Suchergebnisse

"Thèse en cotutelle pour le doctorat en génie des eaux Université Laval Québec et Ghent University à Ghent, Belgique" ; La prise de conscience croissante de l'épuisement des ressources naturelles, la demande croissante de nutriments et d'énergie pour la production alimentaire et les normes de plus en plus strictes de décharge des nutriments et de fertilisation, ont donné lieu à une attention accrue pour la récupération des nutriments à partir des déchets municipaux et agricoles. Cette thèse de doctorat vise à stimuler la transition vers une bio-économie en fournissant des (moyens à développer des) stratégies durables pour la récupération des nutriments à partir des déchets organiques après la production de bio-énergie par la digestion anaérobie. Une attention particulière est accordée à la valorisation des produits récupérés comme substituts renouvelables aux engrais chimiques et/ou comme engrais organo-minéraux durables dans l'agriculture. Trois phases de recherche complémentaires ont été exécutées: 1) l'inventaire des technologies et la classification des produits, 2) l'évaluation de la valeur des produits, 3) la modélisation et l'optimisation des procédés. Dans la première phase, une revue systématique des technologies et une classification des produits ont été réalisées. Dans la seconde phase, la caractérisation des produits et des analyses de bilan de masse dans des stations de récupération des ressources de l'eau et des déchets (StaRRED) à grande échelle ont été exécutées. Une évaluation économique et écologique de différents scénarios de bio-fertilisation a été menée et les scénarios les plus durables ont été sélectionnés pour une évaluation agronomique réalisée ultérieurement sur le terrain et à l'échelle de la serre. Dans la troisième phase, une librairie générique de modèles pour la récupération des nutriments a été élaborée visant à modéliser la quantité et la qualité d'engrais. Une meilleure compréhension de la performance et des interactions des processus unitaires a été obtenue par des analyses de sensibilité globale. Les modèles ont été utilisés avec succès comme un outil pour la configuration et l'optimisation des chaînes de traitement. Sur la base de toutes les connaissances acquises, une feuille de route générique pour la mise en place des stratégies de récupération des nutriments en fonction des marchés et des législations des engrais, et de la caractérisation des déchets a été développée. En tant que telle, la présente thèse développe les concepts de fermeture maximale des cycles des nutriments dans une approche du berceau-au-berceau. Le travail apporte des preuves importantes de l'impact positif des produits récupérés sur l'économie, l'agronomie et l'écologie de la production végétale intensive. En outre, cette thèse offre des informations et des outils fondamentaux pour faciliter la mise en œuvre et l'optimisation des stratégies durables de récupération des nutriments. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles possibilités pour une croissance économique durable axée sur les ressources biologiques et créent ainsi une situation gagnant-gagnant pour l'environnement, la société et l'économie en Belgique, au Canada, et au-delà. ; The increasing awareness of natural resource depletion, the increasing demand of nutrients and energy for food production, and the more and more stringent nutrient discharge and fertilization levels, have resulted in an increased attention for nutrient recovery from municipal and agricultural wastes. This PhD dissertation aims at stimulating the transition to a bio-based economy by providing (tools to develop) sustainable strategies for nutrient recovery from organic wastes following bio-energy production through anaerobic digestion (= bio-digestion waste). Particular attention is paid to the valorization of the recovered products as renewable substitutes for chemical fertilizers and/or as sustainable organo-mineral fertilizers in agriculture. Three complementary research phases were conducted: 1) technology inventory and product classification, 2) product value evaluation, 3) process modelling and optimization. In the first phase, a systematic technology review and product classification was performed. In phase 2, product characterizations and mass balance analyses at full-scale waste(water) resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) were executed. An economic and ecological evaluation of different bio-based fertilization scenarios was conducted and the most sustainable scenarios were selected for subsequent agronomic evaluation at field and greenhouse scale. In phase 3, a generic nutrient recovery model library was developed aiming at fertilizer quantity and quality as model outputs. Increased insights in unit process performance and interactions were obtained through global sensitivity analyses. The models were successfully used as a tool for treatment train configuration and optimization. Based on all acquired knowledge, a generic roadmap for setting up nutrient recovery strategies as function of fertilizer markets, legislations, and waste characterization was established. As such, the present dissertation further develops the concepts of maximally closing nutrient cycles in a cradle-to-cradle approach. The work reveals important evidence of the positive impact of recovered products on the economy, agronomy, and ecology of intensive plant production. Moreover, it provides the fundamental information and tools to facilitate the implementation and optimization of sustainable nutrient recovery strategies. All of this may open up new opportunities for sustainable and more bio-based economic growth and thus create a win-win situation for the environment, the society, and the economy in Belgium, Canada, and beyond.

Стаття присвячена проблемі структурування економічних відносин та функціонування законодавчої системи відповідно до диференціації на систематизаційні елементи, що включає в себе її інструментальну частину, а саме: предметний, галузевий, інституційний рівень; а також функціональну частину – механізм ринкової організації економічного життя як такого та його внутрішньої класифікації. Проаналізовано вихідні юридичні положення кожної систематизаційної законодавчої системи як комплексу джерел права щодо специфіки регулю- вання економічних відносин. Шляхом системного аналізу встановлено, що кожен галузевий біз- нес-комплекс окремо є єдиним законодавчим механізмом зі своєю специфічною класифікацією економічних відносин відповідно до певної галузі. ; Статья посвящена проблеме структурирования экономических отношений и функционирования законодательной системы в соответствии с дифференциацией на систематизационные элементы, включает в себя ее инструментальную часть, а именно: предметный, отраслевой, институциональный уровень; а также функциональную часть – механизм рыночной организации экономической жизни как таковой и его внутренней классификации. Проанализированы выходные юридические положения отдельно каждой систематизационной законодательной системы как комплекса источников права о специфике регулирования экономических отношений. Путем системного анализа установлено, что каждый отдельный отраслевой бизнес-комплекс является единственным законодательным механизмом со своей специфической классификацией экономических отношений в соответствии с данной отраслью ; Problem setting. Dynamics of structural changes in the real economy is a basic factor in the dynamics of structural change in the subject of economic law and primarily - law. Hence, the structural development of the Ukrainian economy, including its manufacturing sector requires a thorough analysis in the context of the structural balance of proportions and involvement of the legislative regulation of mechanisms for sustainable development, the opposition of destabilizing external negative influences, increased competitive industrial complex in the world market. Recent research and publications analysis. An important achievement in the analysis of the nature of economic relations, the need for legal support for the implementation of these relations and the role system, globalization and integration processes on sources of economic law did Russian scientists, namely V. Bezbakh, M. Kuznetsov, M. Masevich, V. Ulyanischev more. Regarding the analysis of research on the territory of Ukraine is involved in this issues outstanding scientists, business executives such as: V. Mamutov, O. Vinnyk, D. Zadyhaylo, G. Znamenskii. Also involved in the analysis of science P. Skrypnyck, V. Volodya and more. But these scientists have not paid sufficient attention is systemic view on forming nature of economic relations and developing strategies to ensure the formation of modern legal relations of the economic system according to the specific nature of the system is economic relations. Paper objective. The article is an analysis on the contents system elements of economic relations and legislative activity in each segment in the field of economic law and different approaches to regulation at both the national economy and in the globalization context. Paper main body. The scope of management, which are purely market mechanisms combined with the requirement of social direction of the economy requires structural analysis and installation of the latest legal regulation of economic relations that can ensure a harmonized development of the national economy and regulate private and public interests. Thus, the structuring of the national economy based on major theoretical and methodological principles of economics, namely the sectoral structure theory, initiated K. Clark [14], which interpreted the division into three sectors - primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), tertiary (Service Industries); and later in the dynamic evolutionary changes in the economy has five or more sectors. Indeed, the structure of the national economy, which reflects the macroeconomic proportions in economic development, and evolve dynamically modified. Second, Ukraine has made replacing one system to another, and from some in some structural subdivisions and destroyed at the national level closed-loop manufacturing system - development or mining, processing or manufacturing, to final product; and, consequently, traffic from one technological way to another, and with it the movement of national economic system to a postindustrial society. Consequently, there are a number of problems related to the structuring of the economy and legislative support to its legal function. Thus, the dynamic structural changes in the real economy is a basic factor in the dynamics of structural change in the subject of economic law and primarily – law. Hence, the current structural development of the Ukrainian economy, including its manufacturing sector requires a thorough analysis in the context of the structural balance of proportions and involvement of the legislative regulation of mechanisms for sustainable development, the opposition of destabilizing external negative influences, increased competitive industrial complex in the world market. Conclusions. Problems structuring of the economy, the formation of a market economy and the movement towards a post-industrial society in Ukraine should develop a strategy for the development, special prudent economic concept in law given theoretical and practical achievements that have passed the test of time, history and experience. Ignoring basic principles and laws of structuring national economy leads to deep structural deformities that hinder economic development and causing considerable social losses. In summary, it should be emphasized that the dynamics of structural changes in the real economy is a factor in structural changes in the subject of business law and legislation.

