Suchergebnisse

En el presente artículo se describe y analiza la evolución de la política pública de turismo en Uruguay de los últimos veinticinco años, desde la creación del Ministerio de Turismo en 1986 hasta el 2010. Se describen los diferentes instrumentos de la política pública de turismo utilizados en cada período de gobierno y se analizan las funciones que asumió el estado en el contexto del turismo. Finalmente se procede a una periodización de su evolución, estableciendo tres fases de la política pública de turismo: del desarrollismo durante la recuperación democrática (1985-1989), del neoliberalismo (1990-2004) y el de la nueva etapa de la política pública de turismo (2005-2010). Se utilizó el Método de Análisis de las políticas y en particular el desarrollado para el caso del turismo por la investigadora española María Velasco González. ; The present article describes and analyzes the evolution of public policy on tourism in Uruguay in the last twenty years, since the creation of the Ministry of Tourism in 1986 until 2010. Different public policy instruments used in tourism are described each term of office and functions assumed by the state in the context of tourism are analyzed. Finally we proceed to a periodization of its evolution, establishing three phases of tourism public policy: the development policy for the restoration of democracy (1985-1989) of neoliberalism (1990-2004) and the new stage of tourism public policy (2005-2010). Analysis Method of policies and in particular developed for the case of tourism by Spanish researcher María Velasco González was used.

[11 p.] ; il. ; Currently, energy consumption is gaining importance as a part of organizational management. Thanks to new Information Technologies (IT) applications is possible to offer new ways to manage the state of the energy efficiency levels, and due to its importance, this article analyses the impact of IT applications in organizations longing to improve its energy consumption levels. Following the line of analysis and research, we will be presenting the development of a software tool that enables organizations to implement self management in energy efficiency related topics, taking into account the requirements to implement and certify the ISO 50.001 specification for an Energy Management System (EMS), and showing progress in the development of IT applications, included as part of the research activities of the R&D project (approved by SCTyP of the UTN government board) named "Energetic survey instruments and needed algorithms for an organizational energy efficiency management software development". ; Fil: Nahuel, Leopoldo. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Maccarone, José. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Marchesini, Javier. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Andrés, Gastón. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: María García, Rodrigo. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Muzzi, Gonzalo. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Rende, Augusto. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina. ; Fil: Ciceri, Javier. Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería e Informática; Argentina.

Uno de los temas más fascinantes del presente debate acerca del papel del Estado en las relaciones internacionales está representada por el concepto de la seguridad humana. Este concepto fue introducido por primera vez en el Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano publicado por el UNDP en 1994 como uno de los cinco pilares de un nuevo "orden mundial centrado en las personas". En mi intervención voy a presentar los rasgos sobresalientes de las teorías de la seguridad humana y la gestión de la seguridad que operan sobre la base de las propuestas de la seguridad global en los documentos oficiales de la ONU, el UNDP y la OSCE, a fin de interpretar la seguridad humana como parte de un contexto más amplio de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal colocando tanto individuos y colectividades "en el trabajo" en una búsqueda de una auto-gobernanza económica. ; One of the more fascinating themes of the present debate about the role of the State in international relations is represented by the concept of human security. This concept was first introduced in the Human Development Report published in 1994 by the UNDP as one of the five pillars of a new "people-centred world order". In my contribution I will present the salient traits of theories of human security and security governance that operate on the foundation of proposals for global security in the official documents by UN, UNDP, OSCE in order to interprete human security as a part of a wider neo-liberal governmentality, putting both individuals and collectivities "at work" in a search for an economic self-governance.

