Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 344 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 90 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 54 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 36 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 15 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 75 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 62 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 28 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 17 per cent area.  An area of about 89 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) and 88 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 8 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(52) 70(20) Sapota 103(30) 32(9) Maize 28(8) 179(52) Pomegranate 103(30) 136(40) Bajra 119(35) 182(53) Guava 103(30) 33(9) Groundnut 32(9) 86(25) Jackfruit 103(30) 32(9) Sunflower 155(45) 69(20) Jamun 74(22) 154(45) Cotton 135(39) 115(33) Musambi 155(45) 84(25) Red gram 103(30) 121(35) Lime 155(45) 84(25) Bengalgram 61(18) 224(65) Cashew 60(18) 74(22) Chilli 77(22) 112(32) Custard apple 180(52) 125(36) Tomato 77(22) 155(45) Amla 162(47) 143(42) Brinjal 45(13) 232(67) Tamarind 74(22) 123(36) Onion 29(8) 144(42) Marigold 60(18) 190(55) Bhendi 29(8) 204(59) Chrysanthemum 60(18) 190(55) Drumstick 103(30) 125 (365) Jasmine 60(18) 129(38) Mulberry 60(18) 97(28) Crossandra 103(30) 96(28) Mango 74(22) 28(8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 93 (64.14%) men and 52 (35.86%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 3.71 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-4 had 37.93 per cent illiterates, 25.52 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.69 per cent of them had middle school, ITI and master's education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 6.90 per cent of them had PUC and degree education and 1.38 per cent of them had diploma.  The results indicate that, 53.13 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.55 per cent of the household members, 37.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.69 per cent was in government service and housewives, 2.76 per cent was in private service and children and 19.31 per cent of them were student.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 9.38 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 12.50 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 40.63 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results shows that 90.63 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.25 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 7,068, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,076, motor cycle was Rs. 31,437, mobile phone was Rs. 2,712.  About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.38 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.38 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 3.13 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump and sprinkler, 3.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 18.75 per cent of them possess sprayer, 40.63 per cent of them possess weeder and 3.13 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,200, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,425, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,000, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 25,000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 450,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.5,5838, the average 2 value of sprinkler was Rs.1,666 and the average value of weeder Rs.53 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.3,000.  The results indicate that, 31.25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.88 per cent of the households possess local cow and 25 per cent of the households possess 46.88.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.65.  The results indicate that, 87.50 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-4 micro watershed possess 17.26 ha (41.12%) of dry land and 24.71 ha (58.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 0.4 ha (45.87%) of dry land and 0.48 ha (54.13%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.35 ha (65.18%) of dry land and 6.6 ha (34.82 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 4.5 ha (35.5%) of dry land and 8.18 ha (64.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.45 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 341,768.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392,384.70. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 741,000 for dry land and Rs. 2,302,542.42 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 340,019.67 for dry land and Rs. 636,441.72 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 310,691.82 for dry land and Rs. 342,037.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169,178.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 de-functioning and 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 59.38 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 61.91 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.10 ha, small farmers had 7.52ha, semi medium farmers had 6.58 ha and medium farmers had 9.05 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (30.66 ha), bajra (4.3 ha), tomato (1.74 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.34 ha), brinjal (0.83 ha), onion and paddy (0.81 ha), ladies finger (1.01 ha) and drumstick and sunflower (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-4 micro watershed was found to be 83.89 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 51704.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90365.86. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 38661.68, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27985.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39263.95. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11278.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35982.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100.  The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 38117.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06. The total cost of cultivation for Drumstick was Rs. 26945.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from Drumstick cultivation was Rs. -8420.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for ladies Finger was Rs. 35705.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78113.75. The net income from ladies Finger cultivation was Rs. 42408.53, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 46251.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47424. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1172.45, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 37319.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88195.11. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 50875.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 26977.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47918.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 20940.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 22455.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. - 225.44, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34674.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57205.63. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22530.71, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65.  The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 46.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 6.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 172,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 84,856.25, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 74,714.29 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 187,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,974.84. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 91,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,105.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,428.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,375.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 113 coconut trees, 1 guava trees, 22 mango trees and 3 pomegranate trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 32 teak trees, 46 neem trees, 1 acacia trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and also 4 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3,250 for land development, Rs.1,437.5 for irrigation facility, Rs.2,437 for improved crop production and Rs. 437.50 for livestock management.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 40.63 per cent of households for land development and improved crop production, 18.75 per cent for irrigation facility and 9.38 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, brinjal was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, drumstick was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, ladies finger was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 62.5 per cent, sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 98.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 53.13 per cent of the households sold their produce in agent/traders, 21.88 per cent of the households sold their produce in local/ village merchant, 25 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 12.50 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 112.50 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 34.38 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 50 5 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 9.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, 78.13 percent used fire wood and 21.88 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.63 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 46.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56.25 per cent, egg were adequate for 75 per cent of the and meat were adequate for 68.75 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikbamanhal microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 483 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 4 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 10 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 79 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 6 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 18 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 91 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 88 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 7 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 2 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 10 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 83 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 57 per cent area.  Entire cultivated area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content.  