmers and associations and organisation of purchase by the national supply company, local municipalities and states). The actual steps that need to be followed in the procurement process are also outlined with a view to highlighting some of the key issues that will have a bearing on scaling up the programme in terms of the scale of its scope and reach to some of the more vulnerable family farmers. Section 3 outlines the objectives of this study which are to (i) to provide first-hand documentation of the design and operations of the programme - which includes the observed physical actors - involved in design and implementation; and (ii) to identify the potential for scaling up the programme in country and the possibilities for South-South knowledge-building. Desk research is informed by field research in the states of Piauí and Ceará, both of which are in the north-eastern region of Brazil. This region has the highest incidence of extreme poverty in the country, a major share of which is located in rural areas. Consequently, the federal government sees the expansion of the PAA as a crucial instrument to achieve its goal of eliminating extreme poverty, especially in the north-eastern region. Piauí is one of the states that has most deployed the PAA-Estadual modality. Ceará was chosen to observe the PAA-Municipal modality which is not present in Piauí. Section 4 then looks at issues of recent policy developments and scaling up, particularly at the level of expanding coverage for the extreme poor. Expansion of the programme can be analysed in terms of different pathways (Linn/IFPRI, 2012). Geographical expansion or expanding coverage to a particular population under the programme could follow a 'horizontal' duplication in new areas. The addition or modification of ...

DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines) aimed to combat the problem of driving under the influence of psychoactive substances by providing a solid scientific base for European policy makers. It brought together experienced organisations in Europe to assemble a coordinated set of data resources and measures. DRUID is an integrated European research project which consisted of different sub-projects (Work Packages) that were aimed at different topics such as the prevalence and risk of psychoactive substances, enforcement, classification of medicines, rehabilitation of offenders and withdrawal of driving licenses (www.druid-project.eu). The main objective of WP2 of DRUID was to assess the situation in Europe regarding the prevalence and risk of the use of illicit drugs, alcohol and psychoactive medicinal drugs by drivers. The main aim of this study was to obtain more insight in the use of psychoactive substances among drivers in European traffic. Thirteen countries participated in this study by conducting roadside surveys according to a general design. In total almost 50,000 randomly selected drivers participated between January 2007 and July 2009. All participating countries are members of the European Union (EU) except for Norway, which is associated with the European Union as a member of the European Economic Area (EEA). Participants, i.e. drivers of passenger cars and vans, were randomly selected using a stratified multistage sampling design. In the first stage, one or more regions per country were selected. These regions were meant to be representative for the country with regard to substance use and traffic distribution. Within the selected regions smaller research areas were selected, and within these areas, survey locations were selected, where subjects were stopped at random, and were requested to participate in the study. With regard to days of the week and times of the day, the study population sample was stratified into eight time periods over the week, for each of the survey areas. The time periods did not overlap each other and covered all the days of the week and all times of the day.

The subject of this thesis is the socio-political relationship between the German and Polish nationalities that inhabited the eastern Prussian provinces of Posen and West Prussia in the period 1871-1914. The thesis begins with an analysis of the paradigms hitherto employed to interpret the German-Polish relationship in the region, as well as a discussion of the branch of nationalism studies concerning borderlands and regions to which this study belongs. The dominant paradigm, both in the period and in historiography, has been of 'conflict'. A national conflict existed throughout most of the nineteenth century, featuring social, economic and political dimensions. This research advances a new paradigm of 'synthesis': the social interaction between Germans and Poles produced qualitatively new identities, social structures, and cultures which transgressed the national divide, and as such, contravened the logic of nationalism as it existed in the region. Consequently, this research posits a dichotomy between 'national' and 'transnational' categories, and this distinction informs the overall structure of the thesis. It is the aim of this study to examine the extent and socio-political significance of transnational modes of thought and behaviour in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia. This research results in a distinct and original conception of 'transnationalism' as deviation from national categories. The thesis therefore represents a contribution to the theory and semantics of transnationalism. It also simultaneously contributes to the understanding of nationalism by demonstrating the limits of nationalism, as an ideology and as a principle of community, and the potential for alternative social units to the nation. The central question of the thesis is explored according to four main facets of the German-Polish relationship: language and semantics, regional politics, marriage and sexual bonds, and cultural institutions. This research is based upon a diverse, and largely original, range of German, Polish and English language source material. The types of primary source material used include newspapers and journals, government and police files, novels, histories and academic studies, contemporary statistics, and political writings, polemics and memoirs.