One of the more fascinating themes of the present debate about the role of the state in international relations is represented by the concept of human security. This concept was first introduced in the Human Development Report published in 1994 by the UNDP as one of the five pillars of a new "people-centred world order". In my contribution i will present the salient traits of theories of human security and security governance that operate on the foundation of proposals for global security in the official documents by UN, UNDP, OSCE in order to interprete human security as a part of a wider neo-liberal governmentality, putting both individuals and collectivities "at work" in a search for an economic self-governance. ; Uno de los temas más fascinantes del presente debate acerca del papel del estado en las relaciones internacionales está representada por el concepto de la seguridad humana. Este concepto fue introducido por primera vez en el Informe sobre desarrollo Humano publicado por el UNDP en 1994 como uno de los cinco pilares de un nuevo "orden mundial centrado en las personas". En mi intervención voy a presentar los rasgos sobresalientes de las teorías de la seguridad humana y la gestión de la seguridad que operan sobre la base de las propuestas de la seguridad global en los documentos oficiales de la ONU, el UNDP y la OSCE, a fin de interpretar la seguridad humana como parte de un contexto más amplio de la gubernamentalidad neoliberal colocando tanto individuos y colectividades "en el trabajo" en una búsqueda de una auto-gobernanza económica.

Poor sanitation is an important policy issue facing India, which accounts for over half of the 1.1 billion people worldwide that defecate in the open [JMP, 2012]. Achieving global sanitation targets, and reducing the social and economic costs of open defecation, therefore requires effectively extending sanitation services to India's citizens. The Indian Government has shown strong commitment to improving sanitation. However, uptake and usage of safe sanitation remains low: almost 50% of Indian households do not have access to a private or public latrine (2011 Indian census). This highlights the need for novel approaches to foster the uptake and sustained usage of safe sanitation in this context. This study contributes to addressing this need in two ways: First, we use primary data collected in both rural and urban contexts in two states of India, to understand determinants of toilet ownership and acquisition. A theoretical model is presented accompanying our empirical findings. Second, while ours is not a randomized control trial, we are able to offer a rich picture on the main determinants and potential outcomes of sanitation uptake. Contrary to many studies on sanitation, our focus is not primarily on health outcomes but we emphasize economic and social status considerations. Further, toilet acquisition is analyzed in the context of an intervention that alleviated one of the major constraints to acquisition - financial resources - which allows us to highlight the importance of attending this constraint. These three contributions have important implications for the design of strategies to promote sanitation, a major focus of many governments of developing countries and international organizations at present.

This paper aims at contributing to a better understanding of Spinoza's most conspicuous political doctrines: his rejection of classical contractualism, his doctrine of the equivalence of right and power, his description of the limits of government either as logical limitations or as restrictions, not of power, but of impotence, and his defence of democracy as the most natural and most rational form of the state. Also, two alleged paradoxes that permeate Spinoza's political thought are solved: the conflict between a naturalistic approach and a discourse whose purpose is to shed light on the grounds of political legitimacy, and the tension between the dynamics of freedom and the dynamics of power. Far from obsolete, Spinoza's political philosophy comes to light as able to meet the demands of the contemporary world. Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es arrojar luz sobre las doctrinas políticas más significativas de Spinoza: su rechazo del contractualismo clásico, la tesis de la equivalencia de derecho y poder, la descripción de los límites del gobierno bien como limitaciones lógicas o como medios para garantizar la independencia y el poder del estado, y su refrendo de la democracia como la forma más natural y racional de constitución política. Además, se resuelven dos paradojas que, supuestamente, amenazan con desarticular su pensamiento político: el conflicto entre una perspectiva naturalista y un discurso que pretende alcanzar los fundamentos de la legitimidad política, y la tensión entre la dinámica de la libertad y la del poder. El resultado es una vindicación de la relevancia de la filosofía política de Spinoza para el mundo contemporáneo.

