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The economy of the Ukrainian SSR and the western region, according to most indicators, continued to develop on its own basis, solving ordinary socio-political and socio-economic challenges. In 1960-1980s of the twentieth century the two types of reproduction were combined: extensive sources of growth (exploitation of new natural and labour resources), and intensive ones which improved production structure and management system. Western region of the republic developed rapidly, engineering and instrumentation grew, as well as oil and gas and chemical industries, together with consumer goods and food industry, local industry. However, low quality, inadequate technologies reduced the positive impact of these industries on economic efficiency. In addition, other problems arose. As a result tasks of economic development planned by the third Programme of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union turned out to be unfulfilled. Despite a slight increase in industrial growth its rate declined. A large-scale restructuring of the economy on resource conservation, introduction of new technologies began in industrialized countries. Scientific progress in the USSR stalled. It should be noted that attempts to improve the situation were done over and over, but they were not in the economic and scientific spheres but in the political one. The crisis in industry and agriculture of the USSR in the second half of 1980s went far beyond purely production problems, took on socio-economic character and became threatening as for the provision of the country with necessary goods and food, creating social tension. In the late 1980s food consumption per capita decreased, and deficit in manufactured goods increased. Investing activities of villages almost stopped. Employees from the village began to massively lose stable jobs and reliable source of income. The decline in agricultural production led to idle capacity of the food and consumer goods industry, decline in employment. Executives and government officials, fearful of losing power over the peasants showed negative attitude to transformations in village households. Violation of labor discipline and theft of public property became widely spread due to a relentless deterioration of economic indicators. ; Економіка Української РСР і західного регіону за більшістю показників продовжувала розвиватися на власній основі, розв'язуючи чергові суспільно-політичні та соціально-економічні завдання. У 60 – 80-х роках ХХ ст. поєднувалися два типи відтворення: екстенсивних джерел зростання (експлуатація нових природних багатств, трудових ресурсів) та інтенсивних, що вдосконалювало структуру виробництва і систему управління. Західний регіон республіки розвивався прискореними темпами, зростали машинобудування та приладобудування, нафтогазовидобувна і хімічна промисловість, а також легка та харчова індустрія, місцева промисловість. Проте низький рівень їх якості, недосконалість технологій знижували позитивний вплив цих галузей на економічну ефективність. Крім того, постали й інші проблеми, внаслідок чого виявилися невиконаними завдання з розвитку економіки, заплановані третьою Програмою КПРС. Незважаючи на деяке збільшення масштабів промислового зростання, темпи його знижувалися. У промислово розвинених країнах світу почалася масштабна структурна перебудова економіки щодо ре- сурсозбереження, впровадження новітніх технологій. У СРСР науково-технічний прогрес загальмувався. Необхідно зазначити, що спроби змінити ситуацію на краще робили неодноразово, але вони знаходилися не стільки в економічній та науковій сфері, скільки у політичній. Криза в промисловості і сільськогосподарському виробництві СРСР у другій половині 1980-х років виходила за рамки суто виробничих проблем, набувала соціально-економічного характеру й ставала загрозливою щодо забезпечення країни необхідними товарами і продовольством, створювала соціальну напруженість. Наприкінці 80-х років ХХ ст. знизилось споживання продуктів харчування на душу населення, зріс дефіцит на промтовари. Майже припинялася інвестиційна діяльність села. Працівники села почали масово втрачати стабільні місця роботи й надійні джерела прибутку. Скорочення обсягів виробництва сільгосппродукції призводило до простоювання потужностей підприємств харчової і легкої галузі, зниження зайнятості. Негативне ставлення до трансформаційних процесів у селі демонстрували керівники господарств і державні службовці, побоюючись втратити владу над селянами. Як наслідок – в умовах невпинного погіршення економічних показників набувало поширення порушення трудової дисципліни, розкрадання суспільного майна. ; Економіка Української РСР і західного регіону за більшістю показників продовжувала розвиватися на власній основі, розв'язуючи чергові суспільно-політичні та соціально-економічні завдання. У 60 – 80-х роках ХХ ст. поєднувалися два типи відтворення: екстенсивних джерел зростання (експлуатація нових природних багатств, трудових ресурсів) та інтенсивних, що вдосконалювало структуру виробництва і систему управління. Західний регіон республіки розвивався прискореними темпами, зростали машинобудування та приладобудування, нафтогазовидобувна і хімічна промисловість, а також легка та харчова індустрія, місцева промисловість. Проте низький рівень їх якості, недосконалість технологій знижували позитивний вплив цих галузей на економічну ефективність. Крім того, постали й інші проблеми, внаслідок чого виявилися невиконаними завдання з розвитку економіки, заплановані третьою Програмою КПРС. Незважаючи на деяке збільшення масштабів промислового зростання, темпи його знижувалися. У промислово розвинених країнах світу почалася масштабна структурна перебудова економіки щодо ре- сурсозбереження, впровадження новітніх технологій. У СРСР науково-технічний прогрес загальмувався. Необхідно зазначити, що спроби змінити ситуацію на краще робили неодноразово, але вони знаходилися не стільки в економічній та науковій сфері, скільки у політичній. Криза в промисловості і сільськогосподарському виробництві СРСР у другій половині 1980-х років виходила за рамки суто виробничих проблем, набувала соціально-економічного характеру й ставала загрозливою щодо забезпечення країни необхідними товарами і продовольством, створювала соціальну напруженість. Наприкінці 80-х років ХХ ст. знизилось споживання продуктів харчування на душу населення, зріс дефіцит на промтовари. Майже припинялася інвестиційна діяльність села. Працівники села почали масово втрачати стабільні місця роботи й надійні джерела прибутку. Скорочення обсягів виробництва сільгосппродукції призводило до простоювання потужностей підприємств харчової і легкої галузі, зниження зайнятості. Негативне ставлення до трансформаційних процесів у селі демонстрували керівники господарств і державні службовці, побоюючись втратити владу над селянами. Як наслідок – в умовах невпинного погіршення економічних показників набувало поширення порушення трудової дисципліни, розкрадання суспільного майна.

La fecundidad teórica-política de las luchas contra los impactos ambientales, sanitarios, sociales, económicos del denominado neodesarrollismo y neoextractivismo, en América Latina, se encuentra en momentos acuciantes. Entre la diversidad de perspectivas, recuperamos los aportes de una sociología de los problemas públicos para abordar las luchas por la justicia ambiental, básicamente porque la práctica de investigación se promueve como una forma de cooperación reflexiva y democrática entre los afectados ambientales y todos lossujetos inmersos en una estructura de injusticias ambientales. Considerando, principalmente, algunas contribuciones del pragmatismo y de la teoría crítica, daremos cuenta de los rasgos distintivos de una sociología de los problemas públicos. En primer lugar, presentaremos su dimensión epistemológica, ética y política, definida por la activa formación de lo público. Ensegundo lugar, haremos énfasis en la creatividad conceptual, estratégica e institucional de lo público, con ejemplos de situaciones problemáticas que devienen de los impactos ambientales y sanitarios del uso masivo de agrotóxicos en la siembra de un organismo genéticamente modificado (OGM). En tercer lugar, estableceremos un puente entre los aportes de una sociología de los problemas públicos y la justicia ambiental, considerada un campo de pensamiento y acción de la competencia de discursos ambientalistas, en el que el concepto de justicia no se reduce a su administración estatal, sino que remite a una diversidad de prácticas en el espacio público estatal y ciudadano. Estas prácticas denuncian y critican la desigual distribución del riesgo y del daño ambiental, a la vez que promueven creativamente reformas y transformaciones institucionales para la plena vigencia de los derechos y las garantías a la vida, la salud y el ambiente. Una sociología de los problemas públicos pretende así aportar a la comprensión de las luchas por los derechos y el reconocimiento de formas de vida, por la equidad socioambiental y por el derecho a la participación democrática y el amplio ejercicio de la autodeterminación en la construcción de una sociedad con justicia ambiental. ; The political struggles against the environmental, health, social, and economic impacts of neo-developmentalism and neo-extractivism in Latin America have been theoretically fertile. From the diversity of perspectives, we recover the contributions of a sociology of public problems for the struggles for Environmental Justice, basically because it promotes the practice of research as a reflexive and democratic form of cooperation between those directly environmentally affected and all those subject to a structure of environmental injustice. First, we present the epistemological, ethical and political dimension, defined by the active formation of a public. Secondly, we focus on the conceptual, strategic and institutional creativity of the public, with examples of the problems caused by the environmental and health impacts of the massive use of agrotoxics in gmo agriculture. Finally, we establish a bridge between the contributions of a sociology of public problems and Environmental Justice, the latter considered as a field of thought and action with competence in environmentalist discourses, meaning that the concept of justice is not reduced to state administration. Instead it refers to the diversity of practices in the public sphere, claiming and criticizing the unequal distribution of environmental risk and harm. At the same time, these practices creatively promote institutional reforms and transformations toward the full enforcement of rights and guarantees to life, health and the environment. A sociology of public problems aims to provide an understanding of the struggle for rights and recognition of forms of life, social and environmental equity and the right to democratic participation and the broad exercise of self-determination in building a society with environmental justice. ; A fecundidade teórico-política das lutas contra os impactos ambientais, sanitários, sociais, econômicos do denominado neodesenvolvimento e neoextrativismo, na América Latina, encontra-se em momentos prementes. Entre a diversidade de perspectivas, recuperamos as contribuições de uma sociologia dos problemas públicos para abordar as lutas pela justiça ambiental, já que a prática de pesquisa é promovida como uma forma de cooperação reflexiva e democrática entre os afetados ambientais e todos os sujeitos imersos numa estrutura de injustiças ambientais. Considerando, principalmente, algumas contribuições do pragmatismo e da teoria crítica, trataremos dos traços diferenciais de uma sociologia dos problemas públicos. Em primeiro lugar, apresentaremos sua dimensão epistemológica, ética e política, definida pela ativa formação do público. Em seguida, enfatizaremos a criatividade conceitual, estratégica e institucional do público, com exemplos de situações problemáticas que derivam dos impactos ambientais e sanitários do uso massivo de agrotóxicos na semeadura de um organismo geneticamente modificado (ogm). Em terceiro lugar, estabeleceremos uma ponte entre as contribuições de uma sociologia dos problemas públicos e a justiça ambiental, considerada um campo de pensamento e ação da competência de discursos ambientalistas, no qual o conceito de justiça não se reduz a sua administração estatal, mas sim remete a uma diversidade de práticas no espaço público estatal e cidadão. Essas práticas denunciam e criticam a distribuição desigual do risco e do dano ambiental ao mesmo tempo que promovem criativamente reformas e transformações institucionais para a plena vigência dos direitos e das garantias à vida, à saúde e ao ambiente. Uma sociologia dos problemas públicos pretende, portanto, contribuir para a compreensão das lutas pelos direitos e pelo reconhecimento de formas de vida, pela equidade socioambiental e pelo direito à participação democrática e ao amplo exercício da autodeterminação na construção de uma sociedade com justiça ambiental.