An alternative approach to the solution of ecological issues are offered by domestic researchers, including followers of the philosophy of cosmism. The concept of "cosmos" as opposed to "environment" of ecologists, is broader, more global, more ontological.The most advanced theoretical and methodological structure of providing ecosafe development is introduction of idea of sustainable human development.In determining the parameters of sustainable development, scientists point out that: population growth, as well as increase in the rate of consumption of resources can not be sustainable; the larger the population and the higher the rate of consumption of resources, the more difficult it is to bring society to a state of sustainable development; the reaction time of the population to change of its growth equals to one person's life from the end of childhood to the end of life, about 50 years; the average standard of living is in inverse proportion to the population, which may become live in the area (of its potential capacity); to achieve a sustainable and desired standard of living it is essential that the population was less than or equal to the potential capacity of the territory; benefit from population growth and increased consumption have few, and the costs associated with this, borne by all of society (the tragedy of national heritage); increase in the rate of consumption of non-renewable resources invokes a sharp decline in the share of the remaining lifetime of the resource; when expended great efforts to improve the efficiency of resource derived profits compared with the additional resource requirements arising from population growth; when the speed exceeds the self-cleaning ability contamination of the environment, it is easier to continue to pollute than to clean environment; people always depend on agriculture, so soil and other renewable resources will always be needed.Modern scientific literature draws attention to various global issues. Among them are distinguishes not only ecological issues but also requests for the survival of humanity and preservation of the individual. However, the most urgent task today is to determine the level of scientific substantiation of ecosafe development from the position of introduction of modern nano- and biotechnologies. Besides, it is also necessary to ensure the country's transition to a sustainable development model, based on the economic strength of the state, reliability of its reproductive structure and the formation of stable domestic funds of accumulation and consumption. Practical implementation of the sustainable development model needs intensification of investment and innovation. So Ukraine, which currently is in a difficult economic, political and social conditions will have to overcome many difficulties in the transition from raw to innovation-oriented economic model. There is also a need to consider the fact that the introduction of the concept of sustainable development can be successful only with hard work and consolidation of efforts of politicians, managers, scientists and the entire population.The main goal of ecological safety of Ukraine should be to develop conceptual principles of the overall strategy in the field of environmental protection and environmental management, and compliance with them in practice for economic and social development. ; В современной научной литературе обращается внимание на различные глобальные проблемы. Среди них выделяются не только экологические вопросы, но и запросы по выживанию человечества и сохранения личности. В то же время актуальной задачей сегодня является определение уровня научного обоснования екобезпечного развития с позиции внедрения современных нано- и биотехнологий. Кроме того, необходимо обеспечить переход страны к модели устойчивого развития, основанная на экономической прочности государства, надежности ее воспроизводимой структуры и формировании стабильных внутренних фондов накопления и потребления. Практическая реализация модели устойчивого развития требует активизации инвестиционно-инновационной деятельности. Поэтому Украина, которая сейчас находится в сложных экономических, политических и социальных условиях, придется преодолеть много трудностей на пути перехода от сырьевой и ориентированной к инновационной модели экономики. Также надо учитывать и то, что внедрение концепции устойчивого развития может быть успешным только при условии напряженной работы и консолидации усилий политиков, управленцев, ученых и всего населения государства. ; В сучасній науковій літературі звертається увага на різні глобальні проблеми. Серед них виокремлюються не тільки екологічні питання, але й запити щодо виживання людства і збереження особистості. Водночас найактуальнішим завданням сьогодення є визначення рівня наукового обґрунтування екобезпечного розвитку з позиції впровадження сучасних нано- та біотехнологій. Крім того, необхідно забезпечити перехід країни до моделі сталого розвитку, яка ґрунтується на економічній міцності держави, надійності її відтворюваної структури та формуванні стабільних внутрішніх фондів нагромадження й споживання. Практична реалізація моделі сталого розвитку потребує активізації інвестиційно-інноваційної діяльності. Тому Україні, яка нині перебуває у складних економічних, політичних і соціальних умовах, доведеться подолати багато труднощів на шляху переходу від сировинно-орієнтованої до інноваційної моделі економіки. Також треба враховувати й те, що впровадження концепції сталого розвитку може бути успішним лише за умови напруженої роботи й консолідації зусиль політиків, управлінців, учених та всього населення держави.

Предмет/тема. Целью статьи является систематизированный анализ участия Монголии в региональном интеграционном сотрудничестве. Цели/задачи. Задачи, решаемые в статье, заключаются в выявлении тенденций в развитии российско-монгольского и регионального интеграционного сотрудничества на основе анализа участия Монголии в региональном интеграционном сотрудничестве. В Восточной Азии пересекаются и переплетаются интересы стран, играющих большую роль в современных международных экономических и политических отношениях: активизируют свою деятельность Азиатско-Тихоокеанское экономическое сотрудничество (АТЭС), принимающее на себя «коллективную ответственность» за разработку общих подходов и ориентиров интеграции, Форум АСЕМ, Ассоциация стран Юго-Восточной Азии (АСЕАН), Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС), АПЕК и др. Восточный вектор российской политики включает регион Восточной Азии. Восточная Азия также арена интересов стран Запада, в первую очередь США. Методология. Для решения поставленной задачи в статье используются методы логического исторического исследования, анализа и синтеза. Новизной статьи является выявление тенденций в участии Монголии в региональном интеграционном сотрудничестве. Результаты. Показано, что Монголия является активным участником интеграционных процессов в регионе. Она развивает экономические связи с региональными и субрегиональными финансово-экономическими структурами, с АТЭС и АСЕАН. Монголия всегда ставила приоритетной целью членство в региональных интеграционных структурах, играющих ключевую роль в вопросах обеспечения экономического роста и сотрудничества, поддержки торговых и инвестиционных отношений. Между Монголией и Россией осуществляется тесное сотрудничество в рамках ШОС, в которой Монголия имеет статус наблюдателя. Монголия и Россия констатируют важную роль ШОС в развитии в добрососедских отношений и многопланового партнерства между странами Центральной Азии. Обе страны выражают заинтересованность в активизации в рамках ШОС партнерства в таких приоритетных областях, как энергетическая, транспортная, инфокоммуникационная, сельскохозяйственная, в соответствии с духом «Декларации 5-летия ШОС». Выводы/значимость. Сделан вывод, что Монголия постоянно держит в поле зрения сложную международную обстановку. Так, внимательно отслеживается ситуация противостояния в Украине, причем монгольская сторона целенаправленно придерживается конструктивной позиции, суть которой в том, что эту проблему нужно решать мирно, политическими и дипломатическими методами. Недавно Организация по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (ОБСЕ) и представители России участвовали во встрече противоборствующих сторон Украины, которая состоялась в Минске. В результате переговоров стороны достигли кардинального решения остановить противостояние на востоке Украины. Монгольская сторона всецело поддерживает принятие этого важного решения. ; Importance The objective of the article is to make a systematized analysis of Mongolia's participation in the regional integration cooperation. Objectives The article deals with tasks consisting in identifying the trends of the Russian Mongolian and regional integration cooperation through an analysis of Mongolia's involvement into the regional integration cooperation. East Asia is a place, where interests of the States playing a significant role in the contemporary international economic and political relations coincide and overlap. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) embarks on more active operations in the region and undertakes joint and collective responsibility for developing common approaches to and milestones of the integration process. I also should mention the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Shanghai Cooperation Association (SCO), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), etc. The eastbound vector of the Russian politics embraces the region of East Asia. The area also becomes an arena for interests of the Western countries and USA, in particular. Methods To solve the above objective, the research applies the methods of logic and historical study, analysis and synthesis. As for the novelty, the article identifies the trends of Mongolia's participation in the regional integration cooperation. Results The research indicates that Mongolia is an active participant of the integration processes in the region. Mongolia develops economic ties with regional and sub-regional financial and economic structures, APEC and ASEAN. As its priority goal, Mongolia has always considered its membership in regional integration structures that play a leading role in ensuring an economic growth and cooperation, supporting trade and investment relations. Mongolia and Russia closely cooperate within the SCO, where Mongolia acts as the Observer State. Mongolia and Russia confirm that the SCO is a very important platform for developing good relationships among neighboring countries and versatile partnership of Central Asian States. Both countries are willing to activate, as part of the SCO, partnership in such priority areas as energy, transport, information technologies and communications, agriculture, in accordance with the Declaration on the Fifth Anniversary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Conclusions and Relevance I conclude that Mongolia always monitors the complicated situation and circumstances in the world. It attentively follows the Ukrainian conflict. I should mention that Mongolia deliberately adheres to a constructive point of view meaning that the situation should be resolved peacefully using political and diplomatic methods. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Russian officials have recently taken part in the Minsk meeting of the conflicting parties of Ukraine. As a result of the talks, the parties reached a drastic and critical solution on terminating the conflict in the eastern part of Ukraine. Mongolia entirely supports the solution.