Fiscal redistribution by the state provides a powerful counterweight to the growth of market income inequality in post-industrial democracies. Yet, significant questions remain about what explains the substantial variation in redistribution across nations and time in the contemporary era. In addition to recognizing the response of election-minded governments to the growth in insecurities and demands for redistribution associated with post-industrialization, I argue that where social democratic parties rule, and where employers and labor remain highly organized, inequality is blunted through redistribution of income by cash transfers and direct taxes and policies targeted at low income strata. This should be the case because the organizational scope, centralization, and policymaking integration of labor and capital facilitates the creation of post-industrial political coalitions necessary for redistributive policy making and implementation by social democratic governments, and organizationally suppresses insider politics by sectorally fragmented actors and excessive rent seeking by narrow interest groups. Labor organization, in particular, directly promotes demands for redistribution through several channels. I use 1979 to 2011 data from 18 democracies and estimate models of redistribution and policies for "outsiders." The main argument is supported by the evidence: social democratic government has especially significant egalitarian impacts on unemployment benefits and minimum income supports for low income workers as well as active labor market policies at high levels of labor and employer organization. Labor organization, itself, has significant and substantively large effects on fiscal redistribution. I use these results and evidence on recent trends in key determinants of redistribution to reflect on whether an era of "permanent inequality" is inevitable or simply a political possibility.

This dissertation examines whether, commensurate with the pattern of low voter turnout, people with disabilities also exhibit low levels of engagement across many types of political involvement. Then, given the engagement levels of people with disabilities, the dissertation explores the political implications for party politics in the United States. To do so, I conduct statistical analyses of data from the 2006 General Social Survey and the 2012 American National Election Study. In chapter 2, I show that having a disability is associated with an increased likelihood of being generally interested in politics and that people with disabilities are just as likely as people without a disability to follow the national news. I also show disability to be negatively associated with levels of political knowledge. In chapter 3, I find that, relative to people without disabilities, people with disabilities are similarly likely to feel politically efficacious and to engage in participatory activities aside from voting. In fact, having a disability is positively associated with contacting government officials. In chapter 4, I test hypotheses about people with disabilities identifying with the Democratic Party, having a liberal ideological orientation, and voting as such in recent general elections. I find support for these hypotheses and I also find that within the population of people with disabilities, Democratic Party identification is strongest among people with mobility-related disabilities. I conclude first by offering directions for future research. I also suggest that election administration officials could do more in terms of educational outreach to people with disabilities. Democratic Party officials would also find it in their interest to increase their outreach efforts to this segment of the population.

Este artículo examina la relación que existe entre la democracia con los pueblos indígenas apartir del concepto Homo sacer (Homines sacri), acuñado por Giorgio Agamben (1998). El argumentocentral es que actos cometidos contra el Indio Americano o sus propiedades (tierras yrecursos naturales) pueden ser interpretados no solo como violaciones a los derechos humanos sino como estructuras políticas permanentes de violencia y exclusión. El artículo revisa el caso de Mary y Carrie Dann, en una disputa por tierras con los EE.UU., y que la Comisión Interamericanade Derechos Humanos (CIDH) ha considerado como violatorio de la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre (Declaración Americana). La revisión del caso se basa en el reporte de la CIDH (2002).Palabras clave: Shoshón Occidental, Mary y Carrie Dann, Declaración Americana, EstadosUnidos de América, Giorgio Agamben.Abstract:This article examines the relationship between Democracy and Indigenous Peoples from the perspective of theconcept Homo Sacer (Homines Sacri) coined by Giorgio Agamben (1998). The central argument is that acts of power committed against their rights and properties (lands and natural resources) can be interpreted not only as human rights violations but also as permanent political structures of violence and exclusion. This document reviews the case of Mary and Carrie Dann in a land dispute with the U.S. that the Inter- American Commissionof Human Rights (IACHR) has regarded as a violation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (American Declaration). The revision of the case is based on the IACHR´s report of 2002.Keywords: Western Shoshone, Mary and Carrie Dann, American Declaration, United States of America, Giorgio Agamben.

