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Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 cause about 70% of all cervical cancers. Clinical trials have demonstrated that three doses of either commercially available HPV vaccine, Cervarix ® or Gardasil ®, prevent most new HPV 16/18 infections and associated precancerous lesions. Based on evidence of immunological non-inferiority, 2-dose regimens have been licensed for adolescents in the United States, European Union, and elsewhere. However, if a single dose were effective, vaccine costs would be reduced substantially and the logistics of vaccination would be greatly simplified, enabling vaccination programs in developing countries. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Agencia Costarricense de Investigaciones Biomédicas (ACIB) are conducting, with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a large 24,000 girl study to evaluate the efficacy of a 1-dose regimen. The first component of the study is a four-year non-inferiority trial comparing 1- to 2-dose regimens of the two licensed vaccines. The second component is an observational study that estimates the vaccine efficacy (VE) of each regimen by comparing the HPV infection rates in the trial arms to those in a contemporaneous survey group of unvaccinated girls. In this paper, we describe the design and statistical analysis for this study. We explain the advantage of defining non-inferiority on the absolute risk scale when the expected event rate is near 0 and, given this definition, suggest an approach to account for missing clinic visits. We then describe the problem of estimating VE in the absence of a randomized placebo arm and offer our solution.

Cancer is a disease that starts in a localized organ or tissue and then grows out of control. Breast cancer is an important health problem as in the Western world; it is the second most frequent cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). The incidence rate, however, rises dramatically over the age of 50 years. This is may be due to several risk factors, such as family history, genetics, early menstruation, late menopause, and other factors, that have not yet been identified. The problems of breast diseases have prompted global governments to put constant efforts to increase patient's recovery level against this disease. Early and accurate detection with mass screening programs helps improves a woman's chances for successful treatment. It also minimizes pain, suffering, and anxiety that surround patients and their families. The current and the most cost-effective technique used for screening and diagnosis of breast cancer is X-ray mammography. It is the state-of-the-art for earlier detection to improve both prognosis and survival rate. This is may be due to its good availability, high sensitivity, and relatively low cost/patient. The goal of this chapter is to introduce the problems caused by breast cancer. Starting with an overview of the requirement for breast tumor imaging and the diagnostic techniques used for breast cancer assessment are briefly described, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. In addition, the problems associated with a relatively new functional breast imaging technique namely scintimammography were introduced and discussed. The intention that the chapter provide the reader with sufficient background on the available diagnostic techniques of breast tumor imaging approach, as well as an overview of the literature.

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales. Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas. Facultad de Biología. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología. Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas ; The species of the genus Fusarium possess a great genetic diversity, are distributed worldwide in plants, soils and other habitats, and are characterized by causing diseases in practically all crops of agronomic importance, causing losses of billions of dollars annually. In Mexico, the species Fusarium mexicanum and F. pseudocircinatum are the causal agents of the mango malformation disease (MMD), the main disease of the crop. To date, F. mexicanum has been reported in Mexico only, and is the species that prevails in commercial mango orchards and nurseries in the central western region. In a study carried out in mango producing areas in the states of Colima and Michoacán, big-leaf mahogany trees (Swietenia macrophylla, Meliaceae) with symptoms of malformation were detected. Malformations present in those trees drastically reduce their aesthetic and commercial value. Mahogany trees are considered an important forest resource worldwide. Recently, the Mexican government has provided economic incentives to increase the production of valuable timber species in the country, including mahogany. S. macrophylla is of neotropical origin and is distributed naturally from central Mexico, through Central America, and to the southern part of the Amazon basin in Bolivia and Brazil. However, overexploitation of its wood has drastically reduced populations in the last 60 years and concern for its conservation has resulted in the inclusion of mahogany in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2003. Despite the interest in increasing its production, little is known about the factors that impact this important tree. ; Las especies del ...