Having only recently arrived in Australia, the new Chilean Ambassador to Australia, HE Mr Fernando Schmidt has expressed a desire to modernise the Embassy and enhance the presence of his mission within Australian. The creation of a new website was identified as a fundamental step in this process. Given that the overriding responsibility of the Embassy of Chile ties in the positive representation of Chile to Australia, it was decided that the website must address current political, economic and social developments within the Republic of Chile. Over the first four years of President Lagos' administration, democratic institutions have been strengthened while relations between the State and the armed forces have normalised. Lagos has confidently led Chile under a social development policy that emphasises equity, the creation of opportunity for all Chilean citizens, particularly the most vulnerable, and redress for the systematic human rights violations of previous administrations. In economic terms , Chile has exhibited considerable stability despite recent adverse international conditions, while GOP has risen 9 .3% since Lagos took office. International integration has also been at the forefront of Lagos' agenda, with successful negotiation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with the European Union, South Korea, and the United States. The communication of such achievements through the webpage, in conjunction with general history, culture , and tourist information , successfully portrays Chile as a modern and fast-developing nation . This concept is central to the Chilean mission in Australia. As an international diplomatic mission, the Embassy has a responsibility to promote the ever changing nature, and considerable potential, of the Chile-Australia bilateral relationship. Interest currently exists in exploring the possibilities of expanding bilateral collaboration in the fields of science and technology, education and defense. In this domain, the website will be used primarily as a means of advertising current developments in regards to bilateral collaboration, such as the recent posting of a defense attache to the Embassy of Chile in Australia, and the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Chilean and Australian Universities. · The bilateral relationship between Chile and Australia is particularly strong in regards to trade and investment. Chile and Australia share considerable economic similarities including market openness and strong agriculture and resource sectors, as well as a strong record of growth. The two pacific nations are strong allies in regional and international economic forums such as APEC and the WTO, and within the multilateral trading system through joint membership to the Cairns Group. Chile looks upon Australia as an ally in the task of opening Asian markets to South America. Likewise, there is potential for Chile to act as a gateway to South American markets for Australia. For these reasons, the current status of, and potential for expansion in, Bilateral Cooperation in Multilateral Forums, Bilateral Trade and Investment were nominated as focus areas for the site. Australia is the 51 h major foreign investor nation in Chile, with a total material investment of US$1917 million and an approved investment of US$6014 million in 2003. Favorable investment opportunities exist in both the energy and mining sectors. It is a specific objective of the mission in Australia to increase the interest of Australian investors in Chile, and more so to create incentives for reciprocal investment. The mission also wishes to create the conditions to diversify Chilean exports and improve the exchange between the two nations. This exchange which reached US$183.5 million in 2003, however, this sum did not represent the true potential of the two nations and their economies. Accordingly, the website identifies key areas of opportunity for future foreign investment and trade, both on an industry and regional basis. Beyond political and economic representation , the Embassy of Chile also has a responsibility to the Chilean community in Australia, a group comprising some 43 000 people. This community has made an interesting contribution to the enrichment of the Australian multicultural society while simultaneously maintaining an appreciation of Chile and Chilean tradition. However, the Ambassador for Chile has identified the absence of a unified representation of the group in Australia. It was thus decided that the webpage would further serve as a means of demonstrating (through personal stories) the Chilean contribution to Australia society while generating a sentiment of pride for the homeland. Thus the webpage promotes the prolonging of cultural ties across the pacific. The overreaching aim of the website is to convey to a large and diversified audience, the current ethos of the Chilean Mission in Australia- that of modernity. For this reason, the webpage currently is, and will continue to be, a work in progress. International relations are not by nature static, nor are the political, economic and social agendas of a given administration . The website for the Embassy of Chile in Australia will progressively map the dynamic bilateral relationship between Chile and Australia, and national development within Chile, in the modern, functional and far-reaching arena of Internet communication.

Gobalisation is continuing to increase the cooperation and interconnectedness of all states' domestic and foreign policy. The Group of 20 (G20) is an institution that has seen both its birth and renewal stem from the aftermath of a crisis, giving it a stable, heroic and dependent mandate for political trust and attention. As a middle power, Australia is always looking for ways to promote its keen multilateral attributes and rising economic status; the G20 gave it the opportunity to do this at a premier, international level. The role that Australia has played and is capability for the future is the focus of this paper. To adequately assess this topic four main elements of the G20 are examined. First, the history of the G20 is considered. A close examination of the purpose behind the creation of the institution is undertaken. This historical context, describing the birth and reformation of the G20 indicates that Australia was fortunate to attain membership from this exclusive group. When the G20 was elevated to the level of premier global economic forum it gave the institution and its members new levels of success and global influence. Second, the motivations behind the protagonist and enthusiastic role of Australia in the reinvigoration of the G20 to its current leader level status are examined. Scrutiny of these motivations highlights the desired international, regional and domestic outcome from Australia's involvement and active participation in the forum. These motivations were condensed into four main themes: the elevation of regional importance and middle power status; invested interest in the agenda; Australia's heavy reliance on trade; and the need to project its power in an internationally significant forum capable of real change. The third and largest area of in-depth research surrounds the actual and potential contributions of Australia to the G20. The actual contributions of Australia mirror aspects of Australia's initial motivations, as well as promoting actual reform and leadership traits. Australia has made numerous meaningful and actual contributions to the G20 though its chairmanship in 2006, domestic stimulus package, working group negotiation skills and the ability to promote effective and legitimate discussions as a middle power. Australia's potential contribution is also extensive and multifaceted. Research indicates that Australia's experience as a resource and agriculture and regulator may extend transnationally in an effort to achieve G2O aspirations. There is also the potential for Australia to exude leadership abilities in the wake of leadership transiency, however this is a potential position that many similarly placed G20 members desire. Within this chapter the involvement of Australia in formal and informal outreach arrangements is examined. As the G20 grows in influence, there is an increasing need to maintain legitimacy through non-member involvement. Australia understands this requirement and has suggested aligning other international agenda and the interests of neighbouring states to the G20 agenda. This is a topic that Australia will need to develop if it wishes to uphold the credibility of the G20 and its decisions. The forth and final area of research pertains to the future position of the G20 as both a 'crisis response' and 'steering committee' for global economic cooperation. The expanding nature of global fora, in addition to the most recent G20 agenda, has demonstrated the political will (both from within and outside the G20) to broaden the agenda of the G20. This final chapter examines the practicality and workability of such expansion. There is a limit to the expansion of the G 20, if it wishes to remain dedicated to concrete action. The agenda must maintain an economic focus and continue to address international issues at a leaders-level to remain a premier forum within the patchwork of global institutions. In-depth examination of the G20's future also dispels the notion of fierce competition between the Group of 7 /8 (G7 / G8) and the G20. Both of these institutions will remain relevant for the international community in the foreseeable future given the unspoken division of labour created between them. In summary, this paper makes the research based assertions that Australia has made a meaningful contribution to the efforts of the G20 to date and has the capacity to continue this level of contribution in the future. Australia will have to increase its formal and informal outreach mechanisms to promote regional cohesion and safeguard the institutions legitimacy. Australia will also need to comprehend the restrictions on the G20's capacity to expand beyond economics. The need to tender issues for their economic value will be of critical importance to the G20 in the future. Furthermore, the relationship between the G7 /8 and the G20 will maintain contrasting international focuses with a healthy level of economic overlap.