Structural phase transitions in epitaxial stoichiometric VN/MgO(011) thin films are investigated using temperature-dependent synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), resistivity measurements, high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). At room temperature, VN has the B1 NaCl structure. However, below T-c = 250 K, XRD and SAED results reveal forbidden (00l) reflections of mixed parity associated with a noncentrosymmetric tetragonal structure. The intensities of the forbidden reflections increase with decreasing temperature following the scaling behavior I proportional to (T-c - T)(1/2). Resistivity measurements between 300 and 4 K consist of two linear regimes resulting from different electron/phonon coupling strengths in the cubic and tetragonal-VN phases. The VN transport Eliashberg spectral function alpha F-2(tr)(h omega), the product of the phonon density of states F(h omega) and the transport electron/phonon coupling strength alpha(2)(tr)(h omega), is determined and used in combination with AIMD renormalized phonon dispersion relations to show that anharmonic vibrations stabilize the NaCl structure at T greater than T-c. Free-energy contributions due to vibrational entropy, often neglected in theoretical modeling, are essential for understanding the room-temperature stability of NaCl-structure VN, and of strongly anharmonic systems in general. ; Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council (VR) program [637-2013-7296, 2014-5790, 2009-00971, 2013-4018]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area Grant in Materials Science [SFO Mat-LiU 2009-00971]; DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory [DE-AC02-06CH11357]

This article presents the context for and particular relations between the state and third-sector organizations in the province of Québec. A typology inspired by Coston and developed by Proulx, Bourque, and Savard is used to describe interactions between these actors. The article documents how an agreement that the private Fondation Lucie et André Chagnon signed with the Government of Québec had an impact on community organizations that respond to the social needs of vulnerable groups. A major repercussion has been the relegation of third-sector organizations to a model between subcontracting and coproductive. This is notable, as the sector had managed to establish itself as a central actor during the previous twenty years, particularly in health and social services, participating in the co-construction of public policies. RÉSUMÉ Cet article aborde la question des relations entre les organismes communautaires et l'État au Québec en mettant l'accent sur le contexte particulier et les dimensions qui les distinguent dans cette province. Une typologie adaptée de Coston par Proulx, Bourque et Savard est utilisée pour encadrer cette réflexion. Nous discutons de l'impact de l'arrivée de la Fondation Lucie et André Chagnon (FLAC) sur le rôle des organismes communautaires après la signature d'une entente entre la FLAC et l'État québécois. Nous observons qu'une des conséquences de cette entente a été de confiner les organismes communautaires à un rôle allant de la sous-traitance à la coproduction alors que, depuis vingt ans, ces organismes avaient réussi à s'établir comme partenaires centraux en contribuant, en co-construction avec l'État, à l'élaboration de politiques publiques.

The hypothesis about the positive impact of financial liberalization on economic growth proposed by R. McKinnon and E. Shaw raised some questions regarding testing this hypothesis, development and evaluation of mechanisms of its influence. Over time, the interpretation of the concept of financial liberalization has evolved considerably, both qualitatively and quantitatively (by the number of effects that it causes). Most researchers still are unanimous that an effective external financial liberalization should be preceded by internal and necessary series of conditions of economic, financial and administrative system which have to be reached, so that the state did not experience any disruption. Therefore, a model of the impact of financial liberalization on indicators of the internal macroeconomic equilibrium in European countries is built in this paper. This will help to discover how the macroeconomic equilibrium changes in the countries, analyze the importance of financial liberalization and its impact on various economic indicators and so on ; Hipoteza pozytywnego wpływu liberalizacji finansowej na wzrost gospodarczy zaproponowana przez R. McKinnon i E. Shaw podniosła pewne pytania dotyczące testowania tej hipotezy, rozwoju i oceny mechanizmów jej wpływów. Z biegiem czasu interpretacja pojęcia liberalizacji finansowej ewoluowała jakościowo i ilościowo (przez liczbę efektów). Większość naukowców jest jednomyślna, że skuteczna liberalizacja finansowa powinna być poprzedzona niezbędnymi badaniami stanu systemu gospodarczego, finansowego i administracyjnego tak, by państwo nie doświadczyło żadnych zakłóceń. Stąd, w tym artykule, przedstawiono model wpływu liberalizacji finansowej na wskaźniki wewnętrznej równowagi makroekonomicznej w krajach europejskich. Pomoże to dowiedzieć się, w jaki sposób zmienia się równowaga makroekonomiczna w krajach oraz dokonać analizy znaczenia liberalizacji finansowej i jej wpływu na różne wskaźniki ekonomiczne

