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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hunting for New Employment: The Role of High Growth Firms -- 3 SMEs and the Innovative Capability of Regions: London's Lee Valley Region in a European Context -- 4 Critical Success Factors of New, Technology-Based Firms -- 5 Innovative High Growth Start-Ups in Germany: 'Neuer Markt' as a possibility for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) -- 6 Public Policies, Research Institutions, and the Development of Entrepreneurial Areas -- 7 Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Strategies in Transition Economies: An Institutional Perspective -- 8 Entrepreneurship in the New Germany -- 9 Small Business in Slovenia: Expectations and Accomplishments -- 10 Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development in Latvia -- 11 Living to Survive: The Small and Medium Enterprise Sector in Romania after Ten Years of Transition to a Market Economy -- 12 Entrepreneurship and SME Development in Transition Countries: The Case of Bulgaria -- 13 Conclusion -- Index

The educational system of Ukraine is at the stage of active reformation and entry into a single world educational space. The regulation of the legislative framework, the development of pedagogical theory and practice, the active use of valuable pedagogical experience of the leading countries of the world promotes the integration of Ukraine into a single educational space. In recent years, adult education is gaining in popularity in Ukraine. Adult population of the Ukrainian state is convinced that education acquired in youth, whether higher or technical, today does not satisfy their needs. In the article, the scientific and pedagogical justification of the concept «adulthood» has been analyzed, the theoretical foundations and approaches to the definitions of the concept «adult learner» in the pedagogical theory and regulatory documentation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Ukraine) have been disclosed. Different approaches to understanding of the above mentioned concept have been represented. They are social, economical, legal, biological, psychological. The tree stages adulthood (young adult, middle aged and senior) have been generalized. We have compered the age when people can be officially recognized adults with a real period of their mental, physical and social maturity. The indicators of been an adult are: biological age; mental, physical and social maturity; civil capacity which is recognized by the state and society; involment in working activity. Debating points in understanding the concept «adulthood» in psychological and pedagogical literature of different countries have been represented. The approaches to understanding and possibilities to identify the concepts «adulthood» and «maturity» on the example of the European countries. Adult person is a person who has reached the physiological, psychological and social maturity, has a certain life experience, is aware of the self and his identity, participates in such spheres of life as work, family life, social activity.Keywords: adulthood, adult, adult learner, adult learning, countries of Central and Eastern Europe. ; У статті здійснено аналіз поняття «дорослість», висвітлено теоретичні основи та підходи до визначення дефініцій «доросла людина» та «дорослий учень» у педагогічній теорії й нормативно-правових документах країн Центральної та Східної Європи (Австрія, Болгарія, Німеччина, Польща, Румунія, Чехія, Україна). Відображено різні підходи до розуміння зазначених понять, зокрема соціальний, економічний, юридичний, біологічний, психологічний. Представлено дискусійні аспекти у розумінні поняття дорослості в психолого-педагогічній літературі різних країн. Розглянуто підходи до розуміння та можливості ототожнення понять «дорослість» і «зрілість» на прикладі європейських країн.Ключові слова: дорослість, доросла людина, дорослий учень, освіта дорослих, країни Центральної та Східної Європи. В статье проведен анализ понятия «взрослость», освещены теоретические основы и подходы к определению дефиниций «взрослый» и «взрослый ученик» в педагогической теории и нормативно-правовых документах стран Центральной и Восточной Европы (Австрия, Болгария, Германия, Польша, Румыния, Чехия, Украина). Отображены различные подходы к пониманию указанных понятий, в частности социальный, экономический, юридический, биологический, психологический. Представлены дискуссионные аспекты в понимании понятия взрослости в психолого-педагогической литературе разных стран. Рассмотрены подходы к пониманию и возможности отождествления понятий «взрослость» и «зрелость» на примере европейских стран.