An area of about 40 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Available zinc content is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 39(8) 198(41) Sapota 38(8) 207(43) Maize 21(4) 217(45) Pomegranate 38(8) 225(47) Bajra 122(25) 206(42) Guava 38(8) 207(43) Groundnut 122(25) 299(62) Jackfruit 38(8) 207(43) Sunflower 39(8) 134(28) Jamun - 260(54) Cotton 18(4) 215(44) Musambi 56(12) 207(43) Red gram 21(4) 148(31) Lime 56(12) 207(43) Bengalgram 18(4) 185(38) Cashew 18(4) 206(43) Chilli 21(4) 217(45) Custard apple 159(33) 292(60) Tomato 21(4) 217(45) Amla 159(33) 292(60) Brinjal 134(28) 220(46) Tamarind - 174(36) Onion 134(28) 202(42) Marigold 21(4) 217(45) Bhendi 134(28) 220(46) Chrysanthemum 21(4) 217(45) Drumstick 22(5) 274(57) Jasmine 21(4) 199(41) Mulberry 22(5) 274(57) Crossandra 21(4) 194(40) Mango - 50(10) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (60.37%) men and 65 (39.63%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.4, semi medium farmers' was 5.4 and medium farmers' was 5.3.  The data indicated that, 30 (18.29%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (42.68%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.66%) were in 36-60 years of age and 17 (10.37%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chikbamanhal had 37.20 per cent illiterates, 28.66 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.27 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.98 per cent of them had high school education, 5.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.61 per cent had diploma, 0.61 per cent of them did ITI, 6.10 per cent of them had degree education and 1.83 per cent did masters.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 85.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 7.93 per cent of the household members, 62.20 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.83 per cent of the households general labourers, 3.66 per cent were in private service, 21.34 per cent were students and 3.05 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 32.35 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 47.06 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20.59 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.06 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.24 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 14.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 8.82 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1966, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.41666 and mobile phone was Rs.2146.  About 8.82 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer and 52.94 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.36666, the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.53. 2  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 20.59 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.83, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 8.33 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.67.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chikbamanhal micro-watershed possess 24.41 ha (56.72%) of dry land and 18.62 ha (43.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.44 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.02 ha (85.24%) of dry land and 2.43 ha (14.76%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.95 ha (48.34%) of dry land and 7.43 per cent (51.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.77 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 384,977.62 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 398,871.99. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 756,419.32 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 370,678.21 for dry land and was Rs. 1,029,166.67 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 230,168.90 for dry land and Rs. 444,196.19 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,877.19 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 35.29 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 34.07 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 2.43 ha, 7.43 ha and 8.77 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (10.98 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), maize (28.77 ha), navane (0.81 ha) and sunflower (2.43 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and navane. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, sunflower and maize. Medium farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chikbamanhal micro-watershed was found to be 86.10 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 81.85 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 85.07 and medium farmers it was 93.07 per cent.  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households have bank account and 2.94 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 13.33 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 40 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank, 40 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank and 6.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 682,333.33.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 71.43 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 28.57 per cent of them opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 36418.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50017.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 13599. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 79348.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 77187.50. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -2160.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 28669.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34640.24. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5971.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24831. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30477.66. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 5646.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 25967.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -11147.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.57.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.71 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 19,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 57,092.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 63,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 122,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 2,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 16,480, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 4,428.57, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,203.13 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 29,833.33.  The results indicate that, households have planted 111 neem tree, 1 tamarind tree, 1 teak and 1 banyan tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 5,014.71, for improved crop production Rs. 3,529.41 and for irrigation facility it was Rs. 2,176.47.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 58.82 per cent for land development, for another 61.76 per cent for improved crop production, for 29.41 per cent for irrigation facility, 13.33 per cent for improved livestock management and for 8.82 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent for land development. Soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 5.88 per cent for land development, for 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, for 5.88 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 11.76 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 79.41 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants and 5.88 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers, 75 per cent of semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test i.e 100 per cent of marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households used firewood and 8.82 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 30.77 per 5 cent of the small farmers, 25 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.12 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 17.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.88 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 2.94 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.88 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 82.35 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 97.06 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 47.06 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (47.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.82%), inadequacy of irrigation water (35.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.12%), high rate of interest on credit (41.18%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.76%) and inadequate extension services (70.59%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 238 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 97 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by water bodies and less than one per cent by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 55 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and an area of 42 per cent has loamy soils.  About 42 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 14 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 80 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 18 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Major area of about 81 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) and 16 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 38 per cent area.  An area of about 57 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 30 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 194 (82) Pomegranate - 89 (38) Maize - 104 (44) Guava - - Bajra - 113 (47) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 104 (44) Jamun - 89 (38) Sunflower - 89 (38) Musambi - 89 (38) Cotton 27 (11) 167 (70) Lime - 89 (38) Red gram - 89 (38) Cashew - 4 (2) Bengalgram 27 (11) 114 (48) Custard apple 27 (11) 171 (72) Chilli - 113 (47) Amla - 198 (83) Tomato - 104 (44) Tamarind - 89 (38) Drumstick - 89 (38) Marigold - 194 (82) Mulberry - 31 (13) Chrysanthemum - 194 (82) Mango - - Jasmine - 105 (44) Sapota - - Crossandra - 140 (59) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (58.99%) men and 73 (41.01%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 5.15, semi medium farmers' was 4.6, medium farmers' was 10 and large farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (42.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (35.96%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.99%) were above 61 years  The results indicated that Raghunathanahalli West-2 had 22.47 per cent illiterates, 34.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.62 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.10 per cent of them had high school education, 4.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.69 per cent had diploma and masters, 0.56 per cent did ITI and 5.06 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 66.29 per cent of the household members, 8.99 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were in general labour and government service, 0.56 per cent were in artisans, trade and business and housewives, 3.93 per cent were in private service, 15.17 per cent were student and 1.69 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and semi pacca house.  