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The article explores the discussions among economic modelers and central banks research staff and decision makers, namely on the adequacy of unconventional monetary policy and fiscal expansionary measures after the subprime crisis and as the COVID recession is developing. First, the article investigates the arguments, models and policy proposals of several mainstream schools of economics that challenged the traditional Chicagoan orthodoxy based on Milton Friedman's views, and developed the Lucas Critique, the New Classical synthesis and Real Business Cycle approach that replaced monetarism as the main rivals to old-time Keynesianism. Second, the transformation of Real Business Cycle models into Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models is mapped, as it extended the ideas of the iniquity of government intervention and unified academic and central bank research. Yet, a battery of criticism was levied against the DSGE models and, as the debate emerged over quantitative easing and other tools of unconventional monetary policy, the need for policy pragmatism shattered the previous consensus. The article then proceeds to discuss how the leading mainstream academic economists reacted to changes in central banks' practices, noticing a visible dissonance within Chicago-school and DSGE economists, as well as major contortions of central bankers in order to justify their new postures. The article concludes with a call for an extensive menu of fiscal, industrial and innovation policies in order to respond to recessions and structural crises ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper examines strategies, or sets of advocacy tactics, interest groups use to influence policy, and compares those to the various strategy constructs identified in the literature. Factor analysis of our data confirm that the tactics used by the groups active in the environmental and energy policy arena during the 1980s clustered into four overall strategies. The "informational" strategy remains the dominant approach to group advocacy, but the other strategies are distinguishable from the constructs in the literature after Milbrath's The Washington Lobbyists. Our data also show that the structure of group strategies varies among the three types of groups that function in this arena. Public interest groups pursue more differentiated strategies than trade associations, and professional and governmental associations adopt more narrowly informational approaches than public interest or trade groups.

Pope Benedict XVI's Regensburg lecture has been exposed by some learned voices of 'the Muslim world' as alluding, by the means of one particular quotation, to age-old stereotypes about Islam being an essentially violent creed in which moderation through reason has no legitimate place, and of representing Muhammadas an evil and inhuman man who preached that Islam should be spread by the sword. While none of these presumably 'Muslim' voices deny that the Pope has the right to express his opinions, even when they are plainly wrong in the face of historic facts that show how Islam and Christianity were spread (or were made to spread) across the world, he is criticised for a host of omissions in terms of intellectual honesty and factual accuracy. These omissions, it is argued here, cast an unfortunate light on the compatibility of scientific and religious rationality much advocated by the Pope in his 12 September 2006 lecture. This flagrant 'performative contradiction' (Habermas) leaves room for speculation about the true aim of the speech. Is Benedict XVI's appeal to theology as a legitimate academic discipline a credible attempt to explicate Roman Catholicism's rightful place in a modern world governed by liberal democracy and ethical-political pluralism, or is it a reflection of a move to restore the age-old, intolerant, anti-scientific, and anti-democratic legacy of the pre-Vatican II Catholic Church?

In the three societies considered in this essay, there are three quite different kinds of relation of religion to the state. In Iran, there came to be a church and, consequently, a church-state relationship. In India, there was the oddest of all embodiments of religion, one which was entirelysui generis. China had a dead minimum of religious organization distinct from the organization of state. It would not be true to say that there were never any ecclesiastical institutions in China, but they were non-existent during much of China's history and, during most of the time when they did exist, they were marginal to the society's main form. The outward observances of religion in China were always conducted chiefly by state personages as a part of their proper functions. China offers, in fact, an extreme case of possible relations between religion and government, a case at the opposite end of the spectrum from the end where Strayer finds those relations in Europe. Indian ecclesiastical institutions are, of course, to be found in the caste system. Through the caste system the Brahmans have exerted their immense authority. The origin of caste remains a matter of dispute and its relation with and effect upon the state remain obscure. The Iranian church came to be a solid and very formidable body, offering a most instructive comparison with the Christian church in Europe. But the Iranian church did not begin to emerge until the Parthian period, reaching its full development in the Sassanian era, from the third to the seventh centuries A.D.

Addresses before the Royal Central Asian society, London, Feb. 8 and Mar. 7, 1956.