Negara Indonesia adalah negara agraris, yang mayoritas penduduknya bergerak dalam sektor pertanian. Tanah dapat dijadikan sebagai harta yang bersifat permanen, karena harga tanah yang stabil. Seiring dengan perkembangan pembangunan di Indonesia, pada masalah pertanahan memerlukan penanganan yang khusus, diperlukan jaminan kepastian hak-hak atas tanah. Salah satu yang telah dibawa dihadapan sidang pengadilan yaitu putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Surabaya Nomor 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY dan Nomor 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY, yaitu suatu sengketa sertipikat ganda yang terjadi di Desa Laban, Kabupaten Gresik, Yaitu dua sertipikat yang tumpang tindih, sertipikat hak guna bangunan atas nama PT. Cahaya Hijau Taman Indah dengan sertipikat hak milik atas nama Sulastri dkk (ahli waris Kadir P Karti). Tujuan dilakukan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pertimbangan Hakim Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Surabaya dalam putusan perkara Nomor : 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY dan Nomor : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY yang sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku, dan mengetahui putusan mana yang digunakan sebagai acuan hukum yang pasti dan tetap. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum Nomorrmatif, yaitu penelitian pengumpulan bahan hukum yang dilakukan dengan prosedur identifikasi bahan pustaka atau data sekunder, Dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan Kasus. Dari hasil penelitian bahwa hakim dalam mempertimbangkan putusan perkara Nomor : 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY dan Nomor : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan, dan asas pemerintah yang baik. Putusan yang mempunyai kekuatan hukum yang tetap adalah putusan Nomor : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY di mana kantor pertanahan kabupaten gresik kurang cermat dan teliti dalam penerbitan sertipikat sebagaimana yang telah diatur dalam PP Nomor. 24 Tahun 1997. Untuk membuktikan kebenaran dari akta jual beli PT CAHAYA HIJAU TAMAN INDAH dengan Mistar P Patah dibuktikan melalui lembaga peradilan umum di ranah perdata. Jika diperhatikan keterangan saksi PT CAHAYA HIJAU TAMAN INDAH membeli secara sah dari Mistar P Patah dan saksi sebagain ahli waris, menurut keterangan Ahli waris Kadir P Karti, tanah tersebut adalah atas nama Kadir P Karti bukan Mistar P Patah, Mistar P Patah bukan ahli waris sah. Di samping itu sertipikat hak guna bangunan diterbitkan dengan cara tidak cermat, menjadikan sertipikat secara hukum telah cacat administratif, sehingga sertipikat hak guna bangunan Nomor. 45 dibatalkan. Dan putusan yang mempunyai kekuatan hukum yang tetap adalah putusan Nomor 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah sertipikat tanah memiliki dua sisi, yaitu sisi sebagai Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara (KPTUN) dan di sisi lain sebagai tanda bukti hak keperdataan seseorang atau badan hukum atas tanah, apabila terjadi sertipikat ganda penyelesaiannya dapat ditempuh melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dan Pengadilan Negeri. Kata Kunci : Sertipikat Ganda, Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negeri Surabaya, Putusan Hakim ABSTRACT State of Indonesia is an agricultural country, the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture. The land can be used as a permanent property, because land prices were stable. In line with development in Indonesia, on land issues requiring special handling, needed certainty over land rights. One that has been brought before the trial court that the decision of the administrative court of Surabaya Number : 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY and Number : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY. Namely a dual certificate dispute that occurred in the village of laban, gresik district, two overlapping certificate, certificate of building rights on behalf PT CAHAYA HIJAU TAMAN INDAH with certificate of property rights in the name of Sulastri and others (heirs Kadir P Karti). The purpose of research is to determine the consideration of the administrative court judge of Surabaya in the decision on case Number : 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY and Number : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY in accordance with applicable regulations, and find out the verdict which is used as a legal reference definite and fixed. Type of research is Nomorrmative research, the research collection of legal materials made by the procedure of identification of library materials or facts secondary. Approach to legislation and case approach. From the research that a judge in considering the case decision Number : 71/G/2009/PTUN.SBY and Number : 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY in accordance with the legislation, and the principle of good government. And decisions that have binding legal force is the decision Numer : 134/G/2009/PTUN.sby where the district land office gresik less careful and meticulous in the issuance of certificates as set out in PP Nomor. 24 1997. To prove the truth of the deed of sale and purchase pf PT CAHAYAHIJAU TAMANINDAH with a Mistar P Patah evidenced by the judiciary common in the realm of civil. If considered witness testimony PT CAHAYAHIJAU TAMANINDAH legally purchase of Mistar P Patah and witnesses partly heir, heirs according to Kadir P Karti, the land is in the name Kadir P Karti Nomort Mistar P Patah, Mistar P Patah is Nomort the legitimate heir. In addition to the land rights certificates issued by Nomort careful, make legally certificate has been flawed administrative, so that the land rights certificates Number 45 is canceled. And decisions that have binding legal force is ruling a number 134/G/2009/PTUN.SBY. The conclusion of the study is the land certificate has two sides, namely as a state administrative decision (KPTUN) and on the other hand as proof of a person's civil rights or legal entities on the ground, in case of dual completion certificate can be reached via two paths, namely paths administrative court and district court. Keywords : Double Certificate (Overlapping), Administrative Court Surabaya, Verdict

The article focuses on the consequences of industrialization of the western region of the Ukrainian SSR – large-scale construction industry provided jobs for the active population of the region, led to the expansion of infrastructure of settlements and towns, strengthened social sphere and became a positive factor for the development of the western regions of Ukraine. However, due to the increased production capacity natural resources got depleted. The ability of ecosystems to self-healing and self-cleaning was not taken into account, which caused devastating impact on nature and human health. Uncontrolled industrial pollution of air, water and land resources became a common phenomenon for the urbanized western region. Promoting environmental knowledge and declaration of achievement of significant progress in official documents gave no mechanisms to solve environmental problems. Overcoming the difficulties of the past is connected with the Ukraine had been being a part of the USSR. The leading place took environmental issues. Poor environmental condition of the whole country was not only caused by the world's largest man-made disaster on the Chernobyl nuclear plant in April 1986, but also intensive industrialization and collectivization. Full conversion of the economy and agriculture in the middle of the last century led to the growth of anthropogenic impact on the environment. A radical break steady of socio-political and socio-economic life took place in western Ukraine in the second half of the twentieth century. Party-Soviet government in a short time made a «socialist transformation» and social progress was considered only as a means to achieve this goal. A number of issues concerning environmental protection, safety of life, were ignored. Environmental protection, regulation of environmental and economic activities, guaranteeing rights of Ukrainian citizens to environmental safety is currently among the national priorities of the development of Ukrainian independent state. Economic and social difficulties should not be a threat to the region, taking into account inherent in the previous decades, environmental problems – chemicals, artificial reservoirs, sewage pollution, dumping of dangerous waste products (hexachlorobenzene!), Sosnowskyi сow parsnip and many others. ; У статті охарактеризовано наслідки процесу індустріалізації західного регіону Української РСР – масштабне будівництво промислових підприємств забезпечило робочими місцями активне населення краю, привело до розбудови інфраструктури населених пунктів і містечок, зміцнення соціальної сфери й стало позитивним чинником для розвитку західних областей України. Однак внаслідок зростання виробничих потужностей виснажувалися природні ресурси. Не було враховано здатність екосистеми до самовідновлення і самоочищення, що завдало руйнівного впливу природі та здоров'ю людей. Для урбанізованого західноукраїнського регіону спільним явищем стало повсюдне недостатньо контрольоване органами влади промислове забруднення атмосферного повітря, водних і земельних ресурсів. Популяризація природоохоронних знань і декларування про досягнення значних успіхів в офіційних документах не давала механізмів розв'язання екологічних проблем. Подолання труднощів історичного минулого пов'язане з перебуванням України у складі СРСР. Провідне місце посіли екологічні проблеми. Незадовільний екологічний стан усієї території держави викликано не лише найбільшою у світі техногенною катастрофою – аварією на Чорнобильській атомній станції у квітні 1986 р., а й інтенсивною індустріалізацією та колективізацією. Повне перепрофілювання економіки і сільського господарства всередині минулого століття зумовило зростання техногенного впливу на довкілля. У другій половині ХХ ст. у західному регіоні України відбувся докорінний злам усталеного суспільно-політичного і соціально-економічного життя. Партійно-радянська влада протягом короткого часу здійснила «соціалістичні перетворення», а соціальний прогрес розглядали лише як засіб у досягненні поставленої мети. Низку проблем, що стосувалися охорони навколишнього середовища, безпеки життя населення, ігнорували. Серед національних пріоритетів розбудови Української незалежної держави постає охорона навколишнього природного середовища, регулювання еколого-економічної діяльності, гарантування права своїх громадян на екологічну безпеку. Економічні та соціальні труднощі не повинні бути загрозою для регіону, зважаючи на закладені в попередні десятиріччя екологічні проблеми – хімічне виробництво, штучні водосховища, забруднення стічних вод, звалища небезпечних відходів промисловості (гекса­хлорбензол!), борщівник Сосновського та багато іншого. ; У статті охарактеризовано наслідки процесу індустріалізації західного регіону Української РСР – масштабне будівництво промислових підприємств забезпечило робочими місцями активне населення краю, привело до розбудови інфраструктури населених пунктів і містечок, зміцнення соціальної сфери й стало позитивним чинником для розвитку західних областей України. Однак внаслідок зростання виробничих потужностей виснажувалися природні ресурси. Не було враховано здатність екосистеми до самовідновлення і самоочищення, що завдало руйнівного впливу природі та здоров'ю людей. Для урбанізованого західноукраїнського регіону спільним явищем стало повсюдне недостатньо контрольоване органами влади промислове забруднення атмосферного повітря, водних і земельних ресурсів. Популяризація природоохоронних знань і декларування про досягнення значних успіхів в офіційних документах не давала механізмів розв'язання екологічних проблем. Подолання труднощів історичного минулого пов'язане з перебуванням України у складі СРСР. Провідне місце посіли екологічні проблеми. Незадовільний екологічний стан усієї території держави викликано не лише найбільшою у світі техногенною катастрофою – аварією на Чорнобильській атомній станції у квітні 1986 р., а й інтенсивною індустріалізацією та колективізацією. Повне перепрофілювання економіки і сільського господарства всередині минулого століття зумовило зростання техногенного впливу на довкілля. У другій половині ХХ ст. у західному регіоні України відбувся докорінний злам усталеного суспільно-політичного і соціально-економічного життя. Партійно-радянська влада протягом короткого часу здійснила «соціалістичні перетворення», а соціальний прогрес розглядали лише як засіб у досягненні поставленої мети. Низку проблем, що стосувалися охорони навколишнього середовища, безпеки життя населення, ігнорували. Серед національних пріоритетів розбудови Української незалежної держави постає охорона навколишнього природного середовища, регулювання еколого-економічної діяльності, гарантування права своїх громадян на екологічну безпеку. Економічні та соціальні труднощі не повинні бути загрозою для регіону, зважаючи на закладені в попередні десятиріччя екологічні проблеми – хімічне виробництво, штучні водосховища, забруднення стічних вод, звалища небезпечних відходів промисловості (гекса­хлорбензол!), борщівник Сосновського та багато іншого.

