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This new study of the genesis of the Indonesian national state is based on the notion that the birth of that nation grew out of not only the liberation movement but also from the Dutch rule that the nationalists agitated against. The book places a clear emphasis on the ways in which Dutch rule was established in the Indonesian archipelago in the course of three centuries and examines the developments of Dutch colonial policies. This feeds into chapters that focus on the Indonesian nationalist movement and the Japanese occupation of the colony in 1942-1945.The occupation helped to enable the proclamation of Indonesian indepence and the creation of the Republic in August 1945. The conflict that erupted between the Repub-lic and the Netherlands was brought to an incomplete 'solution' in 1949, but the dis-pute about West-Irian led to a sequel that lasted for another thirteen years. More than half of this book is dedicated to the conflict and its aftermath. Much attention is paid to the sentiments and ideas that informed Dutch policy. Various issues that have received scant attention in the historiography are now dis-cussed. The author based his study on Dutch and international literature, contemporary newspapers and policy documents, and his own memories. In the book's title, the stork represents the Dutch and the garuda functions as a symbol of Indonesia. J. Herman Burgers (1926) worked at the Dutch Department of Foreign Affairs. He studied Law in Amsterdam and Political Science at Stanford University. He was deeply interested in the conflict between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indone-sia, as it broke out in 1945. This fascination has never left him, and he has continued to study the conflict and its aftermath, especially during the years 1948-1950 when he was in Indonesia for his Dutch military service

EMU - A Swedish Perspective provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the EMU project. The main advantages and disadvantages of a single currency are evaluated. A key feature of the analysis is the attempt to integrate economic and political aspects. The book is a revised version of the report by the Swedish Government Commission on the EMU. Although the analysis focuses on the consequences for Sweden of joining versus not joining the monetary union, it is highly relevant for the discussion in all EU countries. The book provides an in-depth analysis of how the demands on economic policy will be affected by the monetary union. Various chapters discuss monetary policy and inflation, fiscal policy, unemployment and labour markets, the transition to monetary union, and the exchange-rate arrangements between participants and non-participants. Other chapters analyse the importance of the EMU for European political integration, democratic aspects, and how membership in the monetary union will affect the possibilities for an individual member state to exert influence within the EU. EMU - A Swedish Perspective should be of interest to professional economists and political scientists, students, and all others who want to form an opinion about the monetary union on the basis of a balanced assessment of the consequences. EMU - A Swedish Perspective provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the EMU project. The main advantages and disadvantages of a single currency are evaluated. A key feature of the analysis is the attempt to integrate economic and political aspects. The book is a revised version of the report by the Swedish Government Commission on the EMU. Although the analysis focuses on the consequences for Sweden of joining versus not joining the monetary union, it is highly relevant for the discussion in all EU countries

The article provides an analysis of the Polish discourse concerning the phenomenon of Poland's reorientation towards the Baltic Sea and an innovative ideological project of the "Maritime Poland" in the interwar period. Poland's traditional geopolitical orientation used to be directed towards the East and South-East, primarily towards the lands of today's Dnieper Ukraine, called in Polish the "Eastern Borderlands". Such orientation had a colonial character, was ideologically rooted in Sarmatism and strongly stimulated by the Union of Lublin (1569). At the turn of the 20th century, an increasing number of Polish discourse's manifestations started call- ing for revision of Poland's traditional ties with that macro-region and its entanglement in conflicts that had led to the collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. These voices pointed to the need to orient future Poland towards the Baltic Sea as a condition for Poland's geopolitical and even national existence. The regaining of independence, together with access to the sea and the construction of the city and port of Gdynia gave a definite shape to Poland's once hypothetical maritime orientation. This achievement was associated not only with the development of modern architecture, urban planning and the geopolitical configuration of the "New Europe", but also with the development of the "Maritime Poland", an ideological project which constituted a kind of "text" accompanying and stimulating the development of Gdynia. The text spoke, on the one hand, about the importance of the Baltic Sea for the Polish state and its economy, and on the other, about building a new cultural identity for Poland, a modern identity for its citizens and modernist values in individual and collective life. This article deals with the latter – cultural – aspect of the "Maritime Poland" project. The analysis is conduct- ed based on emanations of Polish discourse primarily in the period between 1918 and 1939, with a particular focus on discourse in the reportage genre.