The paper is meant as a timely intervention into current debates on the impact of the global pandemic on the rise of global far-right populism and contributes to scholarly thinking about the normalisation of the global far-right. While approaching the tension between national political elites and (far-right) populist narratives of representing "the people", the paper focuses on the populist effects of the "new normal" in spatial national governance. Though some aspects of public normality of our 21st century urban, cosmopolitan and consumer lifestyle have been disrupted with the pandemic curfew, the underlying gendered, racialised and classed structural inequalities and violence have been kept in place: they are not contested by the so-called "hygienic demonstrations". A digital pandemic populism during lockdown might have pushed further the mobilisation of the far right, also on the streets.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1 Satellite Spectacular. Our World and the Fantasy of Global Presence -- 2 Satellite Footprints. 47 Imparja tv and Postcolonial Flows in Australia -- 3 Satellite Witnessing. Views and Coverage of the War in Bosnia -- Satellite Archaeology. Remote Sensing Cleopatra in Egypt -- 5 Satellite Panoramas. Astronomical Observation and Remote Control -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

This text reframes the discussion on the 'public sphere, ' usually understood as the place where public opinion is formed, through rational discussion. The aim of the book is to give an account of this rationality, and its serious shortcomings, examining the role of the media and the confusing of public roles and personal identity.

This volume is the first detailed study of the emergence of regular and frequent heads of government meetings (summits), covering the period from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s. Summit meetings of heads of government have become 'banal' in today's world. Yet they are a relatively recent practice that took off only in the mid-1970s. The aim of the book is to explore the origins of this new feature of global governance in its historical context. Why did heads of Western governments decide to regularly meet up in the European Council and the G7? What were they aiming at? How were these meetings.

Protracted and bitter resistance by alter- and anti-globalisation movements shows that the globalisation of law transpires as the globalisation of inclusion and exclusion. Humanity is inside and outside global law in all its possible manifestations. But how is this possible? How must legal orders be structured, such that, even if we can now speak of law beyond state borders, no emergent global legal order is possible that does not include without excluding? Is an authoritative politics of boundaries possible that neither postulates the possibility of realising an all-inclusive global legal order nor accepts resignation or political paralysis in the face of the globalisation of inclusion and exclusion? These pressing questions guide this book, opening up a vast field of enquiry that demands integrating sociological, doctrinal and philosophical perspectives and insights

Old English literary studies is a fascinating field of research which spans many various approaches including philology and linguistics as well as literary and cultural theories. The field is characterised by a certain conservatism, what in this thesis is referred to as tradition. This thesis examines the scholarship on The Wife's Lament and Wulf and Eadwacer, projecting its cumbersome affinities with tradition as a conservative force as well as the resistance against it. The investigation focuses mainly on two aspects of scholarly research: the emergence of a professional identity among Anglo-Saxonist scholars and their choice of either a metaphoric or metonymic approach to the material. A final chapter studies the concomitant changes within Old English feminist studies. The thesis also summarises the approaches to points of ambiguity in the poems, and provides a comprehensive bibliography of scholarship on the two texts.

This volume makes available, for the first time, a systematic and analytical account of an important aspect of America's relation to the sea and to the other nations using the sea. Professor Reiff traces the record of the United States' participation in treaties which seek to regulate the peacetime use of the sea, its resources, and the air space over it. The emphasis is upon contemporary developments but the study covers the entire period of the Republic. A brief summary of the physical facts about the sea provides a realistic frame of reference for the discussion of international problems and their solutions. Professor Reiff describes current uses and abuses of the sea with respect to transportation, communications, exploitation of products and energy, disposal of waste, and recreation. Throughout the book, he relates developments in economics, technology, social science, and the natural sciences to the expanding web of treaty law. Among the important topics covered are atomic and oil pollution of the sea, nuclear weapons and guided missiles testing at sea, the International Geophysical Year and its predecessors, the First and Second Polar Years, sea traffic in narcotics and slaves, and the St. Lawrence Seaway. The results of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, held in 1958, are summarized, and the report of the United Nations International Law Commission which led up to the conference is analyzed in detail. Government and shipping officials, naval and marine personnel, and specialists in maritime and international law will find this a useful and significant book

The five poems below, as will be evident to the reader, are as "contemporary" as any poems in Persian, at least thematically. With shocking clarity, they are "about" traumatic experiences that have shaped recent Iranian history: revolution and war.They are all the more shocking in this respect: for their choice of language and imagery. Simin Behbahani resists the penchant that remains, even in Modern Persian poetry (whether by choice, habit, or force of circumstance), for oblique and symbolic expression—whereby "skewered nightingales" stand for silenced or censored poets, "dogs giving up their freedom for shelter and a piece of bone" connote political and moral compromise, and "dark and stormy nights" and other meteorological signs serve as barometers for political, moral, and cultural oppression.

1. Other Narratives of a Grand History -- 2. Philology and Nationalism -- 3. Knowledge and Method: The Parisian Legacy -- 4. Civilisational Genealogies: Where Does Europe Come from? -- 5. Scientific Recognition: Showdown in Rome -- 6. History of Materials: Predatory Exploitation on the Nile and the Idea of Protecting Cultural Goods -- 7. Note to the Attention of the Viceroy for the Conservation of the Monuments of Egypt.