Ключевые слова: взрослость, взрослый человек, взрослый ученик, образование взрослых, страны Центральной и Восточной Европы The educational system of Ukraine is at the stage of active reformation and entry into a single world educational space. The regulation of the legislative framework, the development of pedagogical theory and practice, the active use of valuable pedagogical experience of the leading countries of the world promotes the integration of Ukraine into a single educational space. In recent years, adult education is gaining in popularity in Ukraine. Adult population of the Ukrainian state is convinced that education acquired in youth, whether higher or technical, today does not satisfy their needs. In the article, the scientific and pedagogical justification of the concept «adulthood» has been analyzed, the theoretical foundations and approaches to the definitions of the concept «adult learner» in the pedagogical theory and regulatory documentation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Romania, the Czech Republic, Ukraine) have been disclosed. Different approaches to understanding of the above mentioned concept have been represented. They are social, economical, legal, biological, psychological. The tree stages adulthood (young adult, middle aged and senior) have been generalized. We have compered the age when people can be officially recognized adults with a real period of their mental, physical and social maturity. The indicators of been an adult are: biological age; mental, physical and social maturity; civil capacity which is recognized by the state and society; involment in working activity. Debating points in understanding the concept «adulthood» in psychological and pedagogical literature of different countries have been represented. The approaches to understanding and possibilities to identify the concepts «adulthood» and «maturity» on the example of the European countries. Adult person is a person who has reached the physiological, psychological and social maturity, has a certain life experience, is aware of the self and his identity, participates in such spheres of life as work, family life, social activity.Keywords: adulthood, adult, adult learner, adult learning, countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Maa on piiratud ressurss ja jätkusuutliku arengu tagamisel on oluline, et seda ressurssi kasutatakse otstarbekalt. Taasiseseisvumisest alates (1991) on Eestis ellu viidud maareformi, mille tulemusel on maakasutus tükeldatud. Eestis on maatükke, mis oma kuju ja killustatuse ning mitmete teiste asjaolude (nt juurdepääsu puudumine) poolest on maaomanike majanduslikule tegevusele takistavaks faktoriks. Selliste maakasutusprobleemide lahendamiseks kasutatakse mitmetes Euroopa riikides ümberkruntimist. Eestis on ümberkruntimist pärast taasiseseisvumist kasutatud suhteliselt vähe, kuigi maakorraldusseadus, mis reguleerib ka ümberkruntimist, võeti vastu juba 1995. aastal. Sellest tulenevalt tekib küsimus, kas maakorraldusseaduses sisalduvas ümberkruntimise regulatsioonis on kitsaskohad, mis takistavad ümberkruntimise sujuvat teostamist. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks on võrrelda Eesti ja Saksamaa ümberkruntimise regulatsioone ja organisatsioonilist korraldust. Antud võrdluse alusel saab teha järeldusi Eesti ümberkruntimise regulatsiooni ja organisatsioonilise korralduse kohta. Saksamaa on valitud peamiselt sellepärast, et Eesti õigussüsteem baseerub paljuski Saksamaa seadusandlusele. Käesolevas töös on selgitatud, miks ümberkruntimine on vajalik ning lühidalt on kirjeldatud, miks seda kasutatakse teistes nii Lääne- kui ka Ida- ja Kesk-Euroopa riikides. Lähemalt on uuritud ümberkruntimise regulatsioone ja protsesse nii Eestis kui Saksamaal. Välja on toodud asutused, kes ümberkruntimise protseduuride läbiviimise ja korraldamisega tegelevad ning selgitatud nende asutuste ülesandeid. Lisaks on nimetatud aspekte, mis mõjutavad ümberkruntimise kasutusele võtmist Eestis ning millised on takistavad ja millised võiksid olla soodustavad tegurid ümberkruntimise toimingute juures. Töö lõpuosas on koostatud tabel ja skeem, kus võrreldakse ümberkruntimise protsessi Eestis ja Saksamaal. Autor on toonud välja asjaolu, et Eesti ja Saksamaa seadused ja ümberkruntimise protsess on sarnased, kuid oluline erinevus seisneb selles, kes vastavaid toiminguid ümberkruntimise protsessis läbi viib ning millised asutused langetavad olulise tähtsusega otsuseid. Kui Eestis on kavade kinnitamine viidud kohaliku omavalitsuse tasemele, siis Saksamaal on see riiklikul tasemel. 