Institutions, as mechanisms of social order, often constrain the behavior of individuals within a society. Political institutions constrain the behavior of politicians, financial institutions constrain the behavior of businesses and payment processors and social institutions often constrain the behavior of individuals. These institutions often play an important role in constraining activities that may be seen as illicit or unwanted and careful analysis of these constraints can allow researchers to learn more about activities that are often hidden or go unreported.This dissertation explores the role of institutional constraints on unwanted behavior by studying deforestation in Brazil and Malawi as well as underground activity in fraudulent software sales. These cases share the commonality that they are influenced by institutional constraints. Politicians in Brazil are constrained by reelection incentives, perpetrators of fraudulent antivirus software are constrained by payment processors and the cultural practice of ethnic favoritism in public good provision leads to particular ethnic groups in Malawi receiving much more fertilizer subsidies than others.The first chapter examines deforestation in Brazil. Local political authority (formal or informal) over natural resources may create rents for politicians. The political decision to use or allocate resources involves balancing private rents with reelection prospects. I examine the case of deforestation in Brazil and a presidential decree granting the federal government the authority to punish counties that failed to limit total deforestation within their borders. This collective punishment aimed to generate pressure on local politicians to slow deforestation. Using binding term limits as a source of variation in reelection eligibility, I find eligibility has no effect on deforestation prior to the decree. After the decree, reelection eligible mayors reduced annual deforestation 10% more than mayors ineligible for reelection. These findings are consistent with the equilibrium outcome of a lobbying model. Policies such as sanctions, which target the electorate in order to influence political behavior, may be less effective when politicians are not accountable to voters.The second chapter examines Fake antivirus (AV) programs which have been utilized to defraud millions of computer users into paying as much as one hundred dollars for a phony software license. As a result, fake AV software has evolved into one of the most lucrative criminal operations on the Internet. In this chapter, we examine the operations of three large scale fake AV businesses, lasting from three months to more than two years. More precisely, we present the results of our analysis on a trove of data obtained from several backend servers that the cybercriminals used to drive their scam operations. Our investigations reveal that these three fake AV businesses had earned a combined revenue of more than $130 million dollars. A particular focus of our analysis is on the financial and economic aspects of the scam, which involves legitimate credit card networks as well as more dubious payment processors. In particular, we present an economic model that demonstrates that fake AV companies are actively monitoring the refunds (chargebacks) that customers demand from their credit card providers. When the number of chargebacks increases in a short interval, the fake AV companies react to customer complaints by granting more refunds. This lowers the rate of chargebacks and ensures that a fake AV company can stay in business for a longer period of time. However, this behavior also leads to unusual patterns in chargebacks, which can potentially be leveraged by vigilant payment processors and credit card companies to identify and ban fraudulent firms. This chapter is joint work with Brett Stone-Gross, Richard Kremmerer, Christopher Kruegel, Douglas Steigerwald, and Giovanni Vigna and was published as Stone-Gross et al. (2013).The final chapter returns to deforestation and studies it in the context of agriculture in Malawi. The effect of development policies on the environment is often ambiguous ex ante. Programs designed to improve agricultural productivity may increase deforestation by raising the marginal productivity of agricultural land, thus increasing the demand for land clearing. However, in a setting of subsistence farming on unproductive land, increasing agricultural productivity may reduce the need to shift cultivation to maintain the desired yields. This chapter examines the impact of agricultural subsidies on deforestation in Malawi by leveraging ethnic favoritism in government resource allocation. By exploiting a change in the ethnicity of the Malawi president following the 2004 election, we show that coethnic districts received more fertilizer subsidies and experienced significant declines in deforestation compared to districts with other predominant ethnicities. This paper studies a case in which poverty alleviation programs have beneficial environ- mental impacts demonstrating that, in certain contexts, input subsidies may provide a 'win-win' scenario. This chapter is joint work with Conor Carney.

10 páginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 3 tablas.-- 29 referencias ; [EN]: During the last two decades there have been several herbicide pollution episodes of both surface and groundwater in areas where olive groves are established. These episodes always coincided with rainy periods. Understanding the evolution of herbicides in this type of plantation depending on the season of application is critical, especially when conventional tillage is used. Field monitoring of terbuthylazine in the first 2 cm of soil and in runoff water and sediment yield was carried out after winter and spring soil applications. Soil disappearance of terbuthylazine was associated with the first important rainfall event in both seasons (41 mm in spring and 30 mm in winter). At the end of the experiment (85 days and 103 mm rain in spring, and 107 days and 148 mm in winter), no terbuthylazine soil residues were found in winter, whereas 15% of terbuthylazine applied remained in spring. A higher percentage of the applied terbuthylazine in runoff water was recovered in winter (0.53%) than in spring (0.16%). However, no differences in terbuthylazine residues in sediment yields were observed (0.45% in spring and 0.46% winter). These data suggest that the dissipation of terbuthylazine from soil is related not only to the runoff process but also to other processes like leaching, which are more relevant at the end of the winter season. © 2015, Universia. All rights reserved. ; [ES]: Durante las últimas dos décadas se han producido episodios de contaminación, tanto de aguas superficiales como subterráneas, por herbicidas usados en el olivar, coincidiendo con periodos de lluvia. De ahí la necesidad de conocer la evolución de algunos herbicidas en este tipo de cultivo dependiendo de su época de aplicación y, especialmente, cuando el sistema de laboreo usado es el laboreo tradicional. Se ha llevado a cabo un monitoreo del herbicida terbutilazina, tanto en los dos primeros centímetros de suelo como en las escorrentías y sedimentos producidos tras diferentes eventos de lluvia. La desaparición de terbutilazina del suelo está claramente asociada a los primeros eventos de lluvia importantes en ambas estaciones (41 mm en primavera y 30 mm en invierno). Al final del experimento (85 días y 103 mm en primavera, y 107 días y 148 mm en invierno) se recuperó el 15% de la terbutilazina aplicada en el suelo en primavera, mientras que en invierno no se encontraron residuos. Los porcentajes de terbutilazina recuperadas en escorrentía fueron también mayores en la campaña invernal (0,55%) que en la de primavera (0,17%), mientras que no se detectaron diferencias en las cantidades de terbutilazina recuperadas en los sedimentos entre ambas estaciones (0,45% y 0,46% en primavera e invierno, respectivamente). Estos datos ponen de manifiesto que la desaparición de terbutilazina no sólo va a estar ligada a procesos de escorrentía sino también a procesos de lixiviación, más relevantes al final del periodo inverna ; [PO]: Nas últimas décadas foram detetados alguns episódios de poluição com herbicidas em águas superficiais e subterrâneas, em áreas onde existem olivais coincidindo esses episódios com períodos de chuvadas. Por esta razão, é necessário conhecer a evolução de alguns herbicidas nos olivais em função da sua aplicação sazonal. Isto é particularmente importante quando se usa a lavoura convencional. Para esse efeito, procedeu-se à monitorização do herbicida terbutilazina nos primeiros centímetros de solo, nas águas de escorrência e nos sedimentos produzidos após a ocorrência de várias chuvadas. O desaparecimento da terbutilazina do solo está associada à primeira precipitação em ambas as estações (41 mm na primavera e 30 mm no inverno). Até ao fim do ensaio de inverno, não foram recuperados do solo resíduos de terbutilazina, no entanto cerca de 15% da terbutilazina aplicada na primavera foi recuperada no fim do ensaio. No ensaio de escorrência a terbutilazina aplicada foi recuperada em maior percentagem no inverno (0,55%) do que na primavera (0,17%). No entanto, não ocorreram diferenças nas quantidades de terbutilazina nos sedimentos durante as duas estações. Isto está de acordo com os valores de escorrência e de sedimentos acumulados nos tanques em ambas as estações do ano. Estes dados mostram que o desaparecimento da terbutilazina do solo está relacionada essencialmente com o processo de lixiviação mais relevante no fim do período invernal e em menor extensão com a escorrência. ; The financial and partial support through the Proyects P11-AGR-7400) and AGR-264 (both by Junta de Andalucia, PAIDI) and Recupera 2020 (Hito 2.2.2.) and P08-AGR-03925 (by the National Government), all of them cofinanced by FEDER funds (PO 2007-13) and RESEL (Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment) are gratefully acknowledged ; Peer reviewed