When Alexander Dynkin took up the position of Director of IMEMO in 2006, he had a clear program of action. The main point of this program was the transformation of the Institute into a modern world-class think tank, capable of deeply and objectively analyzing the processes of world development and the current situation. This was possible only on the basis of fundamental scientific research. Another task was to raise the prestige of IMEMO in public opinion, in the media space and in government bodies. Finally, the new director intended to attract talented young people to the Institute. Acting in this direction, the Academician A. Dynkin initiated a number of structural changes in IMEMO, aimed at optimizing scientific and scientific-organizational work. With designation of Alexander Dynkin as Director, the volume of expert-analytical notes and materials sent to the Administration of the President of Russia, the Security Council, the Government of the Russian Federation, to the relevant committees of the State Duma, ministries and departments has sharply increased. In 2007, the Institute sent a total of 65 analytical notes and materials to these bodies (38 in 2006), which served the purpose of the new Director to restore IMEMO's position as Russia's leading center of expertise in the field of modern world development. All these materials were prepared in reliance on a thorough analysis of the strategic, political and economic realities, providing for the national interests of Russia, which, as historical experience shows, do not always coincide with corporate interests of the ruling elite. The reports at the IMEMO Academic Council were devoted to the most important problems of the world and Russian economy, international relations, including the issues of strategic stability, and modern society of the West, the East and Russia. This article presents three reports, which, in the author's opinion, remain relevant up to the present. The authors of these reports are Rostislav Kapelyushnikov and Alexey Arbatov.

The article presents a study of the problems of science cities as key tools for the development of not only Rus-sian socio-economics, with modern technological challenges, but also the training of specialized scientific per-sonnel in universities and qualified engineering specialists in a priority area for each science city, which is im-portant not only for the entire scientific settlement, but for the region and the country as a whole, since at the same time integrity and balance are preserved development of the space of the whole country. The article ana-lyzes the research of 13 science cities with officially assigned status. Uneven territorial distribution of science cities has been revealed – almost all of them are located in the Central Federal District, which increases ine-quality between regions. The article examines the volume of funding for science cities with an emphasis on the uneven distribution of annually allocated funds, as well as a noticeable decrease in funding in recent years. The study focuses on the existing problems in the infrastructure of science cities, which is confirmed by the low quality indicators of the urban environment of individual science cities. The assumption is made about the weakening of state support for science cities and the insufficiency of funds allocated by the federal center for the development of the infrastructure of science cities. Recommendations are given on the need for special attention and comprehensive support of science cities, not only in terms of the development of scientific and industrial complexes and improving the efficiency of its use, but also creating comfortable living and working conditions in them. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the results can be used in the preparation of proposals for the development of the urban environment of science cities.

The concept of consent is essential for every society society, affecting almost all its spheres - from everyday life to socio-political bases. Therefore, it cannot be considered accidental that both the idea itself and the diverse directions of its interpretation, dating back to the era of early modernity, today constitute one of the most priorities, intellectually saturated segments in modern socio-political theory. It is impossible to deny the appeal of the doctrine of personal consent (and the parallel thesis that no government is legitimate unless it acts without the consent of the governed). It has had a great influence on the political institutions of many modern states and has been a major factor in the direction that political theory has taken since 1600. In the second half of the 20th century, two approaches prevailed in political theory, within the framework of which the process of formation of the consensus tradition: personal and historical ones. The most impact to the theory is made by criticism of the unilinear model of consent analysis in the works of George Klosko, analysis by R.D. Bernstein of the problem of consent in the form of critical remarks on the philosophical position of R. Rorty, the concept of socialist "consent strategy" developed in the 1980s by E. Laclau and Sh. Mouffe, the controversy of the Canadian political philosopher James Tully with neo-Marxist theorists, the philosophical interpretation of consent by Jürgen Habermas as part of his analysis of the "rationalization paradox" etc. This theoretical and methodological frame becomes a basis for the thematic volume, where the articles on the history of socio-political thought are followed by the chapter devoted to the problems of Russia between cleavages and social harmony. Russian problems are blended with an international context, and the issue ends with an attempt to understand the ideological attitudes of modern youth.