3 Eesti ümberkruntimise süsteem oli algselt (1995) sarnane Saksamaa süsteemiga, kuid üsna varsti (1996) tehti Eesti maakorraldusseaduses muudatused vastutuse taseme osas. Saksamaal tegeletakse ümberkruntimisega riiklikul tasandil ning on moodustatud spetsialistidest koosnevad institutsioonid, kes tegelevad ümberkruntimise elluviimisega. Ka Eestis oli algse seaduse redaktsiooni (1995) kohaselt vastutus ümberkruntimise eest riiklikul tasandil, aga regulatsiooni muudeti ning kehtiva seaduse kohaselt tegeletakse ümberkruntimisega kohaliku omavalitsuse tasemel. Maakorralduse läbiviijaks on aga vannutatud maamõõtja või vastavat litsentsi omav isik, mistõttu on tihti tegu ühe spetsialistiga. Eestil võib ümberkruntimisest kasu olla juba lähiajal, kuna valmimas on suuremahuline projekt Rail Balticu rajamiseks. Lisaks on ümberkruntimisest kasu neile põllumajandustootjatele, kelle maad on killustatud. Ümberkruntimise protsessi täiustamisel ja populariseerimisel võiks järgida Saksamaa eeskuju, kus taristuobjektide rajamisel ja põllumajandustootjate maakasutuse efektiivsemaks muutmisel ümberkruntimist kasutatakse. Töös on kasutatud teaduslikke kirjandusallikaid, lisaks on käsitletud nii Eesti kui Saksamaa õigusakte. Spetsiifilisemate küsimuste käsitlemisel on kasutatud erialaste professorite loengumaterjale ja käsikirju. ; Land is a finite resource and ensuring sustainable development, it is important that the resources are used wisely. Estonia has implemented the land reform since the beginning of independence (1991), which has resulted land fragmentation. There are parcels of land in Estonia, that due to their shape and fragmentation and a number of other factors (such as lack of access) slow down landowners economic activity. In order to solve that kind of landuse problems, in other European countries, land reallotment is used. Despite the fact that land consolidation law, witch also regulates land reallotment, was first established in 1995, land reallotment in Estonia is used rarely. Consequently, the question arises whether the regulations of reallotment in land consolidation have bottlenecks that prevent the smooth conduct of reallotment. The aim of this study is to compare the regulations and organizational settings of reallotment in Estonian and Germany in order to find the explanations for bottlenecks of reallotment in Estonia, from German reallotment system. Germany has been chosen mainly because Estonian legal system is largely based on German law. This paper explains why reallotment is necessary, and briefly describes why it is used in the Western as well as in other Eastern and Central European countries. More closely the regulations and processes of reallotment have been studied in both Estonia and Germany. The institutions have been shown, who are engaged in the organization and execution of procedures in reallotment. Furthermore, the main duties of those institutions are explained. In addition, these aspects that affect the deployment of reallotment and are the obstacles and also the factors that might be conducive to reallotment tasks are pointed out. Table and a diagram has been drawn up, in order to compare the reallotment process in Estonia and in Germany. The author has pointed out the fact that the laws and process on land reallotment in Estonia and Germany are similar. The main difference lies in the fact who does what in which institution does what in this land consolidation process and which agencies lead to key decisions. In Estonia, the approval of plans is mainly made in local government level, in Germany, it is made in the national level. 5 The Estonian reallotment system was originally (1995) similar to the German system, but pretty soon after the first establishment (in 1996) big changes were made in Estonian land consolidation law. In Germany reparcelling is mainly dealt with at national level, and there are institutions with many spetialist, who are engaged in the implementation of the reallotment. The original version of the Estonian land consolidation law (1995), the responsibility of the reallotment was at the national level, however, the regulation changed and nowadays, according the law, the reparcelling is dealt in local government level. Landuse is, however, carried out by a sworn land surveyor or person with a corresponding license, which is often a case of one specialist. Realllotment can be beneficial in Estonia already in short term, because of a large-scale construction of the Rail Baltic project. In addition, reparcelling benefits to farmers whose land has been fragmented. In case of improving and popularizing Reallotment process in Estonia, the example of Germany should be followed, where reallotment is used in case on establishment of transportation land and to make farmers work more effective. The work is based in scientific literature, as well as both the Estonian and German legislation. In case of more specific issues, the lecture materials and manuscripts of professional professors have been used.