The absence of clear state development programs that ensure the welfare, poverty reduction, conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources and the environment and most disastrous state of the environmental situation almost the entire territory of Ukraine hinders the implementation of effective technologies in agriculture and industry. An important issue is the orientation of the historically obsolete laborers , not to spivvlasnytstvo in social and industrial relations. Because of the mistreatment of education, science and national culture in the socio- economic component of the state and, consequently , low levels of education , culture (especially political) society Ukrainian society today is undergoing profound political crisis. It is also caused by the lack of political will of the government in the implementation of the Constitution of Ukraine declared the principles of democracy , freedom, humanism and democracy. High levels of crime and corruption , which leads to the steady deepening of the gap between the poverty of the majority of the population and prosperity of the oligarchic elite, and this leads to instability in the society.Study of internal processes taking place in Ukraine and those in which it is involved by interacting with other countries suggests that organizational resource authorities and civil society in Ukraine is not formed completely. Although the development of civil society in our country has accelerated rapidly due to the improvement of its structures and external factors , but it needs to adapt to the new challenges of globalization . Due to the fact that the Ukrainian ruling elite has not acquired its own shape and structure of the final she was not ready to function in the realities of a globalized world. Domestic tasks, and with them the extra vector require review and clarification. In the absence of a ruling elite of Ukraine 's strategic thinking and understanding of global patterns of modern society, the state and its people to a large extent affected by the negative effects of globalization transformation processes. Sustainable development as a separate country and svitosystemy is impossible without a certain level of political management . Management of sustainable development at the national level should take place with the use of political opportunities that have a modern nation-states . Principle of sustainable use of resources is not straightforward. Excess resources in most cases relative . Basically, it belongs to the material resources of space and resources . Unlike the past, today's world resource surplus more differentiated and resource deficit increases ( energy ). Thus appears the problem of resource balance of each state. In most states it is characterized by balance, when one type of resource deficit is compensated by others. If you can not compensate - shows resource imbalance - temporary or permanent . However, given the changes in the international world of space, and given the internal politics of the state, it is necessary to adjust some elements of the program.Study of internal processes taking place in Ukraine and those in which it is involved cooperating with other countries suggests that organizational resource authorities and civil society in Ukraine is not formed completely. Although the development of civil society in our country has accelerated rapidly due to the improvement of its structure , but it needs to adapt to the new challenges of globalization . Due to the fact that the Ukrainian ruling elite has not acquired its own shape and structure of the final she was not ready to function in the realities of a globalized world [ lomko5 ]. Domestic tasks, and with them the extra vector require review and clarification. In the absence of a ruling elite of Ukraine 's strategic thinking and understanding of global patterns of modern society, the state and its people to a large extent affected by the negative effects of globalization. Given the political situation in the country during the formation of a new global configuration of ¬ , socio -economic and political development of the country should focus on the mental , cultural, psychological , social and political forms of identification community, thereby increasing the requirements for the competence and professionalism , ness productivity and effectiveness as a powerful resource of nation-building .Due to the need for strategic planning development of the state , a strategy for national defense and security, economic cooperation with neighboring countries , regional organizations , as well as the interests of ensuring internal stability requirement is brewing in their own geo-political identity. ; Несформулированость четких программ развития государства, обеспечивающих рост благосостояния, уменьшения бедности, сохранение и реабилитацию природных ресурсов и окружающей среды и преимущественно катастрофическое состояние экологи-ческой ситуации практически на всей территории Украины тормозит внедрение эффективных технологий в сельском хозяйстве и промышленности. Из-за не подобающего отношения к образованию, науке, национальной культуры в социально-экономическом составляющей государства и, как следствие, низкий уровень образованности, культуры (прежде всего политической) общества украинское общество сегодня переживает глубокий политический кризис. Он еще и обусловлен отсутствием политической воли государственной власти в реализации задекларированных в Конституции Украины принципов демократии, свободы, гуманизма, народовластия. Высокий уровень преступности и коррупции, что приводит беспрерывное углубление пропасти между нищетой подавляющего большинства населения и зажиточности олигархической верхушки, а это приводит к нестабильности в обществе. ; Несформульованість чітких програм розвитку держави, які б забезпечували зростання добробуту, зменшення бідності, збереження та реабілітацію природних ресурсів і довкілля і переважно катастрофічний стан екологічної ситуації практично на всій території України гальмує впровадження ефективних технологій у сільському господарстві і промисловості. Через неналежне ставлення до освіти, науки, національної культури в соціально-економічному складовій держави і, як наслідок, низький рівень освіченості, культури (передусім політичної) суспільства українське суспільство сьогодні переживає глибоку політичну кризу. Вона ще й зумовлена відсутністю політичної волі державної влади в реалізації задекларованих у Конституції України принципів демократії, свободи, гуманізму, народовладдя. Високий рівень злочинності і корупції, що зумовлює невпинне поглиблення прірви між злиденністю переважної більшості населення і заможністю олігархічної верхівки, а це призводить до нестабільності в суспільстві.

The Upper Kharun Catchment (UKC) is one of the most important, economically sound and highly populated watersheds of Chhattisgarh state in India. It covers diverse land use types: urban, rural, agricultural, forest and industrial areas. The study area is a part of the newly formed state, which was established in 2000 and is characterized by considerable population growth and expansion of urban areas, industrialization, and irrigation areas and facilities for meeting the increasing food demand. Furthermore, the government has planned the formation of the new capital city. The planning unit is partly in the study area, and hence there is an urgent need to estimate the impact of future land use change on the water resources of UKC, and to consider whether and to which degree the intensification of irrigated agriculture is putting the groundwater resources of the UKC at risk of over-exploitation that might lead to a major water crisis in near future. Climate change is likely to severely affect the surface and groundwater resources due to changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration and their spatio-temporal distribution. The impact of future climate change may be felt more severely in the study area, which is already under stress due to the current population increase and associated demands for energy, freshwater and food. In spite of the uncertainties about the precise magnitude of climate change and its possible impacts, particularly on regional scales, measures must be taken to anticipate, mitigate and/or adapt to its adverse effects on surface and ground-water availability. There is no research documented in literature related to climate change and land use change impacts on water resources of the UKC. Hence, an attempt is made to overcome these shortcomings and to run the model SWAT with high resolution input data taking irrigation issues relevant in the UKC explicitly into account. For this purpose, the climate scenarios of the PRECIS regional climate model were bias corrected to station level, and land use maps of 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 were prepared with details of surface and groundwater-irrigated areas. The results of the study provide the base for framing strategies for water resource management in the study area. The main findings show that the overall rainfall trend for the UKC increased at a rate of 1.94 mm per annum at p=0.033 level of significance from 1961-2011. No statistically significant change in rainfall in the month of peak rainfall was observed. Mid July remains the period of peak rainfall over the years (1961-2011). There was no significant trend for mean annual temperature. However, slight increase in temperature was detected in specific months. The bias-corrected PRECIS RCM scenarios show an increasing trend for both mean annual rainfall and temperature (except for the q0 and q1 scenarios for the 2020s, where there is a decrease in annual rainfall compared to the baseline). The mean monthly rainfall increases for all scenarios, except for the month of June, where a significant decrease in rainfall is predicted. The main land use change pattern between 1991 and 2011 shows a significant increase in urban areas by 4.67%, decrease in wasteland by 3.76%, increase in area under two-season crops by 5.43 %, while 5.67% of the area is under more than two-season crops with paddy as a summer crop. The two and more than two-season crops are irrigated by groundwater sources. The land use scenario of 2021 shows a further increase in built-up area by 2.6% compared to 2011. Also, the groundwater-irrigated area with two-season crops is expected to increase by 24.25% and the area with more than two-season crops with summer paddy by 12.57%, which indicates an excessive increase in groundwater irrigation for some villages in the UKC and unsustainable use of the precious groundwater resources. On the UKC scale, the impact of land use change on different water balance components is small. There is a decreasing trend of annual discharge, water yield and groundwater contribution to streamflow, and an increasing trend of annual surface runoff and actual evapotranspiration over the decades. The impact on water resources is significant and clearly visible at sub-catchment level, where an increasing trend for urban areas can be observed. Based on the bias-corrected climate scenarios q0, q1 and q14, changes in the main water balance components were simulated with the SWAT model. The simulated annual discharge for the 2020s ranged between 25.9% decrease to 23.6% increase depending on the PRECIS scenario. For the 2050s, discharged ranges between 17.6% decrease to 39.4% increase, and for the 2080s an increase in the range of 16.3% to 63.7% is simulated. The annual surface runoff for the 2020s ranges between 28.8% decrease to 26.8% increase. For the 2050s, predictions vary between 17.9% decrease to 44.1% increase, whereas for the 2080s an increase in the range of 19.5% to 69.6% is expected. The annual percolation for the 2020s is estimated to range between 12.8% decrease to 8.7% increase. Predictions for the 2050s range between 10.3% decrease to 15.4% increase, and for the 2080s between 0.3% decrease and 13.7% increase. The annual groundwater contribution to streamflow for the 2020s is expected in the range of 7.0% decrease to 14.7% increase. Predictions for the 2050s range from 13.3% decrease to 64.7% increase, and for the 2080s between 10.4% decrease and 59.1% increase. Scenario Q1 shows a decrease in annual groundwater quantity in all time steps.