The aim of this paper is to analyze the phenomenon of generating employment through macroeconomic variables (private consumption, government spending, investment and exports) in the employment sector of the economy of Honduras, during the period 2001-2011. Where once characterized the labor sector this article will focus on to dramatize the effect they would have on employment levels of major economic policy measures using theories of modern economics, specifically classic Keynesian models and models that are used for its value and empirical approach to the behavior of the economy of Honduras.The analysis of this information was made through the relationship of macroeconomic variables of aggregate investment, demand and employment generation in the formal sector of the Honduran economy, where we intend to link the labor market using the number and different breakdowns of the total of employed persons, relating to public and private consumption to labor economic problems visible and invisible underemployment, open unemployment. The correlation of variables is a process focused on to compare the effects of major public policy measures in the framework of policy approaches of the leading candidates for office in the election campaigns. The focus of this analysis will focus on possible scenarios to project and effects on employment levels.The results of this research show significant phenomena especially the marginal propensity to consume of Hondurans presenting a high level of resources for consumption and low savings, implying that consumption is the most powerful engine of growth GDP and use of workforce coming from the sectors producing goods and services for final consumption being these agriculture and trade. The recommendations are intended has shown these findings and public policy challenges in the current political context of 2012 and 2013.The function of this research is to provide an early approximation of a technical and broad debate on the effectiveness of public policies on employment, as a tool for decision -making to guide both the private sector as the primary entity in the creation of jobs and the public sector creates opportunities and supportive climates for being competitive and decent jobs for the economically active population.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, December 2014: 111-128 ; El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el fenómeno de la generación de empleo a través de las variables macroeconómicas (consumo privado, gasto público, inversión y exportaciones) en el sector laboral de la economía de Honduras, durante el periodo 2001-2011. Una vez caracterizado el sector laboral, el análisis se centrará en poder escenificar el efecto que tendrían en los niveles de empleo las principales medidas económicas de política pública, utilizando teorías de la economía moderna, específicamente modelos keynesianos y clásicos que se usan por su relación y acercamiento al comportamiento empírico de la economía de Honduras.METODOLOGÍA El análisis de esta información se efectuó a través de la relación de las variables macroeconómicas de demanda agregada e inversión que generan empleo en el sector formal de la economía hondureña, en donde se pretende relacionar el mercado laboral utilizando el número y las distintas desagregaciones del total de personas ocupadas, relacionándolo con el consumo público y privado con los problemas económicos laborales del subempleo visible e invisible, el desempleo abierto. El proceso de correlación de las variables está centrado en poder comparar los efectos de las principales medidas de las políticas públicas en el marco de los planteamientos políticos de los principales candidatos a cargos públicos en las campañas electorales. El énfasis de este análisis estará centrado en poder proyectar posibles escenarios y efectos en los niveles de empleo.Los resultados obtenidos de la presente investigación arrojan importantes fenómenos, en especial la propensión marginal a consumir de los hondureños, presentando un nivel alto de recurso destinado al consumo y el bajo nivel de ahorro, denotando que el consumo es el motor de mayor potencia en el crecimiento del PIB y la utilización de fuerza laboral que provienen de los sectores productores de bienes y servicios de consumo final, siendo estos el sector agropecuario y el comercio. Las recomendaciones están orientadas a estos hallazgos y muestran los retos de las políticas públicas en el marco político actual del año 2012 y 2013. La función de esta investigación es poder proveer el comienzo de una aproximación para un debate técnico y amplio sobre la efectividad de las políticas públicas en materia de empleo, como una herramienta para la toma de decisiones que orienten tanto al sector privado como ente primario en la creación de puestos de trabajo, como para el sector público como ente creador de oportunidades y climas propicios para un empleo competitivo y digno para la población económicamente activa.Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, N° 15, diciembre 2014: 111-128

Стаття присвячена проблемі структурування економічних відносин та функціонування законодавчої системи відповідно до диференціації на систематизаційні елементи, що включає в себе її інструментальну частину, а саме: предметний, галузевий, інституційний рівень; а також функціональну частину – механізм ринкової організації економічного життя як такого та його внутрішньої класифікації. Проаналізовано вихідні юридичні положення кожної систематизаційної законодавчої системи як комплексу джерел права щодо специфіки регулю- вання економічних відносин. Шляхом системного аналізу встановлено, що кожен галузевий біз- нес-комплекс окремо є єдиним законодавчим механізмом зі своєю специфічною класифікацією економічних відносин відповідно до певної галузі. ; Статья посвящена проблеме структурирования экономических отношений и функционирования законодательной системы в соответствии с дифференциацией на систематизационные элементы, включает в себя ее инструментальную часть, а именно: предметный, отраслевой, институциональный уровень; а также функциональную часть – механизм рыночной организации экономической жизни как таковой и его внутренней классификации. Проанализированы выходные юридические положения отдельно каждой систематизационной законодательной системы как комплекса источников права о специфике регулирования экономических отношений. Путем системного анализа установлено, что каждый отдельный отраслевой бизнес-комплекс является единственным законодательным механизмом со своей специфической классификацией экономических отношений в соответствии с данной отраслью ; Problem setting. Dynamics of structural changes in the real economy is a basic factor in the dynamics of structural change in the subject of economic law and primarily - law. Hence, the structural development of the Ukrainian economy, including its manufacturing sector requires a thorough analysis in the context of the structural balance of proportions and involvement of the legislative regulation of mechanisms for sustainable development, the opposition of destabilizing external negative influences, increased competitive industrial complex in the world market. Recent research and publications analysis. An important achievement in the analysis of the nature of economic relations, the need for legal support for the implementation of these relations and the role system, globalization and integration processes on sources of economic law did Russian scientists, namely V. Bezbakh, M. Kuznetsov, M. Masevich, V. Ulyanischev more. Regarding the analysis of research on the territory of Ukraine is involved in this issues outstanding scientists, business executives such as: V. Mamutov, O. Vinnyk, D. Zadyhaylo, G. Znamenskii. Also involved in the analysis of science P. Skrypnyck, V. Volodya and more. But these scientists have not paid sufficient attention is systemic view on forming nature of economic relations and developing strategies to ensure the formation of modern legal relations of the economic system according to the specific nature of the system is economic relations. Paper objective. The article is an analysis on the contents system elements of economic relations and legislative activity in each segment in the field of economic law and different approaches to regulation at both the national economy and in the globalization context. Paper main body. The scope of management, which are purely market mechanisms combined with the requirement of social direction of the economy requires structural analysis and installation of the latest legal regulation of economic relations that can ensure a harmonized development of the national economy and regulate private and public interests. Thus, the structuring of the national economy based on major theoretical and methodological principles of economics, namely the sectoral structure theory, initiated K. Clark [14], which interpreted the division into three sectors - primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), tertiary (Service Industries); and later in the dynamic evolutionary changes in the economy has five or more sectors. Indeed, the structure of the national economy, which reflects the macroeconomic proportions in economic development, and evolve dynamically modified. Second, Ukraine has made replacing one system to another, and from some in some structural subdivisions and destroyed at the national level closed-loop manufacturing system - development or mining, processing or manufacturing, to final product; and, consequently, traffic from one technological way to another, and with it the movement of national economic system to a postindustrial society. Consequently, there are a number of problems related to the structuring of the economy and legislative support to its legal function. Thus, the dynamic structural changes in the real economy is a basic factor in the dynamics of structural change in the subject of economic law and primarily – law. Hence, the current structural development of the Ukrainian economy, including its manufacturing sector requires a thorough analysis in the context of the structural balance of proportions and involvement of the legislative regulation of mechanisms for sustainable development, the opposition of destabilizing external negative influences, increased competitive industrial complex in the world market. Conclusions. Problems structuring of the economy, the formation of a market economy and the movement towards a post-industrial society in Ukraine should develop a strategy for the development, special prudent economic concept in law given theoretical and practical achievements that have passed the test of time, history and experience. Ignoring basic principles and laws of structuring national economy leads to deep structural deformities that hinder economic development and causing considerable social losses. In summary, it should be emphasized that the dynamics of structural changes in the real economy is a factor in structural changes in the subject of business law and legislation.

