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Substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the movement of species, including processes such as dispersal and migration. This knowledge has the potential to improve decisions about biodiversity policy and management, but it can be difficult for decision makers to readily access and integrate the growing body of movement science. This is, in part, due to a lack of synthesis of information that is sufficiently contextualized for a policy audience. Here, we identify key species movement concepts, including mechanisms, types, and moderators of movement, and review their relevance to (1) national biodiversity policies and strategies, (2) reserve planning and management, (3) threatened species protection and recovery, (4) impact and risk assessments, and (5) the prioritization of restoration actions. Based on the review, and considering recent developments in movement ecology, we provide a new framework that draws links between aspects of movement knowledge that are likely the most relevant to each biodiversity policy category. Our framework also shows that there is substantial opportunity for collaboration between researchers and government decision makers in the use of movement science to promote positive biodiversity outcomes.

Substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the movement of species, including processes such as dispersal and migration. This knowledge has the potential to improve decisions about biodiversity policy and management, but it can be difficult for decision makers to readily access and integrate the growing body of movement science. This is, in part, due to a lack of synthesis of information that is sufficiently contextualized for a policy audience. Here, we identify key species movement concepts, including mechanisms, types, and moderators of movement, and review their relevance to (1) national biodiversity policies and strategies, (2) reserve planning and management, (3) threatened species protection and recovery, (4) impact and risk assessments, and (5) the prioritization of restoration actions. Based on the review, and considering recent developments in movement ecology, we provide a new framework that draws links between aspects of movement knowledge that are likely the most relevant to each biodiversity policy category. Our framework also shows that there is substantial opportunity for collaboration between researchers and government decision makers in the use of movement science to promote positive biodiversity outcomes.

We have surveyed a sample of massive star-forming regions located over a range of distances from the Galactic centre for methyl formate, HCOOCH3, and its isotopologues H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3. The observations were carried out with the APEX telescope in the frequency range 283.4-287.4 GHz. Based on the APEX observations, we report tentative detections of the 13C-methyl formate isotopologue HCOO13CH3 towards the following four massive star-forming regions: Sgr B2(N-LMH), NGC 6334 IRS 1, W51 e2 and G19.61-0.23. In addition, we have used the 1 mm ALMA science verification observations of Orion-KL and confirm the detection of the 13C-methyl formate species in Orion-KL and image its spatial distribution. Our analysis shows that the 12C/13C isotope ratio in methyl formate toward Orion-KL Compact Ridge and Hot Core-SW components (68.4±10.1 and 71.4±7.8, respectively) are, for both the 13C-methyl formate isotopologues, commensurate with the average 12C/13C ratio of CO derived toward Orion-KL. Likewise, regarding the other sources, our results are consistent with the 12C/13C in CO. We also report the spectroscopic characterization, which includes a complete partition function, of the complex H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3 species. New spectroscopic data for both isotopomers H13COOCH3 and HCOO13CH3, presented in this study, has made it possible to measure this fundamentally important isotope ratio in a large organic molecule for the first time. ; This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant 1008800. We are grateful to the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad of Spain for the financial support through grant No. FIS2011-28738-C02-02 and to the French Government through grant No. ANR-08-BLAN-0054 and the French PCMI (Programme National de Physique Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire). This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA#2011.0.00009.SV.ALMAis a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada) and NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO, and NAOJ. C.F. thanks Dahbia Talbi, Eric Herbst, and Anthony Remijan for enlightening discussions. Finally, we thank the anonymous referee for helpful comments.

Environmental regulations frequently mandate the use of "best available" science, but ensuring that it is used in decisions around the use and protection of natural resources is often challenging. In the Western US, this relationship between science and management is at the forefront of post-fire land management decisions. Recent fires, post-fire threats (e.g. flooding, erosion), and the role of fire in ecosystem health combine to make post-fire management highly visible and often controversial. This paper uses post-fire management to present a framework for understanding why disconnects between science and management decisions may occur. We argue that attributes of agencies, such as their political or financial incentives, can limit how effectively science is incorporated into decision-making. At the other end of the spectrum, the lack of synthesis or limited data in science can result in disconnects between science-based analysis of post-fire effects and agency policy and decisions. Disconnects also occur because of the interaction between the attributes of agencies and the attributes of science, such as their different spatial and temporal scales of interest. After offering examples of these disconnects in post-fire treatment, the paper concludes with recommendations to reduce disconnects by improving monitoring, increasing synthesis of scientific findings, and directing social-science research toward identifying and deepening understanding of these disconnects.