Transnational solidarity excavates the forgotten histories of solidarity that were vital to radical political imaginaries during the 'long' 1960s. It decentres the conventional Western focus of this critical historical moment by foregrounding transnational solidarity with, and across, anticolonial and anti-imperialist liberation struggles. The book traces the ways in which solidarity was conceived, imagined and enacted in the border crossings - of nation, race and class - made by grassroots activists. This diverse collection draws links between exiled revolutionaries in Uruguay, post-colonial immigrants in Britain, and Greek communist refugees in East Germany who campaigned for their respective causes from afar while identifying and linking up with wider liberation struggles. Meanwhile, Arab immigrants in France, Pakistani volunteers and Iraqi artists found myriad ways to express solidarity with the Palestinian cause. Neglected archives also reveal Tricontinental Cuban-based genealogies of artistic militancy, as well as transnational activist networks against Portuguese colonial rule in Africa. Bringing together original research with contributions from veteran activists and artists, this interdisciplinary volume explores how transnational solidarity was expressed in and carried through the itineraries of migrants and revolutionaries, film and print cultures, art and sport, political campaigns and armed struggle. It presents a novel perspective on radical politics of the global sixties which remains crucial to understanding anti-racist solidarity today.

Introduction : European party-based populism and territory / Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti and Oscar Mazzoleni -- Regionalist populism in Britain's Celtic peripheries : a longitudinal analysis of Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party / Emanuele Massetti -- Populism and ethno-territorial parties in Belgium / Emilie Van Haute -- Claiming regionalism and nationalism at the same time : how the Italian and Swiss Leagues can engage incontradictory claims and get away with it / Oscar Mazzoleni and Carlo Ruzza -- The populist dimensions of Catalan secessionism : rhetoric, mobilization and institutional practices / Astrid Barrio, Oscar Barberà and Juan Rodríguez-Teruel -- Regional nativism in East Germany : the case of the AfD / Hans-Georg Betz and Fabian Habersack -- The Carinthian model : the role of sub-national claims in the Freedom Party's dominance in Austria's southernmost state / Reinhard Heinisch -- The territorialization of national-populist politics : a case study of the Front National in France / Gilles Ivaldi and Jerôme Dutozia -- Progressive regionalist populism vs. conservative nationalist populism in Poland : the case of the Silesian Autonomy Movement-RAS / Magdalena Solska -- Regionalist populism in Croatia : the case of the Croatian Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja-HDSSB / Marko Kukec -- Ethnic politics and competition amongst right-wing populist parties in Hungary / Edina Szoecsik -- A clash of myths : populism and ethno-nationalism in Serbia / Bojan Vranic -- Conclusion : bridging legacies in understanding party mobilization / Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti and Oscar Mazzoleni.