Four categories of foods are proposed in the NOVA food classification, which seeks to relate food processing as the primary driver of diet quality. Of these, the category "ultra-processed foods" has been widely studied in relation both to diet quality and to risk factors for noncommunicable disease. The present paper explores the definition of ultra-processed foods since its inception and clearly shows that the definition of such foods has varied considerably. Because of the difficulty of interpretation of the primary definition, the NOVA group and others have set out lists of examples of foods that fall under the category of ultra-processed foods. The present manuscript demonstrates that since the inception of the NOVA classification of foods, these examples of foods to which this category applies have varied considerably. Thus, there is little consistency either in the definition of ultra-processed foods or in examples of foods within this category. The public health nutrition advice of NOVA is that ultra-processed foods should be avoided to achieve improvements in nutrient intakes with an emphasis on fat, sugar, and salt. The present manuscript demonstrates that the published data for the United States, United Kingdom, France, Brazil, and Canada all show that across quintiles of intake of ultra-processed foods, nutritionally meaningful changes are seen for sugars and fiber but not for total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Moreover, 2 national surveys in the United Kingdom and France fail to show any link between body mass index and consumption of ultra-processed foods. The paper concludes that constructive scholarly debate needs to be facilitated on many issues that would be affected by a policy to avoid ultra-processed foods.

Character building is a very important part of national education goals. As stated in the law no. 20 of 2003 on the national education system which states that the purpose of national education is to develop the potential of learners to become human beings who believe and piety to God Almighty, noble character, healthy knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent and become citizens of democratic and to be responsible. And one of the researchers' concerns in this context is to try to discuss the implementation of character education in educational institutions, especially in the madrasah. The research methodology used a qualitative approach. Data collection using interview methods and snowball sampling, observation, and documentation techniques. Sources of data in this study were Madrasah Principals, teachers and students in both research objects. Data analysis techniques are data reduction that has been obtained then presented / in the form of display data, and the conclusion or verification. The thinking model used is inductive. The location of the research is in MTsN. Ponorogo and MTs Ma'arif 1 Ponorogo. From the results of the study found that (1) Implementation of character education in MTsN Ponorogo and MTs Ma'arif 1 Ponorogo has been formulated in vision and mission of Madrasah. (2) The efforts of MTsN Ponorogo and MTs. Ma'arif 1 Ponorogo in developing character education is designing activities that terms with the values of character and build madrasah culture. (3) Characteristic implementation of character education in MTsN Ponorogo is to maximize the role of Counseling Guidance (BK) in instilling character in students. While in MTs Ma'arif 1 Ponorogo Implementation of character education is deliberately designed through the development of madrasah culture with the management of all components in Madrasah.

The article looks at the theory of cyclical development of society, which in the opinion of the author should be taken into account in the implementation of state policy and the improvement of public administration. Many thinkers of the past and numerous analytics of the present provide examples of cyclic, spiral or wave concepts of nonlinear social development. The author expresses the position on the necessity of taking into account and using the authorities of vectors and intersections of various civilizational cycles. They can be different in time - millenia, centuries, but can be noticeable throughout the life of one generation. This is especially true of economic and political fluctuations that manifest themselves within the framework of the theory of «long waves of Kondratiev». The author emphasizes that cyclical processes exist in all spheres of society's life, and the scientific thought must actively seek an explanation of the existence of these cycles. Such search is becoming more and more relevant in connection with the expected beginning of a new cycle in the history of society. ; В статье рассматриваются некоторые теории циклического развития общества, которые, по мнению автора, следует учитывать в реализации государственной политики и совершенствования государственного управления. Многие мыслители прошлого и многочисленные аналитки современности предоставляют примеры циклических, спиралевидных или волновых концепций нелинейного общественного развития. Автор выражает позицию о необходимости учета и использования органами власти векторов и пересечений различных цивилизационных циклов. Они могут быть разными по времени - тысячелетия, века, но могут быть заметными и в течении жизни одного поколения. Особенно это касается экономических и политических колебаний, проявляющихся в рамках теории «длинных волн Кондратьева». Автор отмечает, что циклические процессы существуют во всех сферах жизни общества и, соответственно, научная мысль должна активно искать объяснения существования этих циклов. Такой поиск ...