The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, refrigerator, land line and computer/ laptop, 68.57 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 57.14 per cent of them possess bicycle, 51.43 per cent of them possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of them possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3151, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1300, mixer grinder was Rs. 1383, refrigerator was Rs.12000, bicycle was Rs.1033, motor cycle was Rs. 28,485, auto was Rs. 21,000, land line was Rs. 1,200, mobile phone was Rs. 802 and computer/laptop was Rs. 30,000.  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, plough and tractor, 2.86 per cent possess seed/ fertilizer drill, 28.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 88.57 per cent of them possess weeder 11.43 per cent possess chaff cutter and 5.71 per cent possess earth remover/ duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,800, plough was Rs. 2,360, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 35,000, tractor was Rs. 240,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,650, weeder was Rs.62, Chaff cutter was Rs. 1,650 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.10,000.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20.00 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.11, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 11.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.26. The results indicate that, 888.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed possess 82.57 ha (92.87%) of dry land and 6.34 ha (7.13%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.60 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.50 ha (96.93%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.07%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 22.67 ha (88.79%) of dry land and 2.86 ha (11.21%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.92 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 34.80 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 108,954.57 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 378,544.07. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,982.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 191,362.16 for dry land and Rs. 360,583.94 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 121,251.34 for dry land and Rs. 489,108.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 273,684.22 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers it was Rs. 11,488.37 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.61 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.49 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.27 ha), bengal gram (12.96 ha), green gram (4.59 ha), groundnut (2.83 ha), maize (5.57 ha), navane (0.55 ha), red gram (2.43 ha), sorghum (11.91 ha) and sunflower (18.61 ha). Marginal 3 farmers have grown bajra groundnut, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, navane, sorghum, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, maize, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown sunflower and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown Bengal gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raghunathanahalli West-2 micro-watershed was found to be 75.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 20534.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24896.58. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 4361.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 29001.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43669.40. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 14668.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 17450.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30372.61. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12922.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35453.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41303.89. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5850.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 18725.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27559.83. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 8834.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31548.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48720.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 17172.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 30370.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56251.09. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25880.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.85. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 20232.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28960.75. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 8728.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 20948.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23650.01. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2701.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.13.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 23157.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35766.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 12608.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,350, for small farmers it was Rs. 92,320.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 132,700, for medium farmers it was Rs. 488,000 and for large farmers it was Rs115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,211.77. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,363.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,565.02, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 152,433.33, for medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 44 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 yeak, 44 neem and 15 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.3 per cent, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, jowar, maize, red gram and sunflower was sold to the extent 100 per cent, Navane was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 20 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 14 per cent of the households used cart and 120 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 5  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the household used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 40 per cent, open well and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 68.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 62.86 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk was inadequate for 31.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 65.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 57.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 17.14 per cent of the households and vegetables was market surplus for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 57.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) , less rainfall (45.71%) and source of agritechnology information (22.86%) ; Not Available

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ganganal-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 756 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 94 per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by rock outcrops and 3 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 30 soil phases (management units) and 5 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 1 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 21 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 17 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 11 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping(1-3% slope) lands and 16 per cent area of microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands.  An area of about 9 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded, 35 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 50 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5), 39 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 31 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 60 per cent area.  Entire cultivated area is of the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 30 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 9 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 48(6) 475(63) Sapota - 78(10) Maize - 523(69) Pomegranate - 163(22) Bajra 45(6) 550(73) Guava - 78(10) Groundnut 29(4) 407(54) Jackfruit - 78(10) Sunflower 48(6) 115(15) Jamun - 163(22) Cotton 48(6) 475(63) Musambi 48(6) 115(15) Red gram - 163(22) Lime 48(6) 115(15) Bengalgram 85(11) 496(66) Cashew - 78(10) Chilli - 486(64) Custard apple 126(17) 469(62) Tomato - 486(64) Amla 126(17) 469(62) Brinjal 45(6) 139(18) Tamarind - 134(18) Onion 29(4) 107(14) Marigold - 523(69) Bhendi 29(4) 155(21) Chrysanthemum - 523(69) Drumstick 16(2) 147(20) Jasmine - 438(58) Mulberry 16(2) 99(13) Crossandra - 438(58) Mango - 49(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (55.75%) men and 77 (44.25%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 30 (17.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (47.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.74%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (6.90%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Ganganal-1 had 37.36 per cent illiterates, 35.63 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.34 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.75 per cent of them had high school education, 5.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.57 per cent of them did ITI, 4.02 per cent of them had degree education and 0.57 per cent did Ph.D.  The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.24 per cent of the household members, 57.47 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.30 per cent were in private service, 22.41 per cent were students and 0.57 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 94.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.71 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 40 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess tempo and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.2000, television was Rs. 4,035, mixer grinder was Rs.1583, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.100333, tempo was Rs.6000 and mobile phone was Rs.1845.  About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 34.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.86 per cent possess thresher, 62.86 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 48.57 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.14000, the average value of plough was Rs.970, transplanter/grinder was Rs.300000, power tiller was Rs.500, tractor was Rs.200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1166, thresher was Rs.1000 and chaff cutter was Rs.441. 2  The results indicate that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 37.14 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.94, average hired labour (men) available was 5.62 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Ganganal-1 micro-watershed possess 34.95 ha (68.98%) of dry land and 15.72 ha (31.02%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.64 ha (79.72%) of dry land and 0.93 ha (20.28%). Small farmers possess 11.86 ha (93.49%) of dry land and 0.83 ha (6.51%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.36 ha (60.34%) of dry land and 7.46 per cent (39.