Over the last decades ethical product attributes have become more and more important in everyday food shopping. Different types of ethical product attributes exist, such as fairly traded, organically produced, environmentally friendly production, and animal friendly production. To date, the main focus in research has been on these ethical product attributes. However, new ethical product components are in need of consideration, like products produced between actors engaged in political conflicts to support their peaceful coexistence. This attribute is called 'conflict resolution'. This thesis is part of the German Research Foundation (Deutsche-Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) founded trilateral project "The Economic Integration of Agriculture in Israel and Palestine". Amongst others, the project analyzes the potential for economic integration of Agricultural Markets in Israel and the West Bank. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the longest ongoing conflicts in the Middle-East. Due to this conflict, waves of violence and resulting security measures, Israelis and Palestinians are separated from each other. Therefore, this thesis relates the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to the ethical product attribute 'conflict resolution' through analyzing consumers' preferences for products produced between Israelis and Palestinians, called 'Peace Products'. The objective of this thesis is to analyze European consumer preferences for jointly produced Israeli-Palestinian Peace Products and to identify factors that influence those preferences. In order to analyze these matters, consumer preferences were studied using choice experiments. Respondents were shown choice cards with three different products for extra virgin olive oil or cherry tomatoes. A no-buy option was included to re-create the situation in a supermarket as closely as possible. Respondents were asked to indicate which of the products they would buy. Each product description was defined as a combination of the attributes: production method (organic/ conventional), four price levels, and origin. The origins were described as Europe (Italy for olive oil, and the Netherlands for cherry tomatoes), Israel, the Palestinian Territories, and Peace Products, (origin of jointly produced in Israel and Palestinian Territories). The Peace Product was introduced to the respondents by the means of the following text: "The examples of food products that you will see below vary in price, production methods and country of origin. A special characteristic is that some of these examples are of so-called Peace Products, which are the result of joint projects that are designed to foster cooperation between farmers from Israel and from the Palestinian Territories. The Palestinian and the Israeli partners in these projects benefit equally from the sales of these Peace Products. The income generated from the sale of these products is used to promote joint Israeli-Palestinian social projects." The choice experiment was part of an online questionnaire; the data were collected by means of an online panel provider in different European countries during different conflict phases in the Middle East in 2012. In addition to the choice experiment questions concerning socio-demographics and attitudes towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (anti-Semitism, anti-Arabism, hostility against the Palestinian Territories, anti-Zionism and the Middle East conflict) were included in the questionnaire, to study their influences on Peace Product preferences. Two scientific paper make up the core of this dissertation. The first paper investigates general preferences for different product attributes (organic or conventional production and origin), with a special focus on the ethical product attribute 'conflict resolution'. We use random parameter logit and bootstrap random parameter logit models to estimate willingness to pay in four European countries (Germany, Great Britain, France and Poland). The bootstrap method is used to correct our online sample by generating representative results by gender and age for the surveyed countries. The results of both models are similar, although the bootstrap models generate more significant estimates of socio-demographic effects. Results show that European consumers prefer European products most. However, consumers are willing to pay a significant premium for the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Products compared with products only from Israel or the Palestinian Territories. Furthermore, the influences of the socio-demographic variables age, gender, education, and income on Peace Products are investigated, and influences differ by survey country. Generally speaking in our choice experiment young, well-educated males with high incomes display higher willingness to pay for Peace Products, but these results do very across the survey countries. The second paper analyzes the influence of question order (validity) on stated Peace Product preferences in Germany. We manipulate the question context by presenting the anti-Semitic and anti-Arabic attitude questions before or after the actual choice experiment. Additionally, the temporal stability of stated Peace Product preferences is investigated by presenting the same questionnaires, ten months after the first sample was collected, shortly after an Israeli Defense Force operation in the Gaza Strip was under-way as a response to Palestinian Rocket attacks ('Operation Pillar of Cloud'). Data are analyzed by means of an error component logit model. The results show a positive effect on the Peace Product preference if anti-Semitic and anti-Arabic attitudes are surveyed before the choice experiment. A negative effect from the violent dispute is found on stated preferences for products from Israel or the Palestinian Territories if attitudes are surveyed after the choice experiment. Overall preferences for Peace Products are found to be fairly stable over time. In summary, the results presented in this thesis show that respondents in Europe are willing to pay for the ethical product attribute of 'conflict resolution'. The willingness to pay for Peace Products is influenced by socio-demographic variables, and by whether anti-Semitic and anti-Arabic attitudes are surveyed before or after the choice experiment. The results can be used by politicians and marketers to support and implement Peace Product production. Additionally, researchers should be aware about the context effect when implementing stated preference studies.

Background: The number of smokers in Indonesia is still high and in the absence of serious attention by government, then this problem would be a time bomb in the future. Results of previous studies have shown a variety of diseases associated with cigarette consumption. Medan city as the capital of North Sumatra province has been concerned with this problem and have proposed smoke- free zone regulation since 2010. However, the enactment of smoke-free zone regulation requires a long process and a strong commitment from the local government. Methods: The study design was a case study with a qualitative approach. Informants of this studyis the city of Medan legislators in charge of health, industry, labor, trade and agriculture. Data is collected using in-depth interview techniques to explore the views of relevant legislative regulation on smoke-free zone. Results: Stages of the process of establishing regulations smoke-free zone are: 1) the initiation stage than has been started since 2010 and was initiated by the Health Ministry, assisted by the city of Medan Indonesia Heritage Foundation, which is one of the NGOs involved in the protection of children and women. 2) discussion stage, which has been proposed (ranperda) until 2011 and has not been a priority for Parliament, because there is no political will to protect the public from the dangers of cigarette smoke. A discussion process regulation is the most crucial step to achieve a common understanding among the members of the legislature. 3) determination phase. After going through the long process through meetings (paripurna) in the decision making process and consent on smoke-free zone then the regulation is validated by approved by allfactions. 4) Promulgation phase, which is the issuance of Regulation No.3 of 2014 on smoke-free zone, which consists of 16 chapters 47 subchapters; and 5) Dissemination, socialisation of smoke free zone Regulation. Conclusion: The process of forming regulation of smoke- free zone through several stages, which initiated in 2010 by the Ministry of Health that began to organize activities related to problems of cigarettes. In the early stage, smoke-free zone regulation was not a priority to be discussedin meetings in Parliament, due to arising pros and cons. Commitment from the local government and community support are the factors that made this regulation be processed so that in December 2013 the Parliament plenary meeting pass the regulation and in January 2014 Regulation No.3 about smoke-free zone is issued. Recommendation: There are many challenges ahead after the issuance of regulation smoke-free zone. The regulation should be implemented effectively, with the involvement of relevant stakeholders, also society (citizens-based smoke- free zone enforcement). In addition, cross-sectoral cooperation in the application of smoke-free zone regulation needs to be improved. Ministry of Health as a driving force of smoke-free zone policies should support the necessary monitoring and evaluation. LatarBelakang: Jumlah perokok di Indonesia masih tinggi dan tanpa adanya perhatian serius pemerintah maka permasalahan ini akan menjadi bom waktu di masa depan. Hasil penelitian terdahulu sudah membuktikan berbagai penyakit terkait konsumsi rokok. Kota Medan sebagai ibukota Provinsi Sumatera Utara sudah sejak tahun 2010 menaruh perhatian terhadap masalah ini dan sudah mengusulkan Ranperda Kawasan Tanpa Rokok. Namun, hingga keluarnya perda KTR ini membutuhkan proses yang cukup lama dan komitmen yang kuat dari peme- rintah daerah. Metode:Desain penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dengan pen- dekatan kualitatif. Informan penelitian ini adalah anggota DPRD Kota Medan yang membidangi kesehatan, perindustrian, ketena- gakerjaan, perdagangan dan pertanian. Pengumpulan data de- ngan menggunakan teknik wawancara mendalam untuk meng- gali pandangan anggota legislatif terkait Perda KTR Kota Medan. Hasil: Tahapan proses pembentukan perda KTR Kota Medan adalah: 1) Tahap inisiasi yang sudah dimulai sejak tahun 2010 dan diprakarsai oleh Dinas Kesehatan Kota Medan dengan didampingi oleh Yayasan Pusaka Indonesia, yang merupakan salah satu NGO yang bergerak dalam perlindungan anak dan wanita. 2) Tahap pembahasan, ranperda yang sudah diusulkan hingga tahun 2011 belum merupakan prioritas bagi parlemen, karena belum ada political will untuk melindungi masyarakat dari bahaya asap rokok. Proses pembahasan suatu ranperda merupakan tahap yang paling krusial untuk mencapai pema- haman yang sama di antara anggota legislatif. 3) Tahap pene- tapan, setelah melalui proses yang panjang maka melalui rapat paripurna dalam rangka pengambilan keputusan dan persetu- juan bersama tasranperda KTR Kota Medan maka ranperda ini disahkan dengan disetujui oleh seluruh fraksi yang ada. 4) Tahap pengundangan, dikeluarkannya Perda No 3 tahun 2014 tentang KTR di Kota Medan, yang terdiri dari 16 bab 47 pasal; dan 5) Tahap Penyebarluasan melalui Seminar Pembela- jaran Implementasi Regulasi KTR di Indonesia. Kesimpulan: Proses terbentuknya Perda KTR di Kota Medan melalui beberapa tahap yang dimulai sejak tahun 2010 dimana Dinas Kesehatan mulai mengadakan kegiatan-kegiatan terkait permasalahan rokok. Pada tahap awal, ranperda KTR belum menjadi prioritas untuk dibahas dalam rapat-rapat di DPRD, karena timbul pro dan kontra terhadap ranperda ini. Adanya komitmen dari pemerintah daerah dan dukungan dari masyarakat agar perdaini segera diproses sehingga pada bulan Desember 2013 dalam rapat paripurna DPRD perdaini disahkan dan pada bulan Januari tahun 2014 telah dikeluarkan Perda KTR No 3 tentang KTR di Kota Medan. Rekomendasi :Tantangan kedepan setelah dikeluarkannya Perda KTR Kota Medan adalah agar perda ini dapat diimple- mentasikan secara efektif, dengan melibatkan para stakeholder terkait juga masyarakat (penegakan KTR berbasis warga). Selain itu juga kerjasama lintas sektoral dalam penerapan Perda KTR perlu ditingkatkan. Dinas Kesehatan sebagai motor penggerak implementasi Perda KTR perlu melakukan monitor- ing dan evaluasi.