In accordance with the mandate of the law, changes in the system of governance in the region have changed from a centralized model to decentralization. This is characterized by the devolution of most government affairs to the region including the implementation of fiscal decentralization directed to finance the administration of government affairs. Law Number 25 Year 2009 concerning Public Service and Regulation of the Minister for Empowerment of State Apparaturs and Bureaucracy Reform Number 16 Year 2014 on Guidelines for the Survey of the Public Satisfaction Index on Public Service Implementation recommends that every service provider conduct a Public Satisfaction Index (IKM) survey periodically. This research uses deductive quantitative method. Primary data is obtained through direct survey and interview. The data were obtained using questionnaires with closed questions. Types of sample are purposive sampling counted 240 people. The purpose of the survey of IKM on public service units is intended to get opinion of the public regarding the quality of public services in Department of Investment and One Stop Integrated Service (DPMPTSP), Subang Regency. The IKM survey is conducted on four service units, namely Building Permit (IMB), Business License (SIUP), Company Registration Certificate (TDP) and Industrial Registration Certificate (TDI). Measurement of IKM survey of public services using PERMENPANRB Number 16 Year 2014 which consists of 9 aspects: 1) Requirements; 2) Procedures; 3) Time of service; 4) Costs / Tariffs; 5) Product Specifications Type of Service; 6) Executing Competencies; 7) Executive Conduct; 8) Service Notice; and 9) Complaint Handling, Suggestions and Feedback. IKM from four types of public services in Subang Regency DPMPTSP of 3.20 or if converted by 79.89. The results of the IKM are in the category of Quality of Service Performance B (Good).

Bu çalışma 1945-1950 yılları arasında Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi Hükümetleri'nin gerçekleştirdiği propaganda örneği açısından New York Haberler Bürosu'nun değerlendirilmesini ele almaktadır. II. Dünya Savaşı ertesinde Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği'nden algıladığı tehdit üzerine, Türkiye'nin dış politikasında savaş dönemi uygulamalarına son verilerek değişikliğe gidilmiştir. Türkiye'nin değişen dış politikası doğrultusunda, iki yönde propaganda izlediği görülmüştür. Bunlardan ilki ülke içerisinde izlediği Milli Birlik Propagandası'dır. İkincisi ise yurt dışında, Sovyetler'e karşı Batılı ülkelerin, özellikle de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin, desteğini almak üzere gerçekleştirdiği tanıtıcı propagandadır. Çalışmamızın kapsamı, bu ikinci istikamet doğrultusunda Türkiye'yi ABD'de yetkililere ve kamuoyuna tanıtmak üzere, bir nevi kamu diplomasisi amacıyla kurulan New York Haberler Bürosu'nu kuruluşu, amaçları ve faaliyetleri etrafında irdelemek ve dönemin dış politikası içerisinde değerlendirmektir. ; This study deals with the evaluation of the New York News Bureau in terms of the propagandas of the Republican People's Party Governments between 1945 and 1950. After the Second World War, faced with the threat of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Turkey has gone to changes in foreign policyby putting an end to wartime applications. In accordance with the changing foreign policy of Turkey, two types of propaganda were followed. The first one is the National Unity Propaganda that was followed inside the country. The second one was the introductory propaganda to get the support of Western countries, especially of the United States of America against USSR. Within the scope of our study, we will scrutinize the New York News Bureau, which was founded as a means of public diplomacy to introduce Turkey to US officers and public, with regard to its foundation, objectives and activities and we will also evaluate the Bureau in terms of the foreign policy framework of the era.

Socioeconomic determinants to okra production among women farmers in Ivo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria were studied. The objectives of the study are to (1) describe the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers.(ii)determine the effect of the farmers" socioeconomic characteristics on their output and (iii) estimate the costs and return of okra production (iv)Identify te constraints to okro production by the women in the study area. 120 respondents were selected using multistage randomly sampling. The information from the respondents was collected using a structural questionnaire and oral interview. The objectives of the study were analyzed using percentage responses, multiple regression and net farm income. The results of the farmers" socioeconomic characteristics showed that most of the okra farmers were young, educated, had fairly large house hold size, membership of organization and engaged in off farm income. Furthermore, members of organization, off farm income and extension services were the farmers" socioeconomic factors that affected their outputs. More so, Okra is profitable in the study area with Net farm income of N265,356, gross margin of N266,356 and benefit cost ratio of 0.74.The results of constrains to okra production by the women were poor access to credit, land, high cost of hired labour, poor access to improved okra breeds and high cost of inorganic fertilizer. Based on the findings, policies that would enhance farmers" access to fertilizer, credit, extension services and land in order to help them increase their outputs Furthermore, farmers should be encouraged to engage in off farm income in order to have multiple streams of income. In addition, farmers should be persuaded to form farming organizations in order to have easy access to credit at affordable interest rate