Global commitments aim to provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) to 15 million people living with HIV by 2015, and recent studies have demonstrated the potential for widespread ART to prevent HIV transmission. Increasingly, countries are adapting their national guidelines to start ART earlier, for both clinical and preventive benefits. To maximize the benefits of ART in resource‐limited settings, six key principles need to guide ART choice: simplicity, tolerability and safety, durability, universal applicability, affordability and heat stability. Currently available drugs, combined with those in late‐stage clinical development, hold great promise to simplify treatment in the short term. Over the longer term, newer technologies, such as long‐acting formulations and nanotechnology, could radically alter the treatment paradigm. This commentary reviews recommendations made in an expert consultation on treatment scale up in resource‐limited settings.

By analyzing vesicle fluids and crusted scabs from 136 persons with suspected monkeypox, we identified 51 cases of monkeypox by PCR, sequenced the hemagglutinin gene, and confirmed 94% of cases by virus culture. PCR demonstrated chickenpox in 61 patients. Coinfection with both viruses was found in 1 additional patient.

By analyzing vesicle fluids and crusted scabs from 136 persons with suspected monkeypox, we identified 51 cases of monkeypox by PCR, sequenced the hemagglutinin gene, and confirmed 94% of cases by virus culture. PCR demonstrated chickenpox in 61 patients. Coinfection with both viruses was found in 1 additional patient.

Thin paper edition; reprint of the edition of 1888. ; Preface.--Nero, ed. by H.P. Horne.--The two angry women of Abington [by Henry Porter] ed. by Havelock Ellis.--The parliament of bees; Humour out of breath [by John Day] ed. by Arthur Symons.--Woman is a weathercock; Amends for ladies [by Nathaniel Field] ed. by A.W. Verity. ; Mode of access: Internet.

1. Kapitel. Isolierte Volkswirtschaft -- 1. Der englische Aushungerungsplan -- 2. Deutschland als geschlossenes Wirtschaftsgebiet -- 3. Das Problem der isolierten Volkswirtschaft -- 2. Kapitel. Die Verminderung der Nahrungsmittel -- 1. Verminderte Einfuhr -- 2. Verminderte inländische Erzeugung -- 3. Kapitel. Der Nahrungsbedarf des deutschen Volkes -- 1. Die Zwecke der Ernährung -- 2. Kalorienbedarf -- 3. Eiweißbedarf -- 4. Kapitel. Der Nahrungsverbrauch des deutschen Volkes -- 1. Getreide, Reis, Hülsenfrüchte, Kartoffeln -- 2. Gemüse, Obst, Zucker, Honig, pflanzliche Fette -- 3. Kolonialwaren und alkoholische Getränke -- 4. Fleisch und Fische -- 5. Milchwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse und Eier -- 6. Zusammenfassung -- 5. Kapitel. Das Defizit und seine Deckung -- 1. Das Defizit -- 2. Aufspeicherung -- 3. Anpassung der Produktion -- 4. Anpassung der Lebenshaltung -- 5. Durchführung des Erforderlichen -- 6. Kapitel. Ausfuhrverbote -- 1. Getreide -- 2. Zucker -- 7. Kapitel. Pflanzenbau -- 1. Anzubauende Pflanzen -- 2. Saatgut -- 3. Arbeiter, Spannvieh, Dampf- und Motorpflüge -- 4. Düngemittel -- 5. Moorkultur, innere Kolonisation -- 8. Kapitel. Tierhaltung -- 1. Verringerung des Bestandes an Schweinen und Milchkühen -- 2. Umfang der Verringerung des Viehbestandes -- 3. Durchführung der Verringerung des Viehbestandes -- 4. Kleinviehzucht -- 5. Vermehrung der Futtermittel -- 9. Kapitel. Verwertung der landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnisse -- 1. Getreide, Kartoffeln -- 2. Gemüse, Obst -- 3. Zucker -- 4. Milch -- 5. Fleisch, Fett -- 10. Kapitel. Änderungen der Lebenshaltung -- 1. Mehr Pflanzenkost -- 2. Fleisch, Fische, Milch, Käse, Magermilch, Hülsenfrüchte -- 3. Brot, Grützen, Mehlsuppen, Mehlspeisen, Kartoffeln, Gemüse -- 4. Früchte, Zucker -- 5. Wirtschaft -- 11. Kapitel. Ergebnisse -- 1. Die Leistungsfähigkeit der empfohlenen Maßnahmen -- 2. Der Ertrag im einzelnen -- 3. Die Wirkung im ganzen.