The article analyzes the prerequisites and consequences of the accession of Sweden and Finland to NATO. Neutrality is avoiding participation in wars and non-participation in military-political blocs in peacetime, as well as not providing national territory for foreign military bases, and refusing to sell weapons to opposing parties. The Russian ultimatum of November 2021 with the demands that NATO renounce the expansion of the alliance testified to the fact of a deep crisis of the European security system. The trend towards the formation of a multipolar system of international relations has changed the logic of the policy of neutrality. Defeat in the Northern War of 1700-1721 prompted Sweden to switch to a policy of active neutrality. In 1935, Finland declared its intention to pursue a neutral policy with priority given to the Scandinavian direction. After Finland's defeat in the Second World War, the so-called "Finlandization" became a feature of Finnish neutrality. "Finlandization" is considered as subordination of the political course of a weaker country to the interests of a more powerful neighboring country with formal preservation of sovereignty. The process of gradual formation of a multipolar world provoked a change in the geopolitical orientations of the states of Northern Europe. There is constant tension in the Arctic. The USA declared a course for a new Atlanticism aimed at continuing the process of expansion and structural and functional strengthening of NATO. The active phase of the Russian war against Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, was the decisive reason for the decision to join Sweden and Finland in NATO. The methodological support for the conclusions of the article is based on the theory of political realism and problematic and chronological analysis of the modern history of international relations. The scientific novelty of the article lies in determining the complex of geopolitical, military-strategic, historical preconditions and consequences of Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO.

The article examines the phenomenon of "Islamic socialism" in Pakistan and its impact on the nation's current domestic and foreign policies. Employing critical theory, the author delves into an analysis of the political class's objectives and how the environmental context influenced the political process, offering insights into the perceptions held by higher echelons. The application of elite theory allows for a deconstruction of the Pakistani statehood, unveiling the specific social groups shaping developmental trajectories. By leveraging historical sociology in international relations, the article investigates the influence of historical underpinnings on the decision-making of social groups, shedding light on their endeavors to construct the past for political purposes.The study meticulously traces the origins of "Islamic socialism," exploring the discourse's evolution in the initial decades following the country's independence. It identifies the driving forces that led the state leadership to adopt the model of "Islamic socialism." Focused on the tenure of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977), the article examines the implementation of the "Islamic socialism" policy and the subsequent reasons for its failure, culminating in a military coup. The author contends that the principles of "Islamic socialism" introduced in Pakistan's domestic and foreign policy retained relevance even after its rejection.Conclusively, the article posits that the "Islamic socialism" constructed by Pakistani elites, often viewed through an orientalist lens, emerged not only as a response to the crisis in Pakistani statehood but paradoxically, became a crucial driver in shaping Islamabad's foreign policy determinants. Notably, this development forged integral relationships with China and the Islamic world, evolving into pivotal imperatives in Pakistan's grand strategy.This study highlights the interplay between "Islamic socialism," the crisis in Pakistani statehood, and its unforeseen impact on foreign policy, ultimately forming the bedrock for Islamabad's strategic engagements with China and the Islamic world.

The concept of access to justice is enshrined in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It encompasses a number of core rights and the requirements arising therefrom constitute the main obligations for high contracting parties to the convention. Thus, ensuring the materialization of those rights in their respective domestic legal systems should, in fact, be perceived as the sole priority of the member states in terms of guaranteeing adequate human rights protection framework. The right to a fair trial protected by Article 6 of the convention provides that everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time in the determination of his civil rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. In simpler words, it says that proceedings shouldn't be excessively long. At first glance, the implementation of a reasonable time requirement seems very easy. On the other hand, if we look just a little bit deeper, several factors that hinder hearing from being within a reasonable timeframe will therefore appear, which as usual results in preventing the proper administration of the justice. Apparently, the importance of this right is itself obvious; however, alleging the violation to have proceedings concluded within a reasonable period of the time is by far the most common issue raised in applications to the ECtHR. The article analyzes the concept of the reasonable time requirement. Afterward,it describes the identification of the relevant period that ought to be taken into account while assessing the reasonableness. Lastly, the paper tries to illustrate the key criteria applied by ECtHR in order to determine the reasonableness of the proceedings referring key standards set by the court itself and examines if the methodology used by the court while assessing the reasonable length of the proceedings is the right approach to the problem.