Increased use of annual payments to land managers for ecological outcomes indicates a growing interest in exploring the potential of this approach. In this viewpoint, we drew on the experiences of all schemes paying for biodiversity outcomes/results on agricultural land operating in the EU and EFTA countries with the aim of reviewing the decisive elements of the schemes' design and implementation as well as the challenges and opportunities of adopting a results-based approach. We analysed the characteristics of results-based schemes using evidence from peer-reviewed literature, technical reports, scheme practitioners and experts in agri-environment-climate policy. We developed a typology of the schemes and explored critical issues influencing the feasibility and performance of results-based schemes. The evidence to date shows that there are at least 11 advantages to the results-based approach not found in management-based schemes with similar objectives, dealing with environmental efficiency, farmers' participation and development of local biodiversity-based projects. Although results-based approaches have specific challenges at every stage of design and implementation, for many of these the existing schemes provide potential solutions. There is also some apprehension about trying a results-based approach in Mediterranean, central and eastern EU Member States. We conclude that there is clear potential to expand the approach in the European Union for the Rural Development programming period for 2021-2028. Nevertheless, evidence is needed about the approach's efficiency in delivering conservation outcomes in the long term, its additionality, impact on the knowledge and attitudes of land managers and society at large, development of ways of rewarding the achievement of actual results, as well as its potential for stimulating innovative grassroots solutions. ; Peer reviewed

Crisis in the Dublin System has shown that despite common European standards, migration policy is often built by the participating States on their own. The article deals with the modern experience of the Italian Republic in the sphere of providing international and humanitarian protection in the conditions of mass migratory flows. The author analyzes Italian legislation aimed at implementing the right to asylum in accordance with international and regional human rights standards. Commentary on the possible types of protection of forced migrants in the territory of the Italian Republic is given. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the grounds for granting the subsidiary protection status, as well as to the reasons for providing humanitarian protection in case of rejection of the international protection status. The conclusion is made about the growing importance of human rights protection in the Italian foreign policy.Key words: Italy, European Union, human rights, international protection, asylum, refugees, subsidiary protection, humanitarian protection. ; Кризис Дублинской системы показал, что, несмотря на единые общеевропейские стандарты, миграционная политика зачастую выстраивается государствами-участниками самостоятельно. В статье рассматривается современный опыт Итальянской Республики в сфере предоставления международной и гуманитарной защиты в условиях массового наплыва мигрантов. Анализируется итальянское законодательство, направленное на реализацию права на убежище в соответствии с международными и региональными стандартами прав человека. Дается толкование существующих на территории Италии видов защиты вынужденных мигрантов. Особое внимание уделяется анализу оснований предоставления статуса бенефициара субсидиарной защиты, а также подробно исследуются причины оказания гуманитарной защиты в случае отказа в статусе международной защиты. Делается вывод о возрастающем значении защиты прав человека во внешней политике государства.Ключевые слова: Италия, Европейский союз, права человека, международная защита, убежище, беженцы, субсидиарная защита, гуманитарная защита.

International audience ; Background-The psychotherapeutic treatment of war-related psychological injuries is questioned because of its theoretical level of complexity as well as its non-consensual or controversial guidelines. The care provided by civilian and military networks is diverse, heterogeneous and given more and more media coverage. How can the military patients' and of their relatives' pressing demands for the many techniques deemed advisable in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder be addressed?Material and methods-We present three individual psychotherapeutic approaches most frequently proposed in the field of psychotraumatology: cognitive and behavioural therapies, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, and psychodynamic psychoanalytic orientation. We propose an analysis of the French and American recommendations before confronting the guidelines to the reality of clinical practice.Discussion-Each of the varied psychotherapies yields theoretical and technical arguments. Nevertheless, it seems impossible to discriminate between them in terms of efficiency in the current state of scientific research. The experienced clinicians must be cautious when they deal with the recommendations based on comparisons, in areas where the patients' singularity and the transference relationship are difficult to model.Conclusion-To propose a project of custom-made care to suffering fighters entails to focus on a rigorous clinical analysis. The coordination and continuity of medical and psychological support are essential. Beyond dogmatism, we shall select the following motto: 'the right psychotherapy, for the right patient at the right time'. ; Le traitement psychothérapique des blessés psychiques de guerre suscite un questionnement tant par son niveau de complexité théorique que du fait de son caractère non consensuel voire polémique. L'offre de soins des réseaux civils et militaires est diversifiée, et de plus en plus médiatisée. Comment répondre aux demandes pressantes des patients militaires et de ...