Making scarcity -- Jean-Laurent Rosenthal: scarcity, language and politics -- Lyla Metha and Amber Huff: untangling scarcity -- Rick Wilk: rethinking the relationships between scarcity, poverty and hunger: an anthropological perspective -- Neil Fromer: renewable energy: a story of abundance and scarcity: a scientific -- Perspective -- The power of projection -- Fredrik Albritton Jonsson: growth in the anthropocene -- Dave Rutledge: the great resources myth -- Jirg Friedrichs: escapology, or how to escape Malthusian traps -- Coping, managing, innovating at different scales -- Hugh Rockoff: U.S. mobilization in World War II as a model for coping -- With climate change -- Walker Hanlon: scarcity and innovation: lessons from the British economy during the U.S. Civil War -- Sigrid Schmalzer: China's great leap famine: Malthus, Marx, Mao, and material scarcity -- Heather Chappells: encounters with scarcity at a micro-scale: householders responses to drought as a continuum of "normal" practice -- Dynamics of distribution -- Elizabeth Chatterjee: a climate of scarcity: electricity in India, 1899-2016 -- David Lamoureux: Lagos "scarce-city": investigating the roots of urban modernity in a colonial capital, 1900-1928 -- Hiroki Shin and Frank Trentmann: energy shortages and the politics of time: resilience, redistribution and "normality" in Japan and East Germany, 1940s-70s -- Emma Stephens: food shortages: the role and limitations of markets in resolving food crises during the 2012 famine in the Sahel

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword: The Sharing Economy -- Part One The Sharing Economy: How Did We Arrive Here? -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Sharing in Modern Societies -- Chapter 2 Precursors to the Sharing Economy: Cooperatives -- Chapter 3 When Sharing Was a Necessity: A Historical Perspective of Collaborative Consumption in East Germany -- Chapter 4 Societal Factors and the Emergence of the Sharing Economy -- Part Two Technology: A Facilitator of Modern-Day Sharing -- Chapter 5 Online Technology as a Driver of Sharing -- Chapter 6 Mapping the Collaborative Economy Landscape and Its Relationship with Information and Communication Technologies -- Chapter 7 The Economics of Peer-to-Peer Online Sharing -- Part Three Collaborative Consumption: Peer-to-Peer Engagements in the Sharing Economy -- Chapter 8 The Rise and Fall of Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Consumption: A Perspective from Two Types of Collaborative Consumption Practices -- Chapter 9 Access-Based Consumption: From Ownership to Non-Ownership of Clothing -- Part Four The Sharing Economy in Relation to the Marketplace and the Government -- Chapter 10 Commercial Sharing 2.0: Business Opportunities in a Maturing Marketplace -- Chapter 11 The Role of Governments in Peer-to-Peer Sharing and Collaborative Consumption -- Chapter 12 On Sharing and Quasi-Sharing: The Tension between Sharing-Economy Practices, Public Policy, and Regulation -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Index.

In this study natural experiment approach will be employed in an analysis of two social forces: war crowds vs. agoral gatherings and their impact on macroeconomic changes. The paper presents empirical and historical evidence that the European countries which reached their state independence as a result of agoral gatherings (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, East Germany, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Albania) obtained much higher indicators both in GDP and in GDP per capita in the decade 2009–2018 than the countries involved in the Yugoslavian war crowds (Croatia, Bosnia & Hercegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Slovenia). For the purposes of our analysis, EUROSTAT data was used as containing macroeconomic indicators of the entire populations of the European countries, which are of interest to us in a distant perspective, at least eight years from the events that are the subject of our comparative analyses, as the primary independent variable. The results of a comparative analysis of these two indicators are presented and an attempt to interpret them is made from the point of view of behavioral economics. This interpretation takes into account the theories of crowd psychology and the theory of agoral gathering processes, as well as the psychosocial and economic importance of coupon privatization in the economic activation of citizens in the countries undergoing systemic transformation after the collapse of their totalitarian systems.