Abstract
Delirium, a syndrome characterized by an acute change in attention, awareness, and cognition, is commonly observed in older adults, although there are few quantitative monitoring methods in the clinical setting. We developed a bispectral electroencephalography (BSEEG) method capable of detecting delirium and can quantify the severity of delirium using a novel algorithm. Preclinical application of this novel BSEEG method can capture a delirium-like state in mice following lipopolysaccharide administration. However, its application to postoperative delirium (POD) has not yet been validated in animal experiments. This study aimed to create a POD model in mice with the BSEEG method by monitoring BSEEG scores following EEG head-mount implantation surgery and throughout the recovery. We compared the BSEEG scores of C57BL/6J young (2–3 months old) with aged (18–19 months old) male mice for quantitative evaluation of POD-like states. Postoperatively, both groups displayed increased BSEEG scores and a loss of regular diurnal changes in BSEEG scores. In young mice, BSEEG scores and regular diurnal changes recovered relatively quickly to baseline by postoperative day (PO-Day) 3. Conversely, aged mice exhibited prolonged increases in postoperative BSEEG scores and it reached steady states only after PO-Day 8. This study suggests that the BSEEG method can be utilized as a quantitative measure of POD and assess the effect of aging on recovery from POD in the preclinical model.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a potentially lethal respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in the end of 2019 and has since spread aggressively across the globe. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cellular infection by coronaviruses is therefore of utmost importance. A critical stage in infection is the fusion between viral and host membranes. Here, we present a detailed investigation of the role of selected SARS-CoV-2 Spike fusion peptides, and the influence of calcium and cholesterol, in this fusion process. Structural information from specular neutron reflectometry and small angle neutron scattering, complemented by dynamics information from quasi-elastic and spin−echo neutron spectroscopy, revealed strikingly different functions encoded in the Spike fusion domain. Calcium drives the N-terminal of the Spike fusion domain to fully cross the host plasma membrane. Removing calcium, however, reorients the peptide back to the lipid leaflet closest to the virus, leading to significant changes in lipid fluidity and rigidity. In conjunction with other regions of the fusion domain, which are also positioned to bridge and dehydrate viral and host membranes, the molecular events leading to cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 are proposed. ; Financial support for consumables was also provided by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (U.K.). N.R.Z. was supported by Wellcome Trust grant WT 207455/Z/17/Z. Part of the lipid extraction activity was funded by the ANR/NSF-PIRE project REACT (Research and Education in Active Coatings Technologies for Human Health). The National Deuteration Facility in Australia is partly funded by The National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), an Australian Government initiative. We gratefully acknowledge M. Jourdan and J. Dejeu (Université Grenoble Alpes) for access to the CD instrument; J. Carrascosa-Tejedor for help in the analysis of the SNR data collected; and Prof. E. Guzman, Prof. P. Luzio, Prof. D. Owen, and Dr. J. ...

AbstractIntroductionTreatment as prevention strategies have been variously applied across provinces in Canada. We estimated HIV care cascade indicators and correlates of unsuppressed viral load (VL) among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM) recruited in Vancouver, Toronto and Montreal.MethodsSexually active GBM, aged ≥16 years, were recruited through respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) from February 2017 to August 2019. Participants completed a Computer‐Assisted Self‐Interview and tests for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We conducted bivariate analyses comparing RDS‐adjusted proportions across cities. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine factors associated with having a measured VL ≥ 200 copies/mL with data pooled from all three cities.ResultsWe recruited 1179 participants in Montreal, 517 in Toronto and 753 in Vancouver. The RDS‐adjusted HIV prevalence was 14.2% (95% CI 11.1 to 17.2) in Montreal, 22.1% (95% CI 12.4 to 31.8) in Toronto and 20.4% (95% CI 14.5 to 26.3) in Vancouver (p < 0.001). Of participants with confirmed HIV infection, 3.3% were previously undiagnosed in Montreal, 3.2% undiagnosed in Toronto and 0.2% in Vancouver (p = 0.154). In Montreal, 87.6% of GBM living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 10.6% had an unsuppressed VL; in Toronto, 82.6% were receiving ART and 4.0% were unsuppressed; in Vancouver, 88.5% were receiving ART and 2.6 % were unsuppressed (p < 0.001 and 0.009 respectively). Multivariable modelling demonstrated that participants in Vancouver (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.23; 95% CI 0.06 to 0.82), but not Toronto (AOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.07 to 1.03), had lower odds of unsuppressed VL, compared to Montreal, as did older participants (AOR 0.93 per year; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.97), those at high‐risk for hazardous drinking (AOR = 0.19; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.70), those with a primary care provider (AOR = 0.11; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.57), and those ever diagnosed with other STIs (AOR = 0.12; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.32).ConclusionsGBM living in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver are highly engaged in HIV testing and treatment and all three cities have largely achieved the 90‐90‐90 targets for GBM. Nevertheless, we identified disparities which can be used to identify GBM who may require additional interventions, in particular younger men and those who are without a regular primary care provider.