Maybe most characteristic of the TargetFish1 project, which kicked off some five years ago with 30 partners from 10 EU member states, two associated countries (Norway, Israel) and one international cooperation partner country (Chile), has been the close cooperation between research groups and enterprises; more or less equally represented in this large consortium. In this respect, TargetFish has been revolutionary validating by this close cooperation fundamental knowledge for the development of next generation vaccines and different routes of vaccine administration. TargetFish had the ambition to demonstrate market applicability of improved vaccines or new prototype vaccines that would come forward from the project. Via frequent joint meetings of its partners, be it research group or enterprise, TargetFish aimed to drive vaccine development in an industrial applicable way. This could facilitate adoption of new intellectual property and stimulate the presentation of new fish vaccines on the market. The industry forum has been a platform for a continuing validation of the applied potential of the research outcomes. Workshops were organised at the different EAFP meetings to communicate the validation process to those not directly involved with the project but interested in the fish vaccine market. After a kick-off meeting during the EAFP in Tampere, Finland fours years ago and a second meeting at the EAFP in Las Palmas, Spain, two years ago, at the present EAFP in Belfast, Northern Ireland a final meeting was organised. This report is a summary of the 'Industrial Forum workshop' held at the EAFP in Belfast 2017 and provides a short overview of the highlights presented to, and discussed with, those present and interested in DNA vaccine development, policies and laws, production and delivery routes.

During the late 1920s and 1930s, a group of Italian modernist architects, known as 'rationalists', launched an ambitious bid for convincing Mussolini that their brand of architectural modernism was best suited to become the official art of the Fascist state (arte di stato). They produced buildings of exceptional quality and now iconic status in the annals of international architecture, as well as an even more impressive register of ideas, designs, plans, and proposals that have been recognised as visionary works. Yet, by the end of the 1930s, it was the official monumental stile littorio - classical and monumental yet abstracted and stripped-down, infused with modern and traditional ideas, pluralist and "willing to seek a third way between opposite sides in disputes", the style curated so masterfully by Marcello Piacentini - that set the tone of the Fascist state's official architectural representation. These two contrasted architectural programmes, however, shared much more than what was claimed at the time and has been assumed since. They represented programmatically, ideologically, and aesthetically different ex-pressions of the same profound desire to materialize in space and eternity the Fascist 'Third Way' future avant la lettre. In both cases, architecture (and urban planning as the scalable articulation of architecture on an urban, regional, and national territorial level) became the 'total' media used to signify and not just express, to shape and not just reproduce or simulate, to actively give before passively receiving meaning. Still, it was the more all-encompassing and legible coordinates of space and time in the 'rooted' modernism of the stile littorio that captured and expressed a third-way mediation between universality and singu-larity and between futural modernity and tradition better than the trenchant, in-flexible anti-monumentalism of the rationalists.

Child marriages are common throughout Indonesia. This is due to a strong influence of Indonesian customs and religion that strongly influence the lives of its people. It is worth pointing that marriage age arrangements in Indonesian Marriage Law reinforces that legal age for men is 19 years and 16 years for women. The 2012 statistics show that Indonesia is the 37th highest in the world in child marriage, while at the Southeast Asian level, this country ranks second after Cambodia. The ranking went up dramatically since in 2016, based on UNICEF, Indonesia ranked the 7th in child marriage worldwide. This means that the practice of child marriage in Indonesia happens, especially to women at the age of 18 years, and there is no discrimination related to the age of marriage. Against this matter, there has been a file for judicial review that demands marriage age for men and women to be pegged at the age of 18 years. However, the Judge of the Constitutional Court, through Decision Number 30-74/PUU-XII/2014, states that age of marriage remains valid for the 19-year-old for man and 16-year-old for women. The struggle does not stop there because at this time, there a national movement of STOP CHILD MARRIAGE formed by civil organisations in cooperation with the Commission of Child Protection and Ministry of Woman Empowerment and Child Protection. This movement sees that the practice of child marriage is a national emergency problem that must be addressed seriously. Further, this movement demands immediate enactment of government regulation in favour of the law which must promptly revise the Marriage Law, especially related to the marriage age.