In the last decade, the number and dimensions of catastrophic flooding events in the Niger River Basin (NRB) have markedly increased. Despite the devastating impact of the floods on the population and the mainly agriculturally based economy of the riverine nations, awareness of the hazards in policy and science is still low. The urgency of this topic and the existing research deficits are the motivation for the present dissertation. The thesis is an initial detailed assessment of the increasing flood risk in the NRB. The research strategy is based on four questions regarding (1) features of the change in flood risk, (2) reasons for the change in the flood regime, (3) expected changes of the flood regime given climate and land use changes, and (4) recommendations from previous analysis for reducing the flood risk in the NRB. The question examining the features of change in the flood regime is answered by means of statistical analysis. Trend, correlation, changepoint, and variance analyses show that, in addition to the factors exposure and vulnerability, the hazard itself has also increased significantly in the NRB, in accordance with the decadal climate pattern of West Africa. The northern arid and semi-arid parts of the NRB are those most affected by the changes. As potential reasons for the increase in flood magnitudes, climate and land use changes are attributed by means of a hypothesis-testing framework. Two different approaches, based on either data analysis or simulation, lead to similar results, showing that the influence of climatic changes is generally larger compared to that of land use changes. Only in the dry areas of the NRB is the influence of land use changes comparable to that of climatic alterations. Future changes of the flood regime are evaluated using modelling results. First ensembles of statistically and dynamically downscaled climate models based on different emission scenarios are analyzed. The models agree with a distinct increase in temperature. The precipitation signal, however, is not coherent. The climate scenarios are used to drive an eco-hydrological model. The influence of climatic changes on the flood regime is uncertain due to the unclear precipitation signal. Still, in general, higher flood peaks are expected. In a next step, effects of land use changes are integrated into the model. Different scenarios show that regreening might help to reduce flood peaks. In contrast, an expansion of agriculture might enhance the flood peaks in the NRB. Similarly to the analysis of observed changes in the flood regime, the impacts of climate- and land use changes for the future scenarios are also most severe in the dry areas of the NRB. In order to answer the final research question, the results of the above analysis are integrated into a range of recommendations for science and policy on how to reduce flood risk in the NRB. The main recommendations include a stronger consideration of the enormous natural climate variability in the NRB and a focus on so called "no-regret" adaptation strategies which account for high uncertainty, as well as a stronger consideration of regional differences. Regarding the prevention and mitigation of catastrophic flooding, the most vulnerable and sensitive areas in the basin, the arid and semi-arid Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian regions, should be prioritized. Eventually, an active, science-based and science-guided flood policy is recommended. The enormous population growth in the NRB in connection with the expected deterioration of environmental and climatic conditions is likely to enhance the region´s vulnerability to flooding. A smart and sustainable flood policy can help mitigate these negative impacts of flooding on the development of riverine societies in West Africa. ; Während des vergangenen Jahrzehnts nahmen die Anzahl und die Ausmaße von katastrophalen Hochwassern im Einzugsgebiet des Nigerflussess (NEZG) deutlich zu. Trotz der verheerenden Auswirkungen der Hochwasserkatastrophen auf die Menschen und die hauptsächlich auf Landwirtschaft basierende Wirtschaft der Anrainerstaaten wird das Thema von Politik und Wissenschaft noch kaum beachtet. Die vorliegende Dissertation ist die erste ausführliche Analyse des steigenden Hochwasserrisikos im NEZG. Die Forschungsstrategie basiert auf vier Fragen nach (1) der Art der Veränderungen des Hochwasserrisikos, (2) den Ursachen der Veränderungen im Hochwasserregime, (3) den zukünftigen Entwicklungen im Hochwasserregime hinsichtlich der erwartenden Klima- und Landnutzungswandel und (4) den aus den Untersuchungen abgeleiteten Empfehlungen zur Reduzierung des Hochwasserrisikos im NEZG. Die Frage nach den Merkmalen der Veränderungen im Hochwasserrisiko wurde mithilfe von statistischen Untersuchungen beantwortet. Die Analysen zeigen, dass neben den Risikofaktoren Exponiertheit und Verwundbarkeit auch die Hochwasserstände selbst im NEZG in den letzten Jahrzehnten signifikant und entsprechend der typischen dekadischen Klimamuster Westafrikas angestiegen sind. Als potentielle Ursachen des Hochwasseranstiegs werden Klima- und Landnutzungswandel untersucht. Zwei verschiedene Ansätze, basierend auf Daten sowie auf Simulationen, führen zu ähnlichen Ergebnissen und zeigen, dass der Einfluss der Klimaveränderungen im Allgemeinen größer als der des Landnutzungswandels ist. Das zukünftige Hochwasserrisiko wird anhand des öko-hydrologisches Modells SWIM abgeschätzt. Der Einfluss des Klimawandels auf das Hochwasserregime ist auf Grund des problematischen Niederschlagssignals unsicher. Tendenziell werden aber höhere Maximalabflüsse erwartet. Der Effekt der Landnutzungsänderung beeinflusst das Hochwasserverhalten ebenfalls stark, besonders in den trockenen Gebieten. Verschiedene Szenarien zeigen, dass Renaturierung hülfe, Hochwasserspitzen zu kappen. Eine Ausweitung der Agrarflächen dagegen würde die Hochwässer im NEZG weiter verstärken Zentrale Empfehlungen sind eine stärkere Einbeziehung der enorm starken natürlichen Klimavariabilität im NEZG und eine Fokussierung auf sogenannte "no-regret" Anpassungsstrategien. Dabei sollte den verwundbarsten Regionen des Einzugsgebiets, den ariden und semi-ariden Regionen, Priorität eingeräumt werden. Die enorme Bevölkerungszunahme im NEZG verbunden mit der zu erwartenden Verschlechterung der Umwelt- und Klimabedingungen wird mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch die Verwundbarkeit bezüglich Hochwässer weiter ansteigen lassen. Eine vernünftige und nachhaltige Hochwasserpolitik kann helfen, die negativen Folgen auf die Entwicklung der Anrainerstaaten des Nigerflusses abzumindern.

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo, proponer un modelo estratégico para viabilizar el desarrollo de proyectos de generación de electricidad, con el aprovechamiento de las ERNC en zonas rurales con población en situación de pobreza, que permita potenciar su desarrollo de manera sostenible. El estudio utiliza una metodología que se basa en la técnicas de construcción de escenarios por impactos cruzados, donde se aplica la prospectiva estratégica, así también, el diseño no experimental, en las cuales no hay manipulación de variables. Las etapas para la construcción de escenarios se basan, primero en el análisis y determinación de las variables claves (método MICMAC), luego se identifican los actores, sus relaciones y retos mediante la estrategia de actores (método MACTOR). Con los resultados anteriores y las opiniones de los expertos, se validan las hipótesis mediante el método de impactos cruzados (método SMIC). Finalmente se generan 64 posibles escenarios de la combinatoria de las 6 hipótesis, para luego seleccionar 9 de ellos, entre los cuales figura un escenario con una alta probabilidad de 27% y otros escenarios contrastados, los cuales son analizados buscando la concordancia de los hechos factibles y proponiendo caminos que conduzcan al objetivo del estudio. El modelo propone la participación del sector privado para el desarrollo de los proyectos energéticos, considerando el subsidio temporal por parte de los gobiernos, especialmente el central; un marco normativo que fomente la participación de los inversionistas; un sistema financiero que apoye al sector privado y la participación activa de universidades, fabricantes y proveedores. Para que los proyectos energéticos sean sostenibles, deberán tener la concesión otorgada por el MEM, cumpliendo aspectos relacionados al sector eléctrico y cumplir con el requisito que, en aquellas zonas donde se implemente los proyectos energéticos, el uso de la electricidad genere valor para su uso productivo. Se propone la creación de una Oficina de Coordinación de Proyectos Energéticos de uso Productivo, creado dentro del Ministerio de Desarrollo e Inclusión Social - MIDIS, cuyo objetivo es coordinar con el Ministerio de Energía y Minas, las zonas donde se concesionen los proyectos energéticos, considerando el uso de las energías renovables para generar electricidad, el impacto social de la población y las actividades productivas que generen rentabilidad de manera sostenible. Coordinan también con dicha oficina, el Ministerio de la Producción y el Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego, quienes deberán organizar a la población a la creación de PYMES para empresas productoras, distribuidoras y de comercialización en las diferentes actividades productivas. ; The actually research has for goal to propose a strategic model for developing viable electricity generation projects with use of Non-Conventional Renewable Energy, focused in poverty population located in rural place to enable enhance sustainable development. The study uses a methodology based on Cross Impact Matrices and Systems, which applies strategic prospective, as well, non-experimental design in which there isn´t manipulation of variables. The steps for building scenarios are based, first analysis and determination of key variables (MIC MAC method), then its actors are identify, also relations and strategic challenges (MACTOR method). With before results and experts opinion, hypotheses are validated through cross impact (SMIC method). Finally 64 possible scenarios combinatory are generated of 6 hypotheses, then select 9 of them, which exist a scenario with a high probability of 27% and other contrasting scenarios, which are analyzed seeking the agreement of facts feasible and proposing ways to reach the goal of the study. The model proposal is through to privacy sector participation in energy project development, considering the temporary subsidy of the government, especially the central; a regulatory framework that encourages the investors participation; a financial system that supports the private sector and the active participation of universities, manufacturers and suppliers. For energy projects will be implemented, they must have the concession granted by Energy and Mine Ministry, fulfilling aspects related to electricity sector and where energy projects are implemented, these should be add value to productive use for the population. The research propose the creation of the Coordination Energy Office in Projects for Productive Use, like part of the Development and Social Inclusion Ministry, which should be coordinate with Energy and Mines Ministry, the areas where energy projects are concessioned considering the use of renewable energy to generate electricity, social impact of population and productive activities that generate sustainable profitability of the population. Also coordinate with this office, others Ministries such as Production and Agriculture and Irrigation to organize to population the creation of small companies for production, distribution and marketing of product. Keywords: Renewable Energy No Conventional - ERNC,  Cross Impact Matrices and Systems - SMIC, Productive Activities. ; Tesis