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (55.45%) dry land and 6.50 (44.55%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 205,928.67 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 349,768.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 466,555.56 for dry land and Rs. 1,078,602.58 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 320,341.30 for dry land and was Rs. 605,392.17 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123,235.92 for dry land and Rs. 375,054.23 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 37,050 for dry land and Rs. 184,443.07 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning and 16 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 29.78 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.70 ha, 2.02 ha, 6.06 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (21.6 ha), groundnut (0.4 ha), maize (22.65 ha), paddy (5.77 ha) and jowar (1.21 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, paddy and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, paddy, maize and jowar. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, paddy, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Ganganal-1 micro-watershed was found to be 76.88 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 88.95 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 89.98 and medium farmers it was 52.46 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and 82.86 per cent have savings. 3  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 49183.69. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60452.29. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 11268.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 63945.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39026. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -24919.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33460.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38324.11. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4863.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35661.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42552.71. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6890.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for Jowar was Rs. 25734.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 5137.60. The net income from Jowar cultivation was Rs. - 20596.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.2.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 37.14 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 82,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 96,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 121,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 246,666.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 7,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,877.55, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,216.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 19 coconut trees in the field and 2 coconut trees in the backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem tree and 1 teak tree in their fields.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 25 per cent, jowar to the extent of 60 per cent, maize to the extent of 4.03 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.86 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. 4  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 14.29 per cent of the marginal farmers, 50 per cent of the small farmers and 20 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 67.65 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent and eggs were adequate for 85.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 11.43 per cent and milk was inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), less rainfall (51.43%) and source of agri-technology information (28.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Naregallu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 551 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 90 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 48 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 37 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 61 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 22 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 76 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 207(38) 284(52) Sapota 34(6) - Maize 33(6) 459(83) Pomegranate 34(6) 400(73) Bajra 34(6) 457(83) Guava 34(6) - Groundnut 34(6) - Jackfruit 34(6) - Sunflower 172(31) 262(48) Jamun 34(6) 310(56) Cotton 175(32) 318(57) Musambi 172(31) 262(48) Red gram 34(6) 345(63) Lime 172(31) 262(48) Bengalgram 206(37) 286(52) Cashew 34(6) - Chilli 34(6) - Custard apple 207(38) 285(52) Tomato 34(6) - Amla 34(6) 458(83) Brinjal 33(6) 459(83) Tamarind 34(6) 310(56) Onion 33(6) 2(<1) Marigold 34(6) 458(83) Bhendi 33(6) 459(83) Chrysanthemum 34(6) 458(83) Drumstick 34(6) 400(73) Jasmine 34(6) 57(10) Mulberry 34(6) 345(62) Crossandra 34(6) 166(30) Mango 34(6) 116(21)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (56.29%) men and 73 (43.71%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 3.83, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 18 (10.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (41.32%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (38.32%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.58%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Naregallu-3 had 36.53 per cent illiterates, 35.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.19 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.77 per cent of them had high school education, 7.19 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.20 per cent had diploma and ITI.  The results indicate that, 97.5 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.5 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.95 per cent of the household members, 61.68 per cent were agricultural labourers and 14.37 per cent were student.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 95 per cent of the households possess katcha houses.  The results show that 70 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.5 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 7.50 per cent of them possess bicycle, 35 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.50 per cent of them possess auto and landline phone and 90 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,732, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,700, bicycle was 1,175, motor cycle was Rs. 32,357, auto was 300,000, landline was 4,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,492.  About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.50 per cent of them possess plough, 5 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill,2.5 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.50 per cent of them possess weeder, and 17.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. T  he results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,060, plough was Rs. 2800, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 8,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 21 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 441.  The results indicate that, 22.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 7.50 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.50 per cent possess buffalo and goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.40, average own labour (women) available was 1.85, average hired labour (men) available was 6.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.4.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Naregallu-3 micro-watershed possess 29.15 ha (59.87%) of dry land and 19.54 ha (40.13%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.84 ha (86.61%) of dry land and 0.90 ha (13.39%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 14.26 ha (84.63%) of dry land and 2.59 ha (15.37%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.05 ha (40.66%) of dry land and 13.21 ha (59.34%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 264,006.11 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 450,207.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 530,630.63 for dry land and Rs. 1,218,385.64 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 238,308.74 for dry land and Rs. 694,687.49 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 132,498.88 for dry land and Rs. 400,949.47 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 211,714.29 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.50 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.72 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.05 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.78 ha, 2.55 ha and 11.92 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (31.79 ha), sunflower (4.91 ha), sorghum (4.61 ha), Bengal gram (2.14 ha), paddy (1.62 ha), chilly and jowar (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize and Bengal gram, while small farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, Bengal gram paddy and jowar. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, paddy and chilly. Medium farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Naregallu-3 micro-watershed was found to be 88.20 per cent.  The results indicate that, 55 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 55 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 81.82 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 4,55 per cent of them borrowed from friends/relatives, grameena bank and money lender, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs and CBOs. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 59,409.09.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the household's availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33037.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45231.00. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 12193.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28263.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88272.38. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 60008.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.12. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28263.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88272.38. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 60008.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.12.  The results indicate that, 7.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was adequate for 2.50 per cent of the households and 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was in adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 68,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,250, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,483.