In this study, it is aimed to examine the institutions that train teachers in the modern period in our country. One of the basic and indispensable elements of education is the teacher. The education of the teacher, who is called a teacher or teacher in history, is important in terms of the quality and efficiency of education. In the Ottoman education system, madrasas have maintained their place from the foundation years of the state until the last periods. Even II. Even during the constitutional period, reform studies were carried out in madrasas. Madrasas have continued their functioning within themselves, provided education in various branches and degrees, and teachers have been trained from madrasas. While education is continued at the primary school level in Siberian schools, ibtidaiye schools, which provide education for the new method, have also taken their place in our educational history. The presence of teachers trained in the old-fashioned way in Ibtidaiye schools affected the quality of education and thus it was difficult to achieve the desired goals in education. Therefore, the distinction between old and new in terms of educational programs and methods required the training of qualified and desirable teachers. In our educational history, the beginning of the spread of the new method during the modernization period has brought a mobility to education. We understand this from the works done by the historical figures of that period and the works they wrote. The source of the profession of the Istanbul Darûlmuallimini, which was first opened in 1848, was the rushdie branch, and graduates were made rushdie teachers. The full name of the school is Dersaadet Darûlmuallimin-i Rüştiyesi. Sultan Abdulmecid stated that education should be given importance in order for the issues mentioned in the Edict of Tanzimat to be successful. It is also understood that the Sultan's sensitivity to education manifested itself in practice from the opening of darûlöğretmen during his period. Key Words: Tanzimat, Darulmuallimin, Darulmuallimat

The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has severe consequences, and the problem of food security has become global. In the current geopolitical conditions, as a strategic element of national security, food security does not fully provide the government and its population with affordable food. Also, it does not form a favorable socio-economic climate in society. Geopolitical conditions dictate their own rules, and for all governments, the solution to the food crisis is of paramount importance. After all, both warring countries are vital suppliers of agricultural products, and the ongoing conflict further highlights the fragility of global food supply chains: both important players are effectively out of the market for a while. Thus, the relevance of the topic of this study is caused by the need to develop scientific approaches and theoretical foundations of food security in conjunction with the categories of national security, as well as an integrated approach to the study of the conceptual apparatus of the food security system in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The above-stated leads to the goals of the study, which are to determine the places of food safety in the structure of national security in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. The result of the study is an analysis of the state of food security in geopolitical conditions and a survey of the theoretical aspects of food security in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. Conclusions: Since the issue of ensuring food security in the context of geopolitical processes in connection with the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has not been sufficiently studied, the results obtained during the study will become a signіfісаnt find for researchers, аnаlуsts, and practitioners in the field of international relations and world politics.

Received: 2 February 2023 / Accepted: 13 April 2023 / Published: 5 May 2023

The present research paper studies the impact of geopolitical processes on the development of Armenian "peaceful atom". Nuclear energy has a key role in diversifying the energy system and ensuring the energy security of Armenia. The presence of nuclear capacities in the territory of Armenia is a strategic priority, taking into account the complex interstate relations in the South Caucasus and the danger of Armenia's involvement in regional conflicts. However, at present stage of development of nuclear energy, Armenia faces certain challenges. On the way to answering these challenges Armenia deals with complex geopolitical processes and regional trends in the development of nuclear energy. The results of the study show the impact of geopolitical processes and regional transformations on the development of Armenian "peaceful atom". At present, all states of the region, except for Georgia, are implementing or planning national programs for the development of "peaceful atom". Plans and actions aimed at the development of nuclear energy in the South Caucasus necessitate the importance of further development of Armenian "peaceful atom" in order to maintain the country's competitiveness at regional level. At the same time, nuclear energy in Armenia becomes a place for the clash of interests of certain geopolitical actors and an area for their competition. While the Russian participation is of decisive importance for the functioning and the development of nuclear energy in Armenia, the USA and the EU try to weaken the Russian participation in this area by providing their vision for the the development of the industry and implementing their own projects in the Armenian energy sector. Тhe integration processes in the EAEU and the EU, in turn, create certain obstacles, opportunities and prospects for nuclear energy in Armenia and lead to the cooperation with international structures, regional and geopolitical actors.