Increasing water demand in the Aral Sea basin (ASB) challenges policy makers to implement in-time and effective water management measures to mitigate both the on-going and upcoming water crisis in the region. This study examines three important options for addressing the core reasons of aggravated water (ab)use in the ASB. In the first option, sectoral transformations (e.g., economic restructuring) are considered by prioritizing economic activities with relatively high economic growth impacts and low water consumption requirements. In the second option, it is assessed to replace the current administrative water management institutions with more effective market-based water allocation institutions to encourage cooperation among regional water users for attaining optimal basinwide benefits. In the third option, technological and infrastructural improvements are evaluated following an increased efficiency of the irrigation systems and building reservoirs in the upper reaches of the rivers to regulate river flow. The economic restructuring option was analyzed by ranking all economic sectors based on their sustainable economic growth potentials using an environmentally extended input-output model. The forward and backward linkages and the total (direct and indirect) water requirements of the different economic activities were estimated and compared. The results indicated that water demand in the ASB can be reduced by decreasing the production of the water intensive sectors such as agriculture in favor of the development of less water demanding, non-agricultural sectors. Potential effects of replacing the traditional administrative water allocation system with market-based water allocation approaches were examined through an aggregated hydro-economic model. Substantial basinwide economic gains appeared feasible when the trade of water rights among all irrigation zones was allowed in each river basin (the Amu Darya or Syr Darya). Total benefits under restricted water rights trading by permitting the trade only among the regions located within each upstream, midstream, and downstream sub-basins (catchments) is lower than the total economic gains of unrestricted water rights trading but was still higher than total benefits of the option without trading. The results indicated that the availability of additional annual gains ranged $373–476 million USD depending on water availability under an inter-catchment (unrestricted) water trading system. Similarly, additional annual gains of $ 259–339 million USD were predicted under intra-catchment (restricted) water trading. Results also showed that transaction costs of more than $0.05 USD per m 3 of water use rights eliminate the potential benefits of a water trading option. Technical improvements to raise the efficiency of water use and water coordination were analyzed through a disaggregated hydro-economic model. Substantial benefits can be expected from improving irrigation (conveyance and water application) efficiencies in the ASB. According to the results, total basinwide benefits can increase by 20% to 40% depending on basinwide water availability when irrigation system efficiencies are optimized across the basin. The findings also showed that construction of upstream reservoirs as intensely debated by up- and downstream countries in Central Asia does not considerably influence the irrigation water availability if these reservoirs are operated with the objective of providing optimal basinwide benefits. Yet, the risks of flooding related to natural and political calamities and reduced downstream water availability during the period of filling the reservoirs should be evaluated further for a more comprehensive assessment of the infrastructural developments. High risks of using upstream reservoirs as a tool of geopolitical influence and consequent damage on downstream irrigation and environmental systems should not be forgotten as well. ; Modellierung von Strategien zur effizienten Allokation und Schonung von Wasserressourcen im Einzugsgebiet des Aralsees Im Einzugsgebiet des Aralsees (ASB) stellt der steigende Wasserbedarf eine Herausforderung an die Entscheidungsträger dar, zeitnah Maßnahmen für eine effiziente Wasserbewirtschaftung einzuführen, um die derzeitige und zukünftige Wasserkrise in der Region zu entschärfen. Diese Studie untersucht drei wichtige Ansätze, um die grundlegenden Ursachen der sich verschärfenden Wasserbewirtschaftungsprobleme im ASB zu bearbeiten. Die erste Option ist die sektorale Transformation (ökonomische Neuordnung), bei der man wirtschaftliche Aktivitäten mit hoher Priorität versieht, die einen relativ hohen Impuls auf das Wirtschaftswachstum ausüben und einen niedrigen Wasserverbrauch erfordern. Die zweite Option besteht darin, die bürokratischen Wassermanagement-Institutionen durch effektivere Markt-basierte Wasserallokations-Institutionen zu ersetzen, die die Zusammenarbeit zwischen regionalen Wassernutzern fördern, um in Bezug auf das gesamte Einzugsgebiet Vorteile zu erzielen. Die dritte Option beinhaltet die Verbesserung der Effizienz der Bewässerungssysteme und den Bau von Speichern zur Regulierung des Abflusses an den Oberläufen der Flüsse. Die Möglichkeit der ökonomischen Restrukturierung wurde mit Hilfe eines auf die Umweltfaktoren ausgeweiteten Input-Output Modells analysiert, so dass im Ergebnis alle ökonomischen Sektoren im Hinblick auf ihren potenziellen Beitrag zu einem nachhaltigen Wirtschaftswachstum beurteilt und in eine Rangliste gebracht wurden. Hierfür wurden Vorwärts- und Rückwärtsverknüpfungen und die gesamten (direkten und indirekten) Wasserbedarfswerte der verschiedenen wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten geschätzt und miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Wasserbedarf im ASB reduziert werden kann, indem die Produktion wasserintensiver Sektoren wie Landwirtschaft verringert wird, während die Entwicklung weniger wasserintensiver Sektoren außerhalb der Landwirtschaft gefördert wird. Mit einem aggregiertem hydro-ökonomischen Modell wurden potenzielle Auswirkungen untersucht, die mit dem Ersetzen des traditionellen administrativen Wasserallokations-System durch Markt-basierte Wasserallokation erzielt werden können. Bedeutende ökonomische Gewinne im gesamten Einzugsgebiet sind erreichbar, wenn der Handel von Wasserrechten zwischen allen Bewässerungszonen in jedem der Einzugsgebiete (Amu Darya oder Syr Darya) erlaubt wurde. Die Begrenzung des Handels von Wasserrechten auf jeweils Untereinheiten der Einzugsgebiete (oberer, mittlerer, unterer Teil) führte zu einem Gesamtgewinn, der zwar geringer ausfiel als im Fall des unbegrenzten Handels aber höher war als bei der Option ohne Wasserhandel. Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein Potential von zusätzlichen jährlichen Gewinnen zwischen 373 bis 476 Millionen USD durch den Handel mit Wassernutzungsrechten im gesamten Einzugsgebieten (zwischen den Untereinheiten) in Abhängigkeit von der Wasserverfügbarkeit. Gleichermaßen ergeben sich zusätzliche Erträge von 259 bis 339 Millionen USD durch den Handel innerhalb von Untereinheiten desEinzugsgebietes. Weiterhin zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass Transaktionskosten von über 0.05 USD/m 3 pro Einheit gehandelter Wasserhandelsrechte die potenziellen Vorteile der Wasserhandelsoption eliminieren würden. Technische Ansätze zur Verbesserungen der Effizienz der Wassernutzung und -koordination wurden mit einem dis-aggregierten hydro-ökonomischen Modell analysiert. Erhebliche Vorteile werden von der Verbesserung der Bewässerungswirkungsgrade (Bewässerungsnetz und Feldebene) im ASB erwartet. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse lässt sich der Gewinn im gesamten Einzugsgebiet um 20 bis 40% steigern (in Abhängigkeit von der Wasserverfügbarkeit), wenn die Bewässerungswirkungsgrade im gesamten Einzugsgebiet optimiert würden. Weiterhin belegen die Ergebnisse, dass die Konstruktion von Speicher an den Oberläufen der Flüsse (wie derzeit intensiv zwischen Ober- sowie Unterliegerstaaten in Zentralasien diskutiert) die Verfügbarkeit von Bewässerungswasser in der Region nicht erheblich beeinträchtigt, wenn diese Speicher unter der Zielvorgabe optimaler Einzugsgebiets-weiter Vorteile betrieben werden. Jedoch sollten mögliche Überflutungsrisiken durch Erdbeben und politische Instabilitäten sowie die verringerte Wasserverfügbarkeit flussabwärts während der Periode der Füllung der Speicher weiterführend untersucht werden, um eine fundierte Bewertung dieser Infrastrukturmaßnahmen zu ermöglichen. Es sollte nicht vernachlaessigt werden, dass die hohen Risiken von Speichern in oberen Bereichen der Einzugsgebiete durch die Nutzung als Instrumente geopolitischer Einflussnahne und aufgrund von Folgen fuer unterliegende Bewaesserungsgebiete sowie Oekoststeme die Vorteile der Speicher bei der infratsrukturellen Entwicklung eliminieren koennen.

In most parts of the world, the political processes have arisen out of social matrix. Tribes, clans, castes, classes have existed around a social organization. Economy, polity, religion, family and kinship networks have operated under a social framework. When Aristotle said that man is a political animal he had in mind the social element. In ancient Greece the political and the social were interdependent. F.D. Coulanges in his study of ancient cities noted that in Greek city states, the political activities of free citizens (who excluded women and slaves) were associated with social and religious duties and obligations. The people who gathered at the public forum participated in city cults which honoured their ancestors and deities and subsequently engaged themselves in political discussion. The Roman cities also had similar cuts which were led by the senators in the presence of citizens. The modern states have treated political work as a formal process which is independent of other factors. At present, the direct participation of people in politics has become a thing of the past. The domestic element has almost vanished due to the rise of representative democracy. J. Habermas has stated that in the post – 17th century Europe the public sphere has disappeared, because the direct participation of people in the city councils has mostly disappeared. Harold Laski, the British thinker, has observed in a cryptic way the today public opinion is neither public nor opinion. In other words, politicians have taken over the functions of public who previously expressed their opinion freely. The Indian society has not only been multi-ethnic but also multi-religious. Indian religions are pantheistic in which the nature is seen as a manifestation of divinity. By contrast of the monotheistic religions of West Asia the divinity was withdrawn from nature and made transcendental. In the Pre-Christian era (at the time of the rise of Jainism and Budhism) there were numerous small-scale republics in the North. We find references to them in the Budhist Jatak tales (composed both Pali and Sanskrit). These small tales had a strong demotic character: 1 Cell phone number: (+91) 80-3240 8782 22 ПОЛИТИКА И РЕЛИГИЈА У САВРЕМЕНОЈ ИНДИЈИ ПОЛИТИКОЛОГИЈА РЕЛИГИЈЕ бр. 1/2013 год VII • POLITICS AND RELIGION • POLITOLOGIE DES RELIGIONS • Nº 1/2013 Vol. VII they elected their rulers mostly on merit; there was widespread participation of people in the political affairs. In 3rd century B.C. Alexander reached the borders of India; this even gave rise to a socio-political ferment. Although Alexander abruptly returned to Macedonia, Chanakya (also known as Kautilya) used the threat of Greek invasion to mobilize the people towards building a central state. He inspired Chandragupta (a warrior) to establish the Mauryan state in eastern India. Thereafter, many such states came up in different parts of India. In spite of their aggressive or despotic tendencies, these large states brought about social stability. By decree they protected the many ethnic groups which were getting absorbed into the caste system. Although the caste system was hierarchic, yet it was based on reciprocal ties. Besides, they laid the foundations for socio-economic development. In the southern peninsula the village councils known as panchayats became highly effective in the rural areas. These panchayats controlled land, fostered community participation in the village affairs and punished the wrong-doers. The southern kings never disturbed their autonomy. In the north also the village panchayat flourished till the 10th century. In the wake of British rule (17th century) these village councils declined. Radhakamal Mukerjee, the Indian sociologist, described them as "democracies of the East". Although many Indians are not educated, they have exercised intelligence in choosing their representative for assembly and parliament. This is largely due to the legacy of the panchayats. The Indian political systems have been traditionally guided by two types of juridical texts. I. The dharmashastras (composed by Manu and others). II. The nitishastras (such as Kautilya's Arthashastra, Shukra's Nitisara and Bhisma's address to the princes in Mahabharata which is known as Shantiparva). The texts of the first type laid down rules for conducting cacred duties, codes of conduct, punishment for transgression. The texts of the second type deal with more mundane matters related to agriculture, irrigation, imports and exports and military organization. It is here that Indian secularism originated. In other words, the rulers protected both sacred and secular pursuits of their subjects. The Indian rulers (Hindu, Budhists and Jaina) followed the same texts in administering justice, conducting warfare against the invaders and maintaining internal peace. Further, the two ancient systems of Indian philosophy – Vaisheshika and Samkhya were highly ratiocinative. They laid the foundations for developments in Indian science. Alburini, the Persian scholar, described in detail India's developments in science, mathematics and astronomy in the 10th century AD. This clearly shows that Indian religions have not opposed science which is a secular activity. The Indian constitution (1951) has not seen any contradiction between religion and secularism. Both types of activities are legitimate in India. All people of India have freedom of worship; only condition is that one religious group should not interfere in the religious life of another group. However, in the recent years the Hindu, Sikh and Muslim militant groups have arisen and disturbed the social POLITICS AND RELIGION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA 23 C.N. Venugopal , POLITY, RELIGION AND SECULARISM IN INDIA: A STUDY OF INTERRELATIONSHIPS • (pp 21-40) harmony. These tensions and problems will be more fully analyzed in the larger version of this paper.