In recent years, research found that populism employed a new strategy by using nostalgia, a sentimental longing for the past, as a communication tool to persuade citizens to support their political agendas. In populist campaigns, nostalgia is used to affectively link (alleged) crises with longing for a cherished past. In this paper, we applied a mixed-methods approach to understand how populists exploit nostalgia in their communication and how nostalgic rhetoric has the potential to persuade people to support their claims. In Study 1, we conducted a case study based on a qualitative content analysis of the Alternative for Germany's (AfD) online election campaign in the 2019 Thuringia election in East Germany. The analysis revealed that the campaign was built around the nostalgic narrative of the 1989 peaceful revolution as a proud historical moment for former GDR citizens while at the same time creating a sense of crisis supposedly caused by false post-reunification politics. To further investigate the persuasiveness of nostalgia, Study 2 used a statement from the campaign and found that participants tended to agree more with populist statements if they contained nostalgic rhetoric (compared to non-nostalgic populist and control rhetoric). These findings suggest that right-wing populists can effectively exploit nostalgia and that it may 'sugarcoat' populist messages.

Farm succession is a key policy concern of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy and the European Commission's proposals for the future. This article uses the agent‐based model AgriPoliS to study the effects of the availability of potential successors in two agricultural regions, one in Belgium (Flanders) and one in eastern Germany (the Altmark). The analysis provides no indication that considerably fewer successors would threaten the ability of the farming systems to ensure an adequate provision of private and public goods. Most farm closures occur due to the low efficiency of some farms which hinders the ability of famers to cover true long‐term opportunity costs, i.e. the possibility of earning a higher income outside agriculture. In both study regions, a lack of successors leads to adaptations which create new opportunities for other farms and, in Flanders, to higher economic prosperity at the regional level. The adaptations differ between regions due to existing farm structures, labour demands and costs, institutional frameworks, and the ability to exploit economies of scale. The results of the simulations challenge the notion central to many CAP policies – that more farm succession is better for European agriculture. These findings call for a contextualised reconsideration of agricultural policies which support structural change and regional growth – not hinder it. ; EU; BE; DE; en; contact:

Farm succession is a key policy concern of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy and the European Commission's proposals for the future. This article uses the agent-based model AgriPoliS to study the effects of the availability of potential successors in two agricultural regions, one in Belgium (Flanders) and one in eastern Germany (the Altmark). The analysis provides no indication that considerably fewer successors would threaten the ability of the farming systems to ensure an adequate provision of private and public goods. Most farm closures occur due to the low efficiency of some farms which hinders the ability of famers to cover true long-term opportunity costs, i.e. the possibility of earning a higher income outside agriculture. In both study regions, a lack of successors leads to adaptations which create new opportunities for other farms and, in Flanders, to higher economic prosperity at the regional level. The adaptations differ between regions due to existing farm structures, labour demands and costs, institutional frameworks, and the ability to exploit economies of scale. The results of the simulations challenge the notion central to many CAP policies – that more farm succession is better for European agriculture. These findings call for a contextualised reconsideration of agricultural policies which support structural change and regional growth – not hinder it.

Traditionell war der Offizierberuf eines der angestammten Berufs- und Versorgungsfelder für die Söhne adliger Familien, insbesondere im protestantischen Adel Nord-Ostdeutschlands. Er wurde seit dem 18. Jahrhundert auch zunehmend als Berufung verstanden. So bildete sich ein spezifischer, aristokratisch geprägter Ethos des Offizierberufes aus, mit einer eigenen Code-, Zeichen- und Bedeutungswelt. Bürgerliches Gleichheitsstreben und militärische Professionalisierung im Zeitalter der Technisierung und Industrialisierung des Krieges erforderten von den adligen Offizieren besondere Anpassungsleistungen, boten allerdings auch neue Möglichkeiten spezifisch adliger Repräsentation in den Offizierkorps moderner Armeen. In dieser Arbeit wird das Spannungsfeld zwischen relativem Bedeutungsverlust, Transformationin der bürgerlich-industriellen Normenwelt sowie sektoralem Beharrungserfolg der adligen Militärfamilien im späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert ausgeleuchtet. ; Traditionally the military profession was one of the foremost professions for the sons of aristocratic families, particularly among the Protestant nobility in North-East Germany. Since the 18th century this profession was also transformed into a vocational service. Thus a specifically aristocratic ethos of "Officerdom" with unique codes, symbols, and meanings emerged. Middle-class aspirations for equality and military professionalisation in the age of mechanization and industrialization of war alike demanded adaption by noble officer, but also offered new opportunities for specific aristocratic representation in the officer corops of modern armies. This publication sheds light on the areas of conflict between relative decline, transformation into the (modern) world of middle-class and industrial norms, and sectoral persistence of noble military families in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. ; DFG, 5233844, Elitenwandel in der gesellschaftlichen Modernisierung: Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland II. Entwicklungslinien und Wendepunkte im frühen 20. Jh.