International audience ; This paper introduces the surveillance and fight against dengue fever in India. On one side, it presents the national control and surveillance system and on the other, the daily perceptions of the habitants and the local actors of Delhi (India). There are several issues to overcome between the low self-fulfilling prophecies of the public health guidelines and the field reality. India will continue to face several epidemics of dengue until some active policies by the States of the Union and a strong multi-sectoral approach of health issues at urban scale-level are brought in place. ; Cet article propose une description multi-échelle de la surveillance et de la lutte contre la dengue en Inde. Cette démarche permet de comprendre les modalités de fonctionnement du système de santé publique et de mettre en lumière les facteurs de blocages et de dysfonctionnements dans la lutte contre la maladie, à différentes échelles. Au-delà des questions strictement médicales, les dimensions politiques et sociales sont intégrées pour comprendre les enjeux de santé publique. Programmes nationaux, articles de journaux, données épidémiologiques et interviews sont ainsi mobilisés pour en décrire les différents acteurs, des simples citoyens aux décideurs locaux, nationaux et internationaux. Entre les prophéties faiblement auto-réalisatrices des documents cadres de santé publique et la réalité de terrain, les verrous à dépasser sont nombreux. A moins d'une politique beaucoup plus active au niveau des États de l'Union et d'une approche multisectorielle des questions de santé au niveau urbain, il est probable que l'Inde continuera d'être touchée par de nombreuses épidémies de dengue.

In this article the Right to Development for Older Adults, where the implementation of the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights was established, and our national legislation, it is determined whether the state defends and protects the rights they should enjoy exposed older adults. You have to require different public and private institutions to respect the Comprehensive Protection Law Elderly and Retired, because in our country there is full respect for the principles established in international treaties. The importance of the Directorate General for Older Adults (DGMA) in terms of supervision and support and socialization of the Comprehensive Law of the Elderly is mentioned. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1750 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 77-89 ; En este artículo se expone el Derecho al Desarrollo para los Adultos Mayores, donde se establecen la aplicación del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Sociales, Económicos y Culturales, y de nuestra normativa nacional. Se determina si el Estado defiende y protege los derechos que deben de gozar los adultos mayores. Cocluimos que se tiene que exigir a las distintas instituciones públicas y privadas a que respete la Ley Integral de Protección al Adulto Mayor y Jubilados, ya que en nuestro país no existe un total respeto a los preceptos establecidos en los tratados internacionales. Se menciona la importancia que tiene la Dirección General del Adulto Mayor (DGMA) en cuanto a la supervisión y apoyo y socialización de la Ley Integral del Adulto Mayor. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v34i0.1750 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 34, Nº 1, Año 2013: 77-89

Infections with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are a major economic threat to pig production. To combat CSF outbreaks and to maintain trade, new marker vaccines were developed that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). The chimeric pestivirus CP7_E2alf was shown to be safe and efficacious. Its DIVA strategy is based on the detection of CSFV Erns-specific antibodies that are only developed on infection. However, for the new marker vaccine to be considered a valuable control tool, a validated discriminatory assay is needed. One promising candidate is the already commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PrioCHECK CSFV Erns ELISA (Prionics BV, Lelystad, The Netherlands). Four laboratories of different European Union member states tested 530 serum samples and country-specific field sera from domestic pigs and wild boar. The ELISA displayed a good robustness. However, based on its reproducibility and repeatability, ranges rather than single values for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were defined. The ELISA displayed a sensitivity of 90–98% with sera from CSFV-infected domestic pigs. A specificity of 89–96% was calculated with sera from domestic pigs vaccinated once with CP7_E2alf. The ELISA detected CSFV infections in vaccinated domestic pigs with a sensitivity of 82–94%. The sensitivity was lower with sera taken ≤21 days post-challenge indicating that the stage of CSFV infection had a considerable influence on testing. Taken together, the PrioCHECK CSFV Erns ELISA can be used for detection of CSFV infections in CP7_E2alf-vaccinated and nonvaccinated domestic pig populations, but should only be applied on a herd basis by testing a defined number of animals.