El Ecuador siendo país productor le ha llevado a ocupar una destacada participación en el ámbito internacional, debido a la forma de gerenciar unidades y líneas de producción a nivel provincial y local, habiendo recibido menciones que hablan de la calidad de sus productos agrícolas; así como también de las condiciones climáticas, geográficas y edáficas donde se realzan estos cultivos y que no las tienen otros países, constituyéndose en ventajas comparativas y competitivas. En el centro del país, región interandina, caracterizada por sus productos propios de la zona fría, como papas, fréjol, maíz, legumbres, etc. La Provincia Bolívar posee variedad de productos rentables y nutricionales de gran demanda para con el resto de provincias, donde exporta e intercambia sus productos, recibiendo el calificativo del granero del país, por la diversidad de unidades de producción sembradas en diferentes sectores, parroquias y comunidades, que por falta de diferentes recursos como vialidad, deficiente gestión gubernamental, desinterés dirigencial, han causado el conformismo productivo en diversas comunidades, donde no cuentan con los recursos de superación productiva, ya sea por medio de instituciones públicas y privadas, ONG's. etc. Que no han hecho nada por orientar a la utilización de la agricultura, no solo como un medio de ingresos económicos, sino también como un medio para mejorar su calidad de vida en el aspecto alimenticio, nutricional. etc. En la Comunidad de Pucará se registra la falta de atención por parte de estas instituciones encargadas del asesoramiento técnico, divulgación y concienciación para un mejoramiento en las unidades de producción. Además de la despreocupación por parte de la dirigencia de la comunidad por buscar mejorar las vías de acceso que optimicen la salida de productos al mercado o zonas aledañas y perfeccionen el rendimiento de sus cosechas, poniendo en práctica el buen vivir, es decir, en armonía con el ambiente de modo equitativo con los recursos naturales. Con la investigación realizada en la Comunidad de Pucará se pretende concienciar a los habitantes sobre el manejo de sus cultivos aplicando medidas alternativas encaminadas a recuperar su productividad, mermando los cultivos tradicionales y monocultivos, con el uso de nuevas técnicas de producción, se espera realizar una zonificación planificada de cultivos y de no disponer de políticas agrícolas determinantes por parte de gobiernos seccionales y contando tan solo con el esfuerzo y empeño de los pujantes agricultores comuneros. Los resultados que se obtuvieron con la investigación, fue obtener comuneros pensantes, reflexivos, conscientes y realistas de las consecuencias que conllevan los cultivos tradicionales, mismos que se han venido llevando a cabo por años, sin llegar al deseo de superación económica y productiva. Estos resultados se lograron mediante visitas de campo, asesoramiento técnico personalizado, charlas contínuas, prácticas in-situ, reuniones y mingas alternativas de mejoramiento en unidades de producción, utilización de semilla certificada, labores agrícolas con material técnico. Por ello se crea la necesidad de gerenciar las unidades de producción agrícola en la comunidad de Pucará, como un ejemplo a seguir. ; Ecuador being the producer country has led him to take a leading role in the international arena, because of the way of managing units and production lines to provincial and local levels, having received indications that speak of the quality of agricultural products; as well as climatic, geographic and soil conditions where these crops are enhanced and that other countries have not, constituting comparative and competitive advantages. In the center of the country, inter-Andean region, characterized by its own products of the cold area such as potatoes, beans, corn, beans, etc. Bolivar Province has variety of profitable and nutritional products in great demand for the other provinces, which it exports its products and exchanges, receiving the qualification of the country's breadbasket, the diversity of production units planted in different sectors, parishes and communities which for lack of different resources such as roads, poor governance, dirigencial disinterest, they have caused the production conformism in various communities, which lack the resources productive improvement, either through public and private institutions, NGOs. etc. They have done nothing to guide the use of agriculture not only as a means of income, but also as a means to improve their quality of life in the food, nutritional aspect. etc. In the Commonwealth of Pucara inattention by these institutions responsible for technical advice, outreach and awareness to an improvement in production units is recorded. In addition to carelessness on the part of the leadership of the community to seek to improve the access roads to optimize the output of goods to market or surrounding areas and refine the performance of their crops, putting into practice the good life, that is, in harmony environmentally equitably with natural resources. With research in the Community of Pucara is to raise awareness among people about managing their crops using alternative measures to recover their productivity, eroding traditional crops and monocultures, using new production techniques, it is expected to perform a planned crops and agricultural determinants have no policies by regional governments and counting only with the effort and commitment of farmers thriving communal zoning. The results obtained with the investigation was to obtain thinking, thoughtful, realistic and aware of the consequences that involve traditional, same crops that have been taking place for years without reaching the desire to overcome economic and productive community members. These results were achieved through field visits, personalized technical advice, continuous lectures, on-site practices, meetings and alternatives mingas improvement in production units, use of certified seed, farming with technical material. Hence the need to manage agricultural production units in the community of Pucara, as a role model is created.

Während in der Vergangenheit die Vermarktung einzelner landwirtschaftlicher Erzeugnisse als Nebengeschäft erfolgte, wandelt sich die Direktvermarktung zu einer komplexen Handelsleistung mit umfassender Sortimentsstruktur und serviceorientierter Dienstleistung. Somit stehen die direktvermarktenden Landwirte im Wettbewerb mit dem klassischen Lebensmitteleinzelhandel, der sich in jüngster Zeit über qualitätsorientierte Angebote mit regionalem Bezug zu differenzieren versucht. So vermarktet der Discounter Plus Milchprodukte mit dem konkreten Hinweis auf die jeweilige regionale Molkerei. Edeka (Minden-Hannover) erprobt die Zusammenarbeit zwischen ortsansässigen Geschäften und einzelnen Landwirten in Form einer Regionaltheke. Auch erweitern viele große Handels-unternehmen derzeit ihr Bio-Sortiment. Zudem etablieren sich neue Organisationsformen wie z. B. Bio-Supermärkte. Aufgrund dieser Entwicklungen drohen Alleinstellungsmerkmale, die die Direktvermarktung in den letzten Jahren aufgebaut hat, zu verwischen.Angesichts ihrer strukturellen Kostennachteile gegenüber den stark kostenoptimierten Filialisten können Direktvermarkter in aller Regel nur bei überdurchschnittlicher Serviceleistung im Wettbewerb bestehen. Das Ladensterben im kleinbetrieblichen Lebensmittelhandel, z. B. bei kleinflächigen Supermärkten, im Metzgereihandwerk oder im Fachhandel (Käse, Fisch usf.) zeigt an, dass der Mittelstand vielfach nicht mehr wettbewerbsfähig ist.Außerdem stehen die Direktvermarkter aufgrund des Strukturwandels der Landwirtschaft vor unternehmerischen Herausforderungen. Daher benötigen sie professionelle Hilfe und Handlungsempfehlungen, um die langfristige Tragfähigkeit der Direktvermarktung und ein zufriedenstellendes Einkommen zu erreichen und zusätzliches Eigenkapital bilden zu können.Mit der Unterstützung bei der Planung und Optimierung der Direktvermarktung steht die Konzeption eines gezielten Beratungssystems im Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit. Ansatzpunkte für ein Beratungssystem in der Direktverm arktung sind Kundenzufriedenheit, Gestaltung des Hofladens, eine variable Preisgestaltung und Kooperationspotentiale zur Verbesserung der Kostensituation. Die Konzepte zur Kundenzufriedenheit gewinnen verstärkt an Bedeutung, da sie als Fundament für erfolgreiche Kundenbindung betrachtet werden. Sie erklären verschiedene emotionale Reaktionen eines Kunden auf die von ihm durchgeführten kognitiven Bewertungen eines Prozesses oder Objektes. Deswegen nehmen sie eine Schlüsselstellung in der verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Konsumentenforschung ein. Kundennähe und das Verständnis für Kundenbedürfnisse sind in vielen Branchen zentrale Erfolgsvoraussetzungen. Während dies von den Großunternehmen des Lebensmittelhandels bereits seit geraumer Zeit erkannt und systematisch durch Kundenzufriedenheitsstudien überprüft wird, schreckt der hohe Preis für eine professionelle Marktforschungsuntersuchung viele mittelständische Betriebe ab. Für den hier analysierten Bereich der landwirtschaftlichen Direktvermarkter liegen unseres Wissens keine Studien vor.Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Entwicklung eines Beratungsmodells für die landwirtschaftliche Direktvermarktung. Die Arbeit ergänzt die klassischen von WIRTHGEN und seinen Mitarbeitern durchgeführten breiten Studien zu Betriebsstruktur und zu Einstellungen zur Direktvermarktung in der Bevölkerung durch die Kundenperspektive. Das in dieser Untersuchung vorgeschlagene Beratungsmodell für die Direktvermarktung besteht aus drei Elementen: betriebswirtschaftliche Bewertung, Kundenzufriedenheitsbewertung und Benchmarking-Analyse. Der in dieser Studie gewählte Ansatz einer gleichzeitigen Analyse der betriebswirtschaftlichen Kennzahlen und der Kundenzufriedenheit stellt einen Fortschritt gegenüber der einfachen Erfassung der Kundenzufriedenheit dar. Für das Benchmarking wurde zum einen ein Vergleich der durchschnittlichen Bewertung mit dem Best-Practice-Betrieb vorgenommen und zum anderen erfolgte ein Vergleich der betriebswirtschaftlichen Kennzahlen. Anhand der Benchmarking-Analyse is t es möglich eigene Erfolgsgrößen im Betrieb zu definieren und somit auf eine Verbesserung des betrieblichen Erfolgs hinzuwirken. ; While in the past, the marketing of individual agricultural products occurred as a secondary business, direct marketing has now changed to being a complex trade with an extensive range of products and an orientation towards the provision of services. As a consequence, direct-marketing farmers are in competition with the classical food retailers, who have been trying to differentiate themselves in recent years by supplying quality-oriented products with a regional perspective. For example, the discount supermarket chain Plus sells milk products with a concrete reference to the respective regional dairy and another chain store, Edeka (Minden-Hannover), is trying out a cooperation between local shops and individual farmers in the form of regional counters. In addition, many large commercial firms are presently enlarging their range of organic products. Furthermore, new organisation forms are being established; e.g. organic supermarkets. Due to these developments, the unique selling points set up by direct marketing in the past years are in danger of becoming blurred.In the light of their structural cost disadvantages with respect to the highly cost-optimised chain stores, direct marketers can, generally speaking, only compete if they provide an above-average service. The dying out of small businesses in the food retail trade [e.g. small supermarkets, butchers or specialist traders (cheese, fish, etc.) shows that in many cases medium-sized businesses are no longer competitive.Apart from this, direct marketers are posed with new business challenges due to the structural changes in agriculture. They, therefore, require professional help and suggestions for best practise, so that their direct marketing can survive in the long-term and achieve a satisfactory income as well as to help them set up additional capital resources.At the core of the present study lies the concept of a specific advisory system that supports planning and optimises direct marketing. The starting points for an advisory syst em in direct marketing are customer satisfaction, farm shop design, a variable pricing system and a collaboration potential for an improvement of the cost situation. The various concepts of customer satisfaction are gaining strongly in importance as customer satisfaction is considered to be a fundament for successful customer loyalty. These concepts explain the different emotional reactions of a customer to his/her cognitive evaluation of a process or object. This is why these concepts have a key position in consumer behaviour research. The focus on customers and an understanding of their needs are central prerequisites for success in many branches. Although this has been recognized by large companies for some time and has been systematically examined in customer satisfaction studies, the high cost of professional market research studies tends to scare off many medium-sized companies. To our knowledge, no studies have been undertaken in the subject of this investigation: direct farm marketers.The aim of this investigation was to develop a consultation model for agricultural direct marketing. This work supplements the broadly based classical studies undertaken by WIRTHGEN et al. on company structure and a population s attitudes to direct marketing from the customer s perspective. The consultation model for direct marketing suggested in this study consists of three elements: economic evaluation, assessment of customer satisfaction and a benchmarking analysis. The method chosen in this study of analysing the key economic data and customer satisfaction at the same time is an advance on just simply ascertaining customer satisfaction. For the benchmarking, a comparison of the average evaluation with a best-practice enterprise was undertaken as well as a comparison of the key economic data. It was, thereby, possible to define some of an enterprise s performance indicators from the benchmarking analysis and to work towards an improvement of the enterprise s success.