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 98,566.67 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,928.42. For landless households it was Rs. 4,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,682, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,366.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,409.72 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 37 coconut tree trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak 14 neem, 6 tamarind, 9 acacia and 4 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram was sold to the extent 52.63 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 90 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.01 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 52 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 82.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 12.50 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.50 per cent of them used flight as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.5 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 45 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 55 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42.50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 5  The results indicated that, 2.50 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 95 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 72.50 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.50 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 7.50 per cent, fruits were adequate for 12.50 per cent, milk was adequate for 5 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.50 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 10 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 27.50 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 65 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 67.50 per cent, milk was inadequate for 82.50 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 90 per cent and meat was inadequate for 75 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 15 per cent of the households,vegetables were market surplus for 20 per cent of the households, fruits were market surplus for 7.50 per cent of the households and meat were market surplus for 2.50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (30%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.5%), inadequate extension services (10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), less rainfall (60%) and Source of Agri-technology information (37.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 755 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 76 per cent is covered by soil, 18 per cent by Mining/Industrial area, 4 per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 45 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 31 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 5 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 69 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 1 per cent by gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 16 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 59 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) and 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 68 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 18 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 68 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 128(17) 79(11) Sapota 128(17) 136(18) Maize 127(17) 80 (11) Pomegranate 128(17) 158(21) Bajra 155(21) 155(21) Guava 1(<1) 263(35) Redgram 128(17) 57(8) Jackfruit 128(17) 136(18) Bengal gram 22(3) 187(25) Jamun 128(17) 158(21) Groundnut 1(<1) 398(53) Musambi 128(17) 158(21) Sunflower 128 (17) 57(8) Lime 128(17) 158(21) Cotton 128(17) 79(20) Cashew 1(<1) 396(52) Chilli 155(21) 30(4) Custard apple 155(21) 416(55) Tomato 155(21) 30(4) Amla 155(21) 416(55) Brinjal 35(5) 416(55) Tamarind 128(17) 54(7) Onion 8(1) 443(59) Marigold 128(17) 79(11) Bhendi 8(1) 443(59) Chrysanthemum 128(17) 79 (11) Drumstick 128(17) 184(24) Jasmine 128(17) 57(8) Mulberry 128(17) 418(55) Crossandra 128(17) 57(8) Mango 128(17) 8(1) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 100 (53.76%) men and 86(46.24%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmer was 5.75, marginal farmer was 6, a small farmer was 4.2, semi medium farmer was 4.5, medium farmer was 5.5 and for large farmer it was 8.5.  There were 48 (25.81%) between 0-15 years of age, 74 (39.78%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (29.03 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (5.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The Hire baganalu-1had 37.10 per cent illiterates, 21.51 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.83 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.98 per cent of them had high school education, 3.23 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.69 per cent of them had diploma, 1.08 per cent of them had ITI, 2.18per cent of them had degree education and 6.45 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicate that, 97.14 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were other.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 61.29 per cent of the household members, 5.91 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.54 per cent were general labours, 5.38 per cent of them were in children and 26.34 per cent of them were students.  The results shows that 2.69 per cent of them participated in user groups and 97.31 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. About 9.09 per cent of marginal farmers have participated in user groups and 90.91 per cent have not participated in any local institutions. Small farmers participated in user group (12 %).  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 54.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 22.86 per cent of them possess pucca house and 20.00 per cent of them posse's semi pacca house.  The results shows that 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 48.57 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 94.29per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of radio was Rs.600, television was Rs.7000, mixer grinder was Rs.2137, bicycle was Rs.3000, motor cycle was Rs.36000 and mobile phone was Rs.2132.  About 40 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess tractor, 60.0 per cent of the households possess sprayer, and 8.57 per cent of the households possess Irrigation Pump 17.14 per cent of them posses bullock cart irrigation pump. The average value of plough was Rs.1664, the average value of tractor was Rs. 600000 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.4228. the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.53333 and the average value of bullock cart was 18666. 2  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 31.43 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 34.29 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sheep and 5.71 per cent of the households possess goat.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.51, average hired labour (men) available was 9.5 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.21.  The results indicate that, 82.86per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 0 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  Households of the Hire baganalu-1 micro-watershed possess 7.2 ha (4.68%) of dry land and 146.61 ha (95.32%) of irrigated land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 444544.44 and average value of irrigated was 126131.72  There were 28 live bore wells and 14 dry bore wells among the sampled households in Hire baganalu-1 micro-watershed and one defunct open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source 50 per cent of the marginal farmers, 60 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers, 100 per cent of medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers. The results revealed that bore well was major irrigation source for 80 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent of tank source.  Marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.11 hectares, small farmers had 1.68 hectares, semi medium farmers had 15.03 hectares of irrigated land and medium farmers had 26.26 hectares of irrigated land and large farmer had 9.64 hectares of irrigated land.  Farmers have grown bengalgram (2.83 ha), cotton (0.81 ha), cowpea (1.21ha), ground nut (1.21ha), maize (13.99 ha), onion (3.23 ha), paddy (2.94 ha), red gram (3.23 ha), sugarcane (15.43 ha), sunflower (2.02 ha), tomato (0.4 ha) and green gram (0.4 ha). Marginal farmers have grown paddy (0.11 ha) and bajra (0.47 ha). Small farmers have grown maize (0.81ha), red gram (1.21ha), and sugarcane (1.68 ha). Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut (0.81 ha), maize (5.08 ha), onion (0.81ha), paddy (1.62ha) red gram (0.81ha) and sunflower (0.81ha) (2.31ha). Medium farmers have grown bengalgram (2.83 ha), cowpea (1.21ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), maize (6.48 ha), onion (2.42 ha), paddy (1.62 ha), red gram (0.81ha), sugarcane (7.03h a) tomato and green gram (0.4 ha) respectively. Large farmers have grown cotton (0.81ha), maize (1.62 ha), sugarcane (1.62 ha) and sunflower (1.21ha).  The cropping intensity in Hire baganalu-1 micro-watershed was found to be 99.2 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 98.34 per cent and large farmers had 100 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 42335. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 16924, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01.01.4.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 31107. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63514. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 32407. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:02.0.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation cowpea was Rs. 31991. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26346. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. -5645, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.8.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 60954. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69654. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 8699. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:01.1.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30869. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27793. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -3075. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.9.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 31010. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 15301. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:01.5.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs.107760. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.90647. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -17112. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.8.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 29252. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.14708. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -14543. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:00.5.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 29949. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44670. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 14721. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:01.5.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 2605592. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 580381. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. -2025210. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:00.2.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31499. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40137. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8637. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 01:01.3.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 77009. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. -21434. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 20371. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 53728. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.64. 4  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 100 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 30per cent of semi medium and 63.64 per cent of medium and 33.33 per cent of large farmers. The data revealed that only 51.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder is adequate which includes 50 per cent of marginal and 40 per cent of small farmers 70 per cent of semi medium farmer, 63.64 per cent of medium farmer and 33.33 per cent of large farmer.  The results indicate that, households have planted teak, 78 neem trees, 1 tamarind, 2 Banyan trees. Small farmers have planted 11 neem tree. Small farmers have planted 4 tamarinds. Semi medium farmers have planted 25 neem trees. Medium farmers have planted 33 neem tree, teak and tamarinds. Large farmers have planted 4 neem and 2 banyan trees.  Bengalgram, cotton, ground nut, horse gram and red gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold 88.26 per cent and green gram 66.3of total production.  The results indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to agents/traders includes 100 per cent of marginal farmers. About 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants includes 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 72.73 per cent of the medium farmers and100 per cent large farmer. About 22.86 per cent of the households have sold in regulated markets includes 20 per cent of small farmers, 30 per cent of semi medium farmers, 36.36 per cent of the medium farmers. About 2.86 per cent of the households have sold the agricultural produce to contract markets, which includes 9.09 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that Cent per cent of the households have use tractor load as mode of transport, 11.43 per cent have used truck  Bore well was the major source for drinking water for 85.71 per cent includes 100 per cent of marginal, 80 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium and 100 per cent of medium and large farmers.  Electricity was the major source of light for 94.29 per cent of households in micro watershed. Kerosene was major source of light for 2.86 per cent of the households  The results indicated that,28.5 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 100 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 10 per cent of semi medium and 9.09 per cent of medium and large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households sampled possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, Wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 40 per cent of the households, Frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (11.43 %), High rate of interest on credit (40 %), Low price for the agricultural commodities (20 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (60%), Less rainfall (82.86 %) and Source of Agritechnology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (20%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapura-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 515 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 12 per cent by mining/industrial, 150cm) soils.  About 5 per cent sandy, 49 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 17 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 28 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 12 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 59 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 42 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 13 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 23 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 22 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 13 per cent is strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0 & >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 55 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 29 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 29 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0) in 4.5 ppm) in 69 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 83(16) Sapota 15(3) 130(25) Maize 6(1) 91(18) Pomegranate 15(3) 212 (41) Bajra 15(3) 221(43) Musambi 15(3) 212 (41) Groundnut - 151(29) Lime 15(3) 212 (41) Sunflower 15(3) 83(16) Amla 15(3) 238(46) Redgram 15(3) 83(16) Cashew 6(1) 139(27) Bengal gram 82(16) 25(5) Jackfruit 15(3) 130(25) Cotton 9(2) 89(17) Jamun 9(2) 218(42) Chilli 6(1) 10(2) Custard apple 15(3) 238(46) Tomato 6(1) 10(2) Tamarind 9(2) 100(19) Brinjal 7(1) 108(21) Mulberry 6(1) 238(46) Onion 7(1) 108(21) Marigold 6(1) 92(18) Bhendi 7(1) 108(21) Chrysanthemum 6(1) 92(18) Drumstick 15(3) 100(19) Jasmine 6(1) 10(2) Mango 9(2) 7(1) Crossandra 15(3) 1(<1) Guava 15(3) 130(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Kanakapura-2 microwatershed among them 18 (50 %) were marginal farmers, 6 (16.67 %) were small farmers, 8 (22.22 %) were semi medium farmer, 3 (8.33 %) were medium farmers and 1 (2.78 %) were large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 89 (59.73 %) men and 60 (40.27 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 3.9, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 4.6, medium farmers' was 4 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 13 (8.72 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (44.97 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (35.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.74 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kanakapura-2 had 38.93 per cent illiterates, 0.67 per cent Functional Literate, 18.12 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.11 per cent of them had high school education, 12.75 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.67 per cent of them had Diploma, 2.01 per cent of them had ITI, 3.36 per cent of them had degree education and 0.67 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 72.22 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.22per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.03 per cent of the household members, 22.15 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.34 per cent were in Household industry, 18.79 per cent were students and 2.01per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institutions.  The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 27.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 13.89 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 50 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.94 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 86.11 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 16.67 per cent of them possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5,919, grinder was Rs 2,325, Refrigerator was Rs 12,000, bicycle was Rs 1,714, motor cycle was Rs. 36,875 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,576. 2  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.44 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess Irrigation Pump, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 33.33 per cent of them possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,500, plough was Rs. 1,820, Irrigation Pump was Rs.7,000, tractor was Rs 350,000, sprayer was Rs.3,828, Sprinkler was Rs. 8,000, average value of weeder was Rs. 159, Harvester was Rs. 84,000, Thresher was Rs. 277, average value of chaff cutter was 3,000 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow, 5.56 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.56 per cent of the households possess Goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.80, average own labour (women) available was 1.43, average hired labour (men) available was 9.37 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.77.  The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed possess 17.74 ha (36.01 %) of dry land and 31.51 ha (63.99 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.30 ha (85.80 %) of dry land and 0.55 ha (14.20 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.65 ha (52.11 %) of dry land and 5.19 ha (47.89 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.90 ha (58.47 %) of dry land and 4.19 ha (41.53 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.89 ha (16.56 %) of dry land and 14.56 ha (83.44 %) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 7.03 ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 504,122.95 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 617,861.06. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 937,974.69 for dry land and Rs. 1,644,808.15. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 293,858.52 for dry land and Rs. 859,130.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 297,937.75 for dry land and Rs. 375,690.75 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 977,437.48 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 138,937.50 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning and 11 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. 3  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 44.44 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 45.72 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium, medium farmers and large farmers had an irrigated area of 2.60 ha, 1.64 ha, 6.34 ha, 1.62 ha and 18.68 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (4.37 ha), Bengal gram (6.48 ha), Navane (1.68 ha), Pearl millet (9.66 ha), Groundnut (1.67 ha), maize (18.43 ha), Sesamum (1.32 ha), Red gram (2.19 ha) and Cowpea (0.40 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed was found to be 75.02 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 26117.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23737.72. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -2380.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 7938.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74236.52. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 22418.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.43.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 318503.