At the end of the second century AD, all southern China was formally under the authority of the imperial government of Han. The territory was divided into three provinces, with a substructure of commanderies and counties. One function of the present chapter is to present a geography of the southern provinces, with indication of local topography, communications routes and the products of the region. For the future, however, the important development of the Han period was the number of Chinese subjects who migrated into the lands of the south, and established themselves within those territories. As they did so, they placed increasing pressure on the non-Chinese people who had formerly inhabited the region, and brought almost endemic disturbance to the region. The physical occupation of the ground, moreover, was accompanied by a cultural aggression, generally supported by official patronage, which integrated the territory still more firmly into the Chinese cultural sphere. The pioneer immigrants, however, had not normally come to the south in order to expand the political and administrative control of the central imperial government based in the north; on the contrary, they were often seeking to escape it, and the unit upon which they based their fortunes was the family, the extended clan, or a local system of mutual defence. By the end of the second century AD, as the authority of the central government was weakened through political conflict and turmoil in the north, the new settlers in the south maintained no particular sense of allegiance to the unified empire. Moreover, whereas in earlier times the territory of the south had been easily and naturally held under the control of whichever power could dominate the north, the increase in population south of the Yangzi now meant there was the possibility of establishing a separate state, Chinese by culture and tradition, but politically independent from the lands of the Yellow River. Upon this demographic foundation the generals of the south would build their fortunes.

At the end of the second century AD, all southern China was formally under the authority of the imperial government of Han. The territory was divided into three provinces, with a substructure of commanderies and counties. One function of the present chapter is to present a geography of the southern provinces, with indication of local topography, communications routes and the products of the region. For the future, however, the important development of the Han period was the number of Chinese subjects who migrated into the lands of the south, and established themselves within those territories. As they did so, they placed increasing pressure on the non-Chinese people who had formerly inhabited the region, and brought almost endemic disturbance to the region. The physical occupation of the ground, moreover, was accompanied by a cultural aggression, generally supported by official patronage, which integrated the territory still more firmly into the Chinese cultural sphere. The pioneer immigrants, however, had not normally come to the south in order to expand the political and administrative control of the central imperial government based in the north; on the contrary, they were often seeking to escape it, and the unit upon which they based their fortunes was the family, the extended clan, or a local system of mutual defence. By the end of the second century AD, as the authority of the central government was weakened through political conflict and turmoil in the north, the new settlers in the south maintained no particular sense of allegiance to the unified empire. Moreover, whereas in earlier times the territory of the south had been easily and naturally held under the control of whichever power could dominate the north, the increase in population south of the Yangzi now meant there was the possibility of establishing a separate state, Chinese by culture and tradition, but politically independent from the lands of the Yellow River. Upon this demographic foundation the generals of the south would build their fortunes.

The purpose of the article is to study the mechanisms of support of cluster formations abroad. To reveal modern aspects of the national institutional environment to stimulate the genesis of scientific and innovative agricultural clusters and to identify the main possible areas of financial support for their development. Research methods. General scientific and specific methods of empirical research were used: comparative-historical and monographic, which allowed to assess the dynamics of state support for clustering processes in the European Union and Ukraine, as well as to identify sources of financial incentives; system approach - contributed to the study of the mechanisms of interaction of the cluster as a system with the social environment, to perceive the cluster formation with a dynamic integrity that is constantly evolving; analysis and synthesis provided an opportunity to reveal potential financial methods of cluster support and to integrate approaches to the formation of a mechanism for stimulating cluster associations; cognitive operations of comparison and description are used; the abstract-logical method is used for theoretical generalizations and conclusions. Research results. The implementation of current cluster policies in the countries of the European Union is analyzed. It is established that the studied approaches have some progressive similarities despite the specific development and implementation of cluster programs and their dependence on the context and validity of national/regional policy in different areas. The analyzed approaches have some progressive similarities. The priority opportunities of smart specialization of the region are given, in the development of which cluster formations are the main "blocks". The best European projects related to the socio-economic prosperity of the regions, which stimulate the development of clustering, are highlighted. The components of sustainable financing of regional cluster formations in Ukraine have been revealed, providing initial state support. The possibility of stimulating the process of clustering with funds allocated from the state budget to develop the regions and the financing of the Sectoral Policy Support Program was assessed. Possibilities of self-financing and self-crediting of scientific and innovative agricultural clusters to be formed based on interregional research centres of NAAS have been confirmed. Scientific novelty. The conceptual ambiguity of the formulation of the financial security of the establishment and elaboration of scientific and innovative cluster models adopted based on the interregional scientific centres of the NAAS has been developed. Based on successful European advice, the theoretical and methodological approach inspiring the financial mechanisms of clustering in Ukraine has been justified. Practical significance. The directions of financial stimulation of clustering processes within the limits of national, branch and regional strategies, particularly strategies of smart specialization of regions and territorial communities, strategies of support of small and medium business as the fundamental element of business initiative and the primary driver of clusters are offered. Tabl.: 1. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 20.