We argue that political parties take not only the economic conditions into account when developing a position on entrepreneurship and self‐employment but also consider the "heritage" of a socialist state, which can influence the preferences of voters regarding this issue area. We test our hypotheses on the basis of an analysis of election manifestos and coalition agreements. We focus on the German case since unification allows for comparing electorates socialized in a market economy in the West German states and in a socialist economy in East Germany by holding the institutional setting constant. The results support our hypotheses that growing economic problems increase the saliency of entrepreneurship and self‐employment and that differences between parties exist: Christian democratic and liberal parties emphasize entrepreneurship and self‐employment in their manifestos more than green or socialist parties. In addition, governments including Christian democratic and liberals agree on more market‐liberal policies in coalition agreements compared to left‐wing governments.Related Articles

Wenzelburger, Georg, and
Helge Staff. 2016. "." Politics & Policy 44 (): 319‐350. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12151/abstract


König, Pascal, and
Georg Wenzelburger. 2014. "." Politics & Policy 42 (): 400‐430. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12076/abstract


Rennie, Henry G. 2008. "." Politics & Policy 36 (): 193‐196. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00100.x/full
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This paper studies whether the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy offers new perspectives for those who, in economic terms, were relatively deprived under the old regime. Previous empirical research on this question has been limited by the availability of representative longitudinal micro-data that track individuals' labour market careers across different political regimes. Our study seeks to fill this research gap by looking at the transition of Eastern Germany following German Unification. Using a unique large-scale German administrative data set, we measure individuals' relative economic position by exploiting information on whether individuals were in the bottom of the pre-unification wage distribution. We then address the question of how workers' low or high-wage status determines their wage and labour market status within and across different regimes. We document strong evidence of a dynamic selection process into low-wage employment after Unification. Furthermore, consistent with a weak connection between individuals' true productivity and their pre-unification low-wage status, the extent of across regime state dependence is found to be small in magnitude and appears to vanish over time. For males, the small extent of across regime dependence is found to be most pronounced among the medium and high-skilled, suggesting the depreciation of general human capital as a potential explanation.

This paper studies whether the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy offers fundamentally new perspectives for those who, in economic terms, were relatively deprived under the old regime. Previous empirical research on this question has been limited by the availability of suitable representative longitudinal micro-data that tracks individuals' labour market careers across different political and economic regimes. Our study seeks to fill this research gap by looking at the transition of Eastern Germany following German Unification. Using a unique large-scale German administrative data set, we measure individuals' relative economic position by exploiting information on whether individuals were in the bottom of the pre-unification wage distribution. We further approach the question of how workers' low or high-wage status determines their wage and labour market status within and across different regimes. We first demonstrate that unobserved factors are the main drivers of low-wage persistence and are regime-dependent. We further show that, consistent with signalling considerations, economic dependencies across different regimes are only of minor relevance. Genuine state dependence after Unification amounts to relatively large values of about 15 per cent for males and 19 per cent for females. This measure of persistence is heterogeneous across time, indicating a strong adjustment process and the importance of signalling considerations.