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18516.95. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. -1751.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 72585.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58850.69. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -13735.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.81.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 76069.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42048.81. The net income from Sesamum cultivation was Rs. -34020. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33731.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43575.50. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9844.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 39947.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41496. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. 1548.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.04. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 75605.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49810.42. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. --25794.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.66.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 47.22 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 2,400 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 127,133.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,066.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 103,312.50, for medium farmers it was Rs. 59,666.67 and for semi large farmers it was Rs. 445,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 32,321.01. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 22,912.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 14,583.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,578.13, for medium farmers it was Rs. 23,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 430,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 83 coconut trees in their field and 13 in backyard and 2 Lemon trees in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 Cashew, 110 Teak, 128 neem, 3 tamarind, 10 Pongamia and 8 banyan trees in their field. Also, 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengalgram, Cow Pea, Groundnut, Maize, Navane, Sesamum and Redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 41.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market, 8.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society and 75 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used firewood, 16.67 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.78 per cent of the households used Dung Cake and 5.56 per cent of the households used Biogas as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 22.22 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 75 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.11 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 47.22 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 77.78 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 77.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 58.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 52.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 50 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 22.22 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 22.22 per cent and Vegetables was inadequate for 22.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 22.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (58.33 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (63.89 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.22 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (69.44 %), high rate of interest on credit (52.78 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (33.33 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (5.56 %), less rainfall (75 %) and source of agri-technology information (27.78 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 51 per cent and high (>320 ppm) in 48 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent area and 22 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 60 per cent and 39 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 75 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 247 (44) Sapota 68 (12) 31 (6) Maize 58 (10) 260 (47) Pomegranate 68 (12) 49 (9) Bajra 70 (13) 267 (48) Musambi 68 (12) 49 (9) Groundnut 55 (10) 323 (58) Lime 68 (12) 49 (9) Sunflower 55 (10) 62 (11) Amla 99 (18) 427 (77) Red gram 55 (10) 99 (18) Cashew 2 (<1) 143 (26) Bengalgram 13 (2) 309 (56) Jackfruit 68 (12) 31 (6) Cotton 13 (2) 340 (61) Jamun - 97 (17) Chilli 58 (10) 242 (44) Custard apple 113 (20) 414 (75) Tomato 58 (10) 242 (44) Tamarind - 68 (12) Brinjal 44 (8) 428 (77) Mulberry 68 (12) 270 (49) Onion - 440 (80) Marigold 58 (10) 260 (47) Bhendi - 458 (83) Chrysanthemum 58 (10) 260 (47) Drumstick 68 (12) 137 (25) Jasmine 58 (10) 242 (44) Mango - 68 (12) Crossandra 58 (10) 278 (50) Guava 55 (10) 44 (8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (57.46%) men and 77 (42.54%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 31 (17.13%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (43.09%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (26.52%) were in 36-60 years of age and 24 (13.26%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hatti-1 had 33.15 per cent illiterates, 1.66 per cent functional literates, 32.04 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.60 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.26 per cent of them had high school education, 2.21 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent did ITI and 3.31 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.26 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.22 per cent of the household members, 12.71 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.31 per cent were general labourers, 3.31 per cent were in private service, 16.02 per cent were students and 2.76 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.55 per cent of the households participated in raitha sangha and 99.45 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 89.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.63 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 2.63 per cent of the households possess radio, 84.21 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.84 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.63 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 47.37 per cent possess bicycle, 34.21 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 89.47 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.1,000, television was Rs.6,125, mixer grinder was Rs.1,583, refrigerator was Rs.6,000, bicycle was Rs.1,080, motor cycle was Rs. 36,428 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,511.  About 18.42 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.42 per cent of them possess plough, 7.89 per cent of them possess tractor, 2.63 per cent possess thresher, 10.53 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.63 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 18.42 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 1,337, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,000, thresher was Rs.5,000, chaff cutter was Rs.3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 23.68 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent possess crossbred cow, 13.16 per cent possess buffalo, 13.16 per cent of the households possess sheep and 10.53 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 4.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.77.  The results indicate that, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-1 micro-watershed possess 44.23 ha (72.31%) of dry land and 16.93 ha (27.69%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.57 ha (90.58%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (9.42%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (77.40%) of dry land and 2.36 ha (22.60%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.65 ha (75.10%) of dry land and 4.86 ha (24.90%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 363,222.02 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 413,240.92. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 743,874.04 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 327,450.03 for dry land and Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,645 for dry land and Rs. 422,945.19 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 266,104.97 for dry land and Rs. 267,583.33 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 469,300.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 10.53 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.63 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.27 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.17 ha), bengalgram (5.02 ha), chilly (0.81 ha), cotton (1.26 ha), Greengram (30.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), jowar (2.12 ha), maize (5.85 ha), onion (2.83 ha) and sunflower (1.72 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, Greengram, groundnut, jowar, maize and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize and 3 onion. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, Greengram, groundnut and maize. Large farmers have grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-1 micro-watershed was found to be 75.38 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33255.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28782.57. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4472.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 38493.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11121.88. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -27371.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27554.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21962.28. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -5592.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28703.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8346.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31782.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28208.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -3573.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 15212.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 8910.30. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -6302.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 30106.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32110. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 2003.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 30562.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22641.67. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7920.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 19418.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from 4 chilly cultivation was Rs. 17631.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicate that, 31.58 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 36.84 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 24,325 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,992.