Der demografische Wandel ist schon lange absehbar, hat jedoch nicht immer zu einer vorausschauenden Gestaltung der politischen Rahmenbedingungen geführt. Diese Studie zeigt auf, dass der demografische Wandel sich gerade noch einmal deutlich beschleunigt und damit ein entschlossenes und zeitnahes Handeln erfordert. Die Bevölkerung im erwerbsfähigen Alter könnte ab sofort flächendeckend sinken, wenn dies nicht durch Zuwanderung kompensiert wird. Diese Studie analysiert die Altersstruktur in allen 401 Stadt- und Landkreisen Deutschlands. In allen Regionen ist die Gruppe der 60- bis 64-Jährigen größer als die Gruppe der 15- bis 19-Jährigen. Die Älteren werden bei ihrem Renteneintritt also eine Lücke am Arbeitsmarkt hinterlassen, die die jeweils ortsansässigen Jüngeren nicht vollständig schließen können. Ohne Zuwanderung könnte es deswegen von 2019 bis 2024 in allen Regionen mehr Renteneintritte als Arbeitsmarkteintritte geben. Dies ist als Gedankenexperiment zu verstehen und nicht als Prognose, da in der Realität stets Wanderungsbewegungen stattfinden und sich auch die Erwerbsbeteiligung laufend verändert. Von 2014 bis 2019 zeigte sich der demografisch induzierte Rückgang des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials vor allem in Ostdeutschland. Von 2019 bis 2024 werden jedoch auch Westdeutschland und alle großen Städte auf Zuwanderung angewiesen sein, um ihre Bevölkerung im erwerbsfähigen Alter konstant zu halten. Da Binnenwanderung innerhalb Deutschlands ein Nullsummenspiel ist, braucht es für eine gesamtdeutsche Stabilisierung des Arbeitskräftepotenzials qualifizierte Zuwanderung aus dem Ausland. Der Rückgang des Arbeitskräftepotenzials trifft keineswegs nur die ländlichen Räume. Die meisten Städte und Landkreise haben ähnliche demografische Voraussetzungen. Es ist lediglich die Gruppe der besonders stark von einem Rückgang bedrohten Regionen, in der ländliche Kreise mit 45 von 49 die große Mehrheit stellen. Diese Gruppe sollte sich besonders um Zuwanderung bemühen, auch die vier städtischen Kreise Greiz, Gera, der Erzgebirgskreis und das Weimarer Land. Für den Arbeitsmarkt ist letztlich nicht nur die Entwicklung des Arbeitskräftepotenzials relevant, sondern auch, wie gut es genutzt wird. Die positive Entwicklung der Erwerbstätigenzahlen der letzten Jahre hing stark von Zuwanderung und steigenden Erwerbstätigenquoten ab. Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen, Mittelqualifizierten und Menschen im Alter 55 bis 59 ist bereits stark gestiegen und dürfte künftig daher deutlich weniger zur Entlastung des Arbeitsmarktes beitragen als bisher. Es sollten also weitere Zielgruppen stärker in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert werden. Zudem gilt es, dauerhaft eine hohe Anzahl qualifizierter Zuwanderer zu gewinnen. Im Pandemiejahr 2020 sank die Bevölkerung Deutschlands erstmals seit neun Jahren, hauptsächlich, weil die Nettozuwanderung 85.000 Menschen niedriger war als im Vorjahr. Dies verdeutlicht, wie abhängig Deutschlands Bevölkerungsentwicklung be-reits von Zuwanderung ist. [.] ; Demographic change has been foreseeable for a long time, but has not always led to forward-looking policies. This study shows that demographic change is accelerating significantly and thus requires decisive and timely action. The working-age population could start to decline now and everywhere if this is not compensated for by immigration. This study analyzes the age structure in all 401 urban and rural districts in Germany. In all regions, the group of 60- to 64-year-olds is larger than the group of 15- to 19-year-olds. This means that when the older people retire, there will not be enough younger people from the same area to fill the gap. Without immigration, there could therefore be more retirements than entries into the labor market in all regions from 2019 to 2024. This is to be understood as a thought experiment and not as a forecast, since in reality there are always migratory movements, as well as labor force participation is constantly changing. From 2014 to 2019, the demographically induced decline of the labor force has affected primarily eastern Germany. From 2019 to 2024, western Germany and all major cities will also be dependent on immigration to keep their working-age populations constant. Since internal migration within Germany is a zero-sum game, qualified immigration from abroad is needed to stabilize the labor force potential throughout Germany. The decline in the labor force potential does not only affect rural areas. Most cities and rural districts have similar demographic preconditions. It is only the group of regions particularly threatened by a decline in which rural counties make up the large majority (45 out of 49). This group should make a special effort to attract immigrants. Ultimately, it is not only the development of the labor potential that is relevant for the labor market, but also how well it is used. The positive development of employment figures in recent years was based on rising employment rates and high immigration numbers. The labor force participation of women, the mid-qualified and people aged 55 to 59 has already risen sharply and is therefore likely to contribute much less to employment in the future than it has in the past. Other target groups should therefore be integrated more strongly into the labor market. In addition, a high number of qualified immigrants must be recruited on a permanent basis. In the pandemic year 2020, Germany's population fell for the first time in nine years, mainly because net immigration was 85,000 lower than in the previous year. This illustrates how depend-ent Germany's population development already is on immigration. [.]