По данным ФАО, в общемировом объёме пищевой рыбы на долю выращиваемых биообъектов приходится почти половина. Интенсивное развитие аквакультуры в мире началось с 50-ых гг. XX в. Ежегодно наблюдается стабильный рост объёмов рыбоводной продукции. Если по объёмам промысловой добычи рыбы Россия входит в десятку ведущих стран мира, в последние годы вылавливается свыше 3,5 млн т, то по производству продукции аквакультуры Россия стоит на 78-м месте. Важнейшими государственными документами, которыми руководствовались рыбоводы страны, являются продовольственная доктрина РФ, Государственная программа развития сельского хозяйства на период до 2012 года и Стратегия развития аквакультуры в РФ на период до 2020 года. Согласно этой стратегии к 2015 году в стране должно быть выращено до 500 тыс. т рыбы, в том числе прудовое рыбоводство должно дать 215 тыс. т, индустриальное рыбоводство 55 тыс. т, пастбищное 60 тыс. т и марикультуры 80 тыс. т. 15 апреля 2014 года выходит постановление Правительства № 314. В постановлении обращено внимание на необходимость развития товарного рыбоводства, в частности, на 2014-2020 годы предусмотрена господдержка субъектов аквакультуры по направлениям: субсидирование процентных ставок краткосрочных и долгосрочных кредитов, субсидирование расходов на уплату лизинговых платежей, развитие системы страхования и стимулирование НИОКР в области аквакультуры по направлениям: совершенствование технологий, осуществление селекционно-племенной деятельности, корма и кормление рыб, борьба с заболеваниями, создание высокоэффективных установок замкнутого водоснабжения, транспортировка гидробионтов, комплексная переработка рыб, произведённых в аквакультуре. В основных мероприятиях «Развитие системы государственной поддержки субъектов аквакультуры» оказывается, что соответствующие постановления правительства по реализации указанных задач планируется принять лишь в 2016 году, хотя вся программа рассчитана на 2014-2020 годы. В разделе «Ресурсное обеспечение (объёмы бюджетных ассигнований) по пунктам, касающимся товарной аквакультуры, финансирование не предусмотрено. Всё это свидетельствуют, что согласно Государственной программе РФ «Развитие рыбохозяйственного комплекса» до 2020 года мы будет усиленно эксплуатировать природные рыбные ресурсы и, не вкладываясь в аквакультуру, в значительной степени отставать от передовых стран мира, не поставлять на стол отечественного потребителя рыбоводную продукцию высокого качества по доступным ценам. ; According to FAO, in the universal volume of food fish nearly a half falls to the share of the grown-up bioobjects. Intensive development of an aquaculture in the world began from 50 years of the last century. Stable growth of volumes of fish-breeding production is annually observed. On this background it is interesting to consider a question of a state and prospects of development of an aquaculture in Russia. If on volumes of trade production of fish Russia is included into ten the leading countries of the world, over 3,5 million tons are caught in recent years, on production of an aquaculture Russia costs on the 78th place. Why Russia, having big natural water resources, personnel potential for development of an aquaculture, so poorly realizes it? The major state documents by which fish breeders of the country were guided, the food doctrine of the Russian Federation, the State program of development of agriculture for the period till 2012 and Strategy of development of an aquaculture in the Russian Federation for the period till 2020 are. According to this strategy by 2015 in the country it has to be grown up to 500 thousand tons of fish, including the pond fish breeding has to give 215 thousand tons, industrial fish breeding 55 thousand tons, pasturable 60 thousand tons and marikultura 80 thousand tons. On April 15, 2014 there is a government resolution № 314. In the resolution the attention to need of development of commodity fish breeding is paid, in particular, for 2014-2020 state support of subjects of an aquaculture in the directions is provided: subsidizing of interest rates of the short-term and long-term credits, subsidizing of expenses on payment of leasing payments, development of system of insurance and stimulation of research and development in the field of an aquaculture in the directions: improvement of technologies, implementation of selection and breeding activity, a forage and feeding of fishes, fight against diseases, creation of highly effective installations of the closed water supply, transportation of gidro-bionts, complex processing of the fishes made in an aquaculture. In the main actions «Development of system of the state support of subjects of an aquaculture» appears that the relevant government resolutions on realization of the specified tasks is planned to adopt only in 2016 though all program is calculated on 2014-2020. In the section «Resource providing (volumes of budgetary appropriations) on points concerning a commodity aquaculture, financing isn't provided. All this testify that according to the State program of the Russian Federation «Development of a fishery complex» till 2020 we will operate strenuously natural fish resources and, without being put in an aquaculture, in considerable degree to lag behind the advanced countries of the world, not to deliver on a table of the domestic consumer quality fish-breeding production for reasonable prices.