The purpose of the paper is to research the issue of preservation and promotion of the linguistic heritage of the North Azovian Greeks – Urum and Roumean languages, to investigate the request of Ukrainian Greeks to learn Modern Greek, which is the official language of the metropolis of representatives of this ethnic community, as well as to analyze the general linguistic situation in the mentioned environment, etc. The research methodology is based on the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and social approach using general scientific and special historical methods. The scientific research carried out allows us to state that for more than a quarter of a century of its activity (starting in 1995), thanks to the support of domestic and foreign government and public institutions, the Federation of greek communities of Ukraine worked hard towards the realization of one of its fundamental statutory tasks - popularization/preservation of linguistic heritage of the North Azovian Greeks, meeting the requests of the Greek community of Ukraine to learn the language of the metropolis, etc. The Federation of greek communities of Ukraine tried to create a favorable basis for their further functioning, and, therefore, preservation. At the same time, the request of Ukrainian Greeks to study these languages remains insignificant to this day, especially regarding the Urum and Roumean languages. The analysis of the dynamics of the request of Ukrainian Greeks for their study shows that in recent years, it was possible to observe a certain increase in the number of people willing to study the Modern Greek, and this is quite logical. It should also be noted that the original Urum and Roumean languages are currently on the verge of extinction, which was recorded in 2018 in the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, becoming more and more limited exclusively to the sphere of everyday communication of the older generation of the North Azovian Greeks

Change in the quality of life of every Ukrainian in the new reality requires a rethinking of the scientific content of the social quality concept in a post-conflict economy. Its reformatting is due to profound changes in the social and economic life of mankind, which is being transformed under the influence of armed conflicts, large-scale terrorist acts, the COVID-19 pandemic, and continuous environmental pollution. In the last decade, there was a tendency towards intensification of violence on the planet, as evidenced by the number of military conflicts. The global nature of the conflictness development raises the problem of the social quality concept with all its basic components for the post-war reconstruction of society in countries affected by armed aggression. Given the significant difference in conditions and factors that traditionally determine European practice, the realization of the social quality concept in post-war socioeconomics will involve both the traditional participation of state in social life and ensuring the social quality in postwar society, which has undergone significant transformations during armed conflict, and active participation of particular individuals in the process. From the initial stage of reconstruction of the socio-economic space in the post-war period on the basis of social quality, it is necessary to respect fundamental social rights defined in the European Social Charter as amended in 1996. To prevent the growth of poverty and marginalization of populace in the post-war period of reconstruction and restructuration of socioeconomic space, it is important to involve mechanisms aimed at achieving social equality on the basis of solidarity and subsidiarity as social values common with the EU. Given the nature and role of social quality as one of the important mechanisms for socio-economic revival and restructuration in the post-war period, it is necessary to change the interpretation of the very concept of social quality in accordance with its intangible components related to the specifics of the national psyche and historical peculiarities that manifest themselves most strongly in conditions of war.

Abstract
This article presents the analysis of the principal tendencies in development of labour market in the Republic of Moldova in the period 2014-2020, including the period of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Negative natural growth and increased external migration over the last two decades have led to the population' decline by about 25%, which had the negative impact on labour market contributing to the quantitative and qualitative decline in labour supply. The irreversible ageing process has led to a change in the structure of economically active and employed population by age and sex, as labour market has aged. The increase in the share of elderly population, who have a lower level of participation in labour market, has also influenced the rates of economic activity, which have decreased from 60% to 40%, while having a slight recovery in recent years. In addition to the problems mentioned above, there are also qualitative problems, including the informal employed population, whose share, after a period of decline in recent years, has begun to rise again (mainly in agriculture and construction), which indicates a slow pace of structural change in the national economy.
A negative impact on labour market has caused by the economic shock caused by the Covid-19 virus due to the reduction in economic activity and, as a result, the decrease or stopping of employment. The consequences of the shock include rising unemployment and declining employment, as well as a medium-term increase in the economically inactive population, which will aggravate the problem of labour shortages after the period of economic recovery.
The labour market tendencies outlined above require a wide range of interventions to address the risks and challenges of given market at the actual moment. In this context, some proposals have developed to improve the situation on labour market in the Republic of Moldova.
The article was elaborated within the framework the project of the State Program (2020-2023)
20.80009.0807.21 Migration, Demographic Changes and Policies of Stabilization the Situation.