«Ontos» is shown as a central philosophical category. This term represents the different values that are associated with numerous interpretations of the reality. The last is taken as a multifaceted and multidimensional.It can exist outside of man and for man. Also «ontos» is a universal infrastructure which unfolds physical, chemical, biological, geological, social, mental and spiritual processes.Any form of manifestation of «beingness» appears to be the psychophysical formation, because when the investigator is approaching to the maximum of its internal structure, the smallest details of his designs disappear.Among universal terms in modern physics that are characterizing the features of space infrastructure the terms «space», «gravity», «field», «singularity», «elementary particle», «energy», «mass», «matter», «infinity» «entropy» are the most clear. Phenomena that are represented by them, give enough valuable information about some aspects of creating of the world and the specifics of time-space version of reality that human intelligence is able to think and perceive as a comfortable living environment for themselves.The term «infrastructure» is used today to refer to a complex set of social relations. It is also used to identify specific linkages and money management businesses, institutions, agencies and others. This tern is polysemantic and thus it is representing different facets, sides, segments, vectors of social development as one of the universal dimensions of Ontos. Although the term «infrastructure» continues to operate at the intersection of scientific and practical interests of economy, politics, law, education, culture, industry and agriculture, life, anyway, it does not cover the basic interpretation of the image of a coherent social reality as a universal artificial world. They would rather focus on the isolation of problem areas in various spheres of human activity.If we extrapolate the principle of establishing contacts and relationships, which is applied in engineering or architectural art in the plane of the quantum processes where communication is done through the influence of gravitational forces, the architectonic of space also will be a systematic and structured like abstract design.However, space infrastructure has its own individual characteristics. Its topology represents absurd principles of symmetry, while we have created an artificial reality that is clear, understandable for human intellect and demonstrates comfortable proportions.For infrastructure constructing all the necessary conditions must be created: isolating the idea of space, removing its image (or draft); considering the mechanism of space models design under the image or under the project; considering its appropriate temporal characteristics and features of further transformation; calculating the beginning of its deployment, geometric parameters and amount of required energy and the material; getting started and create the model of space (or version of reality). So-developed infrastructure is the result of the manifestation of some activity-creative forces that reign in nature (this can include both the mind and gravity), and a prerequisite for communication ; Показано, что «онтос» как центральная философская категория, безусловно, представляет особый интерес для большинства современных исследователей в сфере философского знания. Этот термин репрезентирует различные значения, связанные с многочисленными трактовками реальности. Последняя является многоаспектной и многомерной. Это – универсальная инфраструктура, где разворачиваются физические, химические, биологическую, геологические, социальные, психические, духовные процессы.Подтверждено, что сингулярность, которая взорвалась, стала началом формирования универсальной инфраструктуры Вселенной. Подобная инфраструктура – это фундамент для существования всего.Это – мегакомплексная работа, которая стала возможной благодаря колоссальным затратам энергии, которая уже осуществилась и продолжает осуществляться с целью образования все новых связей и их прерывания, конструирования все новых психических образований и их разрушения.Сделан вывод, что любая форма проявления «бытийности» является психофизическим образованием, ведь при максимальном приближении к его внутренней структуре, наименьшие детали его конструкции исчезают. В свою очередь, каждое явление или процесс (включаем сюда и процесс мышления) являются сверхсложными системами связей и взаимосвязей и, как показали эмпирические исследования, духовное и материальное сводятся друг другу и являются неразрывным единством.Универсальными для современной физики терминами, которые приблизительно характеризуют особенности космической инфраструктуры, являются «пространство», «гравитация», «поле», «сингулярность», «элементарная частица», «энергия», «поле», «вещество», «бесконечность», «энтропия» и другие. Явления, которые они обозначают, репрезентируют ценную информацию относительно некоторых моментов сотворения мира и специфики той пространственно-временной версии реальности, которую человеческий интеллект способен осмыслить и воспринимать в качестве комфортной для себя жизненной среды. ; Показано, що «онтос» як центральна філософська категорія безумовно представляє особливий інтерес для більшості сучасних дослідників у сфері філософського знання. Цей термін репрезентує різні значення, пов'язані з численними трактовками реальності. Остання є багатоаспектною й багатовимірною. Це – універсальна інфраструктура де розгортаються фізичні, хімічні, біологічні, геологічні, соціальні, психічні, духовні процеси.Підтверджено, що сингулярність, яка вибухнула, стала початком для формування універсальної інфраструктури Всесвіту. Подібна інфраструктура – це фундамент для існування всього. Це – мегакомплексна робота, яка стала можливою через колосальні затрати енергії, яка вже здійснилася й продовжує здійснюватися з метою утворення все нових зв'язків та їх припинення, конструювання все нових психофізичних утворень та їх руйнації.Зроблено висновок, що будь-яка форма прояву «буттєвості» постає психофізичним утворенням, адже при максимальному наближенні до його внутрішньої структури, найменші деталі його конструкції зникають. В свою чергу, кожне явище чи процес (включаємо сюди й процес мислення) є надскладними системами зв'язків та взаємозв'язків й, як показали емпіричні дослідження, духовне й матеріальне зводяться одне до одного й постають нерозривною єдністю.Універсальними для сучасної фізики термінами, що приблизно характеризують особливості космічної інфраструктури є «простір», «гравітація», «поле», «сингулярність», «елементарна частинка», «енергія», «маса», «речовина», «безкінечність», «ентропія» тощо. Явища, які ними позначають, репрезентують цінну інформацію щодо деяких моментів творення світу та специфіки тієї часово-просторової версії реальності, яку людський інтелект здатен мислити й сприймати в якості комфортного для себе життєвого середовища.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Umweltbeobachtung ist zentraler Bestandteil internationaler Nachhaltigkeitsstrategien. Die langfristige Beobachtung der Anreicherung von Metallen in terrestrischen Ökosystemen erfolgte Zwischen 1990 und 2005 alle fünf Jahre europaweit in den europäischen Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys. Seit 2005 wird auch die Stickstoffanreicherung bestimmt. Deutschland nahm an den Moosmonitoring-Kampagnen 1990 – 2005 teil. Der vorliegende Artikel ist Teil einer Serie, die Trends im Bundesgebiet und einzelnen Bundesländern beleuchtet. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung ist die Kartierung der zeitlichen Entwicklung der Metallanreicherung in Nordrhein-Westfalen seit 1990, die Stickstoffanreicherung 2005, die räumliche Varianz der Metall-Bioakkumulation in Abhängigkeit von Eigenschaften der Moosbeprobungsstellen und ihrer Umgebung sowie erstmals auch die Verknüpfung der Stoffgehalte in den Moosen mit denen der flächendeckend modellierten Gesamtdeposition von Cadmium (Cd).


Methoden
In Nordrhein-Westfalen wurde die Bioakkumulation am häufigsten in Scleropodium purum bestimmt, gefolgt von Pleurozium schreberi und Hypnum cupressiforme. Die in diesen Moosen chemisch bestimmten Stoffe wurden mit den topografischen und ökologischen Beschreibungen der bis zu 88 Beprobungsorte und mit quantitativen Angaben über die Landnutzung in ihrer Umgebung in dem WebGIS MossMet zusammengeführt und ausgewertet: Aus den standort- und metallspezifischen Messdaten sowie den daraus geostatistisch berechneten Flächendaten über die Metallakkumulation wurde ein zusammenfassender Multi-Metall-Index (MMI1990-2005) für Arsen (As), Cd, Chrom (Cr), Kupfer (Cu), Eisen (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Blei (Pb), Titan (Ti), Vanadium (V) und Zink (Zn) berechnet und kartiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Schwermetall-Akkumulationen, Standortcharakteristika und Landnutzung wurden korrelations- und kontingenzanalytisch sowie am Beispiel von Cu multivariat-statistisch mit Classification and Regression Trees (Cart) quantifiziert. Die Cd-Gehalte in den Moosen wurden mit denen der im European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) europaweit flächendeckend modellierten Gesamtdepositionsdaten für Cd verknüpft und korrelationsstatistisch ausgewertet.


Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Während von 1990 bis 2005 bis auf Zn alle Metallgehalte in den Moosen sanken, stiegen von 2000 bis 2005 die Konzentrationen von As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sb und Zn an, bei Cr und Zn statistisch signifikant. Eine Zunahme des MMI1990-2005 von 2000 nach 2005 erwies sich als statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Stickstoffgehalte (N) betragen zwischen 1.08 und 2,29%. Sie sind positiv mit dem Agrarflächenanteil im Umkreis der Beprobungsstellen und der Bestandeshöhe sowie negativ mit Waldflächenanteil, Entfernung zu Bäumen, Höhe über NN und Niederschlag korreliert (0.32 ≤ r

Spearman
≥0.49, p <0.01). Die Korrelationen zwischen Metallgehalten in den Moosen und der Landnutzung im Umkreis der Beprobungsorte rangieren zwischen r

S
 = 0.21 und r

S
 = 0.54 (0.01 <p <0.05). Moosart und –bewuchsform sind mit den Stoffkonzentrationen ähnlich stark assoziiert (Cramér´s V-Werte zwischen 0.27 und 0.56). Von den Standortmerkmalen weisen vor allem die Variablen Waldflächenanteil (insbesondere bei Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, N), Flächenanteil urbaner Landnutzung (bei As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn), Niederschlagssumme im Akkumulationszeitraum (bei Cd, Ni, Pb, V, N), orografische Höhe (bei As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, N) und Entfernung der Moos-Entnahmestelle von Straßen (bei Cr, Fe, Ni, Ti), Baumkronen oder Sträuchern (bei As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn) für die meisten Elemente signifikante Korrelationen zur Metallanreicherung auf. In der multivariat-statistischen Analyse mit CART werden der urbane Flächenanteil im Umkreis von 5 km um die Moossammelstelle sowie die dortige Geländehöhe und die Entfernung der Moossammelstelle von der Baumkrone als wichtigste Einflussgrößen für die Cu-Gehalte in den Moosen 2005 ermittelt. Die Cd-Gesamtdeposition (EMEP) und die Cd-Konzentrationen in Moosen Nordrhein-Westfalens sind positiv korreliert (0.57 ≤ r

S
≥0.71, p <0.01).
Anders als etwa in Baden-Württemberg stiegen die Metallanreicherungen in Moosen Nordrhein-Westfalens von 2000 bis 2005 an, Cr und Zn statistisch signifikant. Für Cd konnte in einer landesweit flächendeckenden GIS-gestützten Korrelationsanalyse gezeigt werden, dass die in den Moosen gemessenen Anreicherungen mit der modellierten Gesamtdeposition (EMEP) positiv verknüpft sind. Damit wurden punktuelle Korrelationen zwischen Depositions- und Mooskonzentrationen räumlich validiert. Im Vergleich zu zeitlich höher aufgelösten Depositionsmessungen erfasst das Moos-Monitoring europaweit mit mindestens einer Moosbeprobungsstelle pro 1000 km2 ein breites Stoffspektrum, das auch selten gemessene Stoffe mit humantoxikologischer Bedeutung (z. B. As, Al, Hg, Sb, V) umfasst. Damit bildet das Moos-Monitoring ein wichtiges Bindeglied zwischen der technischen Erfassung von Stoffeinträgen durch Deposition und der Anreicherung dieser Stoffe in biologischem Material. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Stoffanreicherung in biologischem Material nicht nur von den Depositionen, sondern auch von topographischen und ökologischen Merkmalen der Messstellen und der Landnutzung ihrer Umgebung abhängt.


Schlussfolgerungen
Das Moos-Monitoring liefert wesentliche Beiträge zum Schwermetall- und zum Multi-Komponenten-Protokoll der CLRTAP. Es weist flächendeckend nach, wie sich Luftreinhaltepolitik auf die Anreicherung von atmosphärischen Stoffeinträgen in Schutzgütern wie der Vegetation auswirkt. Von besonderer umweltpolitischer Bedeutung ist, dass in keinem anderen Messprogramm räumlich so verdichtet Daten über ein breites, ökotoxikologisch und humanmedizinisch bedeutsames Stoffspektrum erhoben werden. Die räumliche Auflösung von Umweltinformationen ist ein wesentliches Kriterium für ihre Nutzbarkeit im Vollzug umweltpolitischer Maßnahmen auf Bundes- und Länderebene.
Das Moos-Monitoring sollte im bisherigen Umfang langfristig fortgesetzt werden. Es liefert als einziges Messnetz in Europa räumlich hinreichend differenzierte, flächendeckende Informationen über die Metall- und Stickstoffexposition naturnaher und agrarisch genutzter Ökosysteme, die auch für einzelne Staaten und deren administrative Untergliederungen räumlich aussagekräftig sind. Die in anderen Untersuchungen jüngst belegten europaweiten Korrelationen zwischen Stoffanreicherungen in Moosen und EMEP-Depositionsdaten wurden in anderen Arbeiten dazu genutzt, die Kartierung der Metall- und Stickstoffdepositionen räumlich höher aufzulösen.


Abstract
Every five years since 1990, the European moss surveys provide data on concentrations of heavy metals and since 2005 on nitrogen (N) in mosses. Germany participated in the monitoring campaigns 1990 – 2005. As part of a series reporting the trends for Germany and single federal states, this article is on North Rhine-Westphalia showing that the metal concentrations decreased from 1990 to 2000 for all elements but Zn. From 2000 to 2005 an increase can be stated for As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sb, Zn and the Multi Metal Index MMI1990-2005. The N concentration reaches from 1.08 to 2,29% in dry mass showing significant correlations to the agriculture density (+), the height of the surrounding trees (+), the forests density (−), the distance to trees (−), altitude (−) and the precipitation sum for the accumulation period (−). The according correlation coefficients (Spearman) reach from r

s
0.32 to 0.49 (p <0.01). The correlation of the metal loads in the mosses and land use characteristics in the vicinity of the sampling sites lie between r

s
 = 0.21 and r

s
 = 0.54 (0.01 <p <0.05). The type of moss species and the moss growth patterns are associated to a similar degree (Cramér´s V-values between 0.27 and 0.56). Of all investigated site specific information on forest density (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, N), urban density precipitation (Cd, Ni, Pb, V, N), altitude (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, N) and the distance of the sampling site to roads (Cr, Fe, Ni, Ti), trees or bushes (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn) are those showing significant correlations to the elements enumerated in brackets before. The urban land use density in a radius of 5 km around the sampling site as well as altitude and the distance of the sampling site to nearby trees are the statistically most significant factors for the Cu concentrations in mosses sampled in 2005. The total deposition of Cd (EMEP) and Cd concentrations in mosses are correlated significantly (0.57 ≤ r

s
≥0.71, p <0.01).

In 188 B.C.E., a Roman commission awarded most of Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the Attalid dynasty, a modest fiefdom based in the city of Pergamon. Immediately, the Roman commissioners evacuated along with their force of arms. Enforcement of the settlement, known as the Treaty of Apameia, was left to local beneficiaries, chiefly the Attalids, but also the island republic of Rhodes. The extraction of revenues and the judicious redistribution of resources were both key to the extension of Attalid control over the new territory and the maintenance of the empire. This dissertation is a study of the forms of taxation and public benefaction that characterized the late Attalid kingdom, a multiscalar state comprised of many small communities, most prominent among them, ancient cities on the Greek model of the polis. It argues that the dynasty's idiosyncratic choices about taxation and euergetism help explain the success of the Attalid imperial project. They aligned interests and created new collectivities. Civic values as much as royal interests determined the cultural categories within which taxation and redistribution took place. To a greater extent than Rhodes, the Attalids integrated and taxed their new subjects, no easy task in a world of flimsy bureaucracy and taxpayers who spoke of the taxman and the pirate in the same breath. Previous research has explained the Attalid success in two divergent ways. Either the Attalids were fiscally predatory and manipulated civic institutions, or they were laissez-faire "constitutional monarchs." Neither picture accords well with the evidence, primarily inscriptions and coins. These documents reflect a social process of mutual implication in fiscal structures. This dissertation builds on models of the Hellenistic king as interactive with his subjects, and of the Greek city as capable of imposing ideological constraints on monarchs, but it advocates a new model for the Hellenistic kingdom that assigns a permanent, predictable, and rational role to the king in the economy of the city.Part I explores royal acts of giving. Ch. 1 treats the Attalid habit of applying certain royal revenues for the provision of specific public goods in the cities where they were collected, the practice of "earmarking." I argue that earmarking arrangements were neither a form of sugarcoating the bitter pill of imperialism, nor simply the city's re-appropriation of what were in origin civic resources, but the end product of a social bargaining process. Negotiations over earmarking provided the Attalid king with an arena for the display of the virtue of providence (pronoia). They also necessitated frequent forays into the domain of private property. Ch. 2 examines Attalid patronage of civic gymnasia, which in its intensity distinguished the dynasty from its rivals in this period. I explain the Attalid preference for giving to the gymnasium by re-conceptualizing that institution in the political landscape of the city. While the Hellenistic gymnasium is often seen as a miniature version of the civic community, I draw attention to its autonomy, both institutional and ideological. This autonomy invited royal participation in the finances of the gymnasium. It also rendered the gymnasium a privileged site of negotiation between city and crown where kings, princes, and courtiers interacted with civic elites.Part II presents the other, less generous side of Attalid political economy after Apameia: the extraction of revenues. Chapter 3 tells a story of wide-scale monetary change, since we now agree that the Attalids instituted their new coinage, the cistophori, after 188. Light weight and strangely decorated, the cistophori are one of the greatest puzzles of Greek numismatics. Against the common view that the production of these coins was highly centralized, I argue that a series of negotiations stands behind the successful imposition of the new monetary regime and that its responsibilities - and profits - were shared. Further, the cistophoric monetary system was not a closed currency zone. The Attalid kingdom operated on a ramified system, in which different currencies were required for different payments. Coinage helped to integrate economic microregions oriented in very different directions, and thus should be seen as integral to a process of state formation. Chapter 4 analyzes the fiscal system of the Attalids. It systematically reviews the evidence for the types of taxes, the personnel of tax collection, and tax rates. For direct taxation of agriculture, assessment by community was the norm, and negotiation over the annual rate seems to have been routine. Military settlers (cleruchs), on the other hand, paid individually on allotments granted by royal authority. Their taxes were a mixed liability of cash and kind, the mixed-phoros regime known in Anatolia since the Achaemenids. Direct taxation of persons, typically those living in non-polis communities, was irregular. The bulk of our evidence for indirect taxation points to a focus on customs dues and usage taxes levied on different parts of the royal patrimony, such as coastal lagoons, saltpans, mines, and royal forests. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the Attalids did not employ tax farmers directly, but relied on the subject communities to collect royal taxes as they wished. In this, as in many other respects, continuity with the earlier Seleukid kingdom is evident. Under the pressure of a highly competitive interstate political system, the Attalids pursued greater revenues. Yet royal fiscality always remained a calque on civic: it did not create new categories of taxation, and civic fiscality survived the encounter intact. Generally, fiscal intensification was pursued through indirect taxation. The Attalids aimed to capture revenue on goods moving between the different fiscal zones of Anatolia. To this end, they built up what is described as an infrastructure of surveillance.