The purpose of the article is the exposure of modern tendencies, problems and ways of activation of foreign investment attracting to economic regions. Financing of scientific and technical and innovative activity in Ukraine is founded on legislative and normative legal base of a country. Aspiring of Ukraine for integration in a world economy presupposes reformation of all of spheres of national economy. The decline of perspective industry of agriculture do not only restrain the development of other sectors of the agrarian and food systems of Ukraine but also remains one of the spheres of the most considerable placing of the limited economic resources and their investment. Estimating domestic investment climate according to international standards and such criteria, as political and social stability, dynamism of the economic growth, degree of liberalization of external economic environment, developed industrial infrastructure, banking system and system of telecommunications, market of relatively inexpensive and skilled labour force, it is possible to observe the lagging of Ukraine from the majority of the countries of the world practically according to all of these parameters. In this connection a government undertakes important measures, directed on the improvement of the investment conditions for domestic and foreign investors. Among them are privileges of taxation of income of commercial organizations with foreign investments; exemption from value added tax and a special tax on the imported technological equipment and replacement components to it, and also providing preferential credits in foreign currency, obtained from foreign banks and credit institutions. The article presents general description of investment possibilities of the Kherson region. In modern conditions the choice of effective investment options becomes more and more vital. Importance of exposure of regional priorities is conditioned by the absolute necessity of concentration of the limited investment resources on the most daunting problems of development, or on the directions being able to provide the competitive advantages of the regional economy ; Целью статьи является выявление современных тенденций, проблем и путей активизации привлечения иностранных инвестиций в экономические регионы. Финансирование научно-технической и инновационной деятельности в Украине базируется на действующем в стране законодательном и нормативно-правовом обеспечении. Стремление Украины к интеграции в мировое хозяйство предусматривает реформирование всех сфер народного хозяйства. Упадок перспективной отрасли сельского хозяйства не только сдерживает развитие других секторов аграрно-продовольственной системы Украины, но и остается одной из сфер наибольшего размещения и вложения ограниченных хозяйственных ресурсов. Оценивая отечественный инвестиционный климат по международным стандартам и таким критериям, как политическая и социальная стабильность, динамизм экономического роста, степень либерализации внешнеэкономической сферы, наличие развитой промышленной инфраструктуры, банковской системы и системы телекоммуникаций, наличие рынка относительно дешевой квалифицированной рабочей силы, отмечается отставание Украины от большинства стран мира практически по всем этим параметрам. В связи с этим правительство предпринимает важные меры, направленные на улучшение условий инвестирования для отечественных и иностранных инвесторов. В их числе - льготы при налогообложении прибыли коммерческих организаций с иностранными инвестициями; освобождение от налога на добавленную стоимость и специального налога на импортируемое технологическое оборудование и запасные части к нему, а также предоставление льготных кредитов в иностранной валюте, полученных от иностранных банков и кредитных учреждений. В статье представлена общая характеристика инвестиционных возможностей Херсонской области. В современных условиях все большую актуальность приобретает выбор направлений эффективного вложения средств. Важность выявления региональных приоритетов обусловлена крайней необходимостью концентрации ограниченных инвестиционных ресурсов на наиболее острых проблемах развития или направлениях, способных обеспечить конкурентные преимущества региональной экономики. ; Метою статті є виявлення сучасних тенденцій, проблем і шляхів активізації залучення іноземних інвестицій в економічні регіони. Фінансування науково-технічної і інноваційної діяльності в Україні базується на тому, що діє в країні законодавчому і нормативно-правовому забезпеченні. Прагнення України до інтеграції в світове господарство передбачає реформування всіх сфер народного господарства. Занепад перспективної галузі сільського господарства не тільки стримує розвиток інших секторів аграрно-продовольчої системи України, але і залишається одній з сфер найбільшого розміщення і вкладення обмежених господарських ресурсів. Оцінюючи вітчизняний інвестиційний клімат по міжнародних стандартах і таких критеріях, як політична і соціальна стабільність, динамізм економічного зростання, ступінь лібералізації зовнішньоекономічної сфери, наявність розвиненої промислової інфраструктури, банківської системи і системи телекомунікацій, наявність ринку щодо дешевої кваліфікованої робочої сили, наголошується відставання України від більшості країн світу практично по всіх цих параметрах. У зв'язку з цим уряд робить важливі заходи, направлені на поліпшення умов інвестування для вітчизняних і іноземних інвесторів. У їх числі - пільги при оподаткуванні прибутку комерційних організацій з іноземними інвестиціями; звільнення від податку на додану вартість і спеціального податку на технологічне устаткування, що імпортується, і запасні частини до нього, а також надання пільгових кредитів в іноземній валюті, отриманих від іноземних банків і кредитних установ. У статті представлена загальна характеристика інвестиційних можливостей Херсонської області. У сучасних умовах все великої актуальності набуває вибір напрямів ефективного вкладення засобів. Важливість виявлення регіональних пріоритетів обумовлена крайньою необхідністю концентрації обмежених інвестиційних ресурсів на найбільш гострих проблемах розвитку або напрямах, здатних забезпечити конкурентні переваги регіональної економіки

A boa nutrição é o sustentáculo do bem-estar humano. Boa nutrição antes do nascimento e ao longo da infância permite que o cérebro funcione e evolua sem problemas e que os sistemas imunológicos se desenvolvam com mais vigor. Para as crianças pequenas, um nível de boa nutrição afasta a morte e prepara o corpo para crescer e desenvolver todo o seu potencial. No decorrer da vida humana, a boa nutrição leva a melhor aproveitamento escolar, mães mais bem alimentadas que dão à luz crianças mais bem nutridas, e adultos que tem maior probabilidade de serem produtivos e receber salários melhores. Durante a meia-idade, a boa nutrição origina metabolismos melhor preparados para proteger contra doenças associadas a mudanças na dieta e atividade física. Sem uma boa nutrição as vidas e meios de vida das pessoas são como que construídos em areia movediça. ; Supplementary Online Materials ix Acknowledgments x Abbreviations xii Executive summary xiii Chapter 1 ntroduction 2 Chapter 2 Nutrition Is Central to Sustainable Development 7 Chapter 3 Progress toward the World Health Assembly Nutrition Targets Is Too Slow1 5 Chapter 4 The Coexistence of Different Forms of Malnutrition Is the "New Normal" 22 Chapter 5 The Coverage of Nutrition-Specific Interventions Needs to Improve 29 Chapter 6 Interventions Addressing the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Status Are Important, but They Need to Be More Nutrition sensitive 38 Chapter 7 The Enabling Environment Is Improving, but Not Quickly Enough 47 Chapter 8 The Need to Strengthen Accountability in Nutrition 56 Chapter 9 What Are the Priorities for Investment in Improved Nutrition Data? 67 Chapter 10 Key Messages and Recommendations 71 Appendix 1 The Nutrition Country Profile: A Tool for Action 75 Appendix 2 Which Countries Are on Course to Meet Several WHA Targets? 77 Appendix 3 Which Countries Are on Course for Which WHA Targets? 79 Appendix 4 Donor Spending on Nutrition-Specific and Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions and Programs 84 Appendix 5 How Accountable Is the Global Nutrition Report? 86 Appendix 6 Availability of Data for Nutrition Country Profile Indicators 88 Notes 91 References 95 PANELS Panel 11 Types of Nutrition Investment, Lawrence Haddad 4 Panel 21 Nutrition and the Sustainable Development Goals—No Room for Complacency, Michael Anderson 11 Panel 22 Some New Data from India: What If?, Lawrence Haddad, Komal Bhatia, and Kamilla Eriksen 12 Panel 23 How Did Maharashtra Cut Child Stunting?, Lawrence Haddad 13 Panel 24 Can Improving the Underlying Determinants of Nutrition Help Meet the WHA Targets?, Lisa Smith and Lawrence Haddad 14 Panel 41 Malnutrition in the United States and United Kingdom, Jessica Fanzo 25 Panel 42 Regional Drivers of Malnutrition in Indonesia, Endang Achadi with acknowledgment to Sudarno Sumarto and Taufik Hidayat 26 Panel 43 Compiling District-Level Nutrition Data in India, Purnima Menon and Shruthi Cyriac 27 Panel 44 Targeting Minority Groups at Risk in the United States, Jennifer Requejo and Joel Gittelsohn 28 Panel 51 Measuring Coverage of Programs to Treat Severe Acute Malnutrition, Jose Luis Alvarez 37 Panel 61 Trends in Dietary Quality among Adults in the United States, Daniel Wang and Walter Willett 41 Panel 62 How Did Bangladesh Reduce Stunting So Rapidly?, Derek Headey 43 Panel 63 Using an Agricultural Platform in Burkina Faso to Improve Nutrition during the First 1,000 Days, Deanna Kelly Olney, Andrew Dillon, Abdoulaye Pedehombga, Marcellin Ouédraogo, and Marie Ruel 45 Panel 71 Is There a Better Way to Track Nutrition Spending? 48 Panel 72 Tracking Financial Allocations to Nutrition: Guatemala's Experience, Jesús Bulux, Otto Velasquez, Cecibel Juárez, Carla Guillén, and Fernando Arriola 49 Panel 73 A Tool for Assessing Government Progress on Creating Healthy Food Environments, Boyd Swinburn 51 Panel 74 Engaging Food and Beverage Companies through the Access to Nutrition Index, Inge Kauer 52 Panel 75 How Brazil Cut Child Stunting and Improved Breastfeeding Practices, Jennifer Requejo 54 Panel 81 Scaling Up Nutrition through Business, Jonathan Tench 61 Panel 82 How Civil Society Organizations Build Commitment to Nutrition, Claire Blanchard 62 Panel 83 Building Civil Society's Capacity to Push for Policies on Obesity and Noncommunicable Diseases, Corinna Hawkes 63 Panel 84 Can Community Monitoring Enhance Accountability for Nutrition?, Nick Nisbett and Dolf te Lintelo 64 Panel 85 National Evaluation Platforms: Potential for Nutrition, Jennifer Bryce and colleagues 65 Panel 86 The State of African Nutrition Data for Accountability and Learning, Carl Lachat, Joyce Kinabo, Eunice Nago, Annamarie Kruger, and Patrick Kolsteren 66 ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP4; B Promoting healthy food systems ; DGO; A4NH; PHND ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)