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,775 and for large farmers it was Rs. 126,430.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,398.17. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,179.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,940.17, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,111.11, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,250 and for large farmers it was Rs. 13,361.11.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 81 coconut trees, 6 mango trees and 5 lime trees in their field. Also, farmers have grown 6 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 50 eucalyptus trees, 50 teak trees, 172 neem trees, 7 tamarind trees, 1 acacia tree, 11 banyan trees and 1 peepul tree in their field. Also, 1 neem tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except cotton, groundnut and maize which were sold to the extent of 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 98.58 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, about 13.16 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold in regulated markets and 115.79 per cent of them sold their produce through local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 89.47 per cent of the households used cart, 39.47 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.63 per cent of them used head load as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 10.53 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 42.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.26 per cent have also used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.42 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 15.79 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 44.74 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2.63 per cent of them possess APL card and 2.63 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 39.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.37 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.74 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.21 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk was adequate for 50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 50 per cent and meat was adequate for 34.21 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.63 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 5.26 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 57.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 81.58 per cent, milk was inadequate for 44.74 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 44.74 per cent and meat was inadequate for 50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 7.89 per cent of the households and milk was market surplus for 2.63 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 68.42 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.58%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.74%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.63%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (44.74%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (39.47%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.84%), inadequate extension services (15.79%), less rainfall (50%) and source of agritechnology information (18.42%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kidadhala -2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 704 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soil, 18 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 150cm) soils.  About 53 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 28 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 28 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 77 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 42 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is medium (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 17(2) 117(17) Sapota 35(5) 262(37) Maize 17(2) 127 (18) Pomegranate 35(5) 284(40) Bajra 35(5) 359(51) Guava 17(2) 281(40) Redgram 17(2) 65(9) Jackfruit 35(5) 262(37) Bengal gram - 145(21) Jamun - 318(45) Groundnut - 379(54) Musambi 35(5) 424(60) Sunflower 17 (2) 65(9) Lime 35(5) 284(40) Cotton - 133(19) Cashew 17(2) 325(46) Chilli 17(2) 95(13) Custard apple 36(5) 437(62) Tomato 17(2) 95(13) Amla 35(5) 437(62) Brinjal 60(9) 237(33) Tamarind - 81(12) Onion 42(6) 214(30) Marigold 17(2) 117(17) Bhendi 42(6) 236(33) Chrysanthemum 17(2) 117 (17) Drumstick 35(5) 92(13) Jasmine 17(2) 95(13) Mulberry 35(5) 373(53) Crossandra 17(2) 95(13) Mango - 60(9) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 82 (55.41%) men and 66 (44.59%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.83, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and medium farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 31 (20.95%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 61 (41.22%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (34.46%) were in 36-60 years of age and 5 (3.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kidadhala-2 had 36.49 per cent illiterates, 35.14 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.73 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.41 per cent of them had high school education, 8.11 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.68 per cent had diploma, 6.08 per cent had ITI and 2.70 per cent of them had degree.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture and 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.59 per cent of the household members, 56.08 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.03 per cent were private service, 20.95 per cent were student and 0.68 per cent were housewives and children.  The results show that, 0.68 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in NGOs and 99.32 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 25.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 60 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.43 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle and washing machine, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,333, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,984, bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 35,625 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,243.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough and 74.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 28,600, plough was Rs. 1,833, and weeder was Rs. 17.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.75.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kidadhala-2 micro-watershed possess 33.49 ha (72.33%) of dry land, 11.55 ha (24.94%) of irrigated land and 1.26 ha (2.73%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.22 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.18 ha (95.07%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (4.93%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.09 ha (53.88%) of dry land, 8.23 ha (39.98%) of irrigated land and 1.26 ha (6.14 5%) permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 328,338.37, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 389,589.91 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 316,666.67. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 535,708.75 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 279,359.10 for dry land and Rs. 673,636.35 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 306,496.35 for dry land, Rs. 400,934.58 for irrigated land and Rs. 316,666.67 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 de-functioning and 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.29 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 6.47 ha and 1.62 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.74 ha), bajra (8.38 ha), cotton and sunflower (2.43 ha), groundnut (0.95 ha) and tomato (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, and tomato. Medium farmers have grown maize and cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kidadhala-2 micro-watershed was found to be 62.61 per cent. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, 13.04 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and friends/relatives, 8.70 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank, 34.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 33,695.65.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24603.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33809.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9205.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27799.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54031.25. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 26231.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 25092.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28868.13. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 3775.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 29229.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65444.45. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 36214.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.24.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22654.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23939.07. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1284.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 25,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 46,366.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,841.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 60,881.82 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 98,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4 3,493.77. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs3,305.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,126.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 1,811.98 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 teak, 45 neem and 4 banyan trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 2 neem and 1 banyan trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 64.52 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 1oo per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent 75 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.83 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 95.65 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of them used tractor and 2.86 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 8.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.57, fruits were adequate for 54.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent, eggs were adequate for 25.71 per cent and meat were adequate for 31.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate 5 for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 74.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 62.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (31.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit, lack of marketing facilities in the area and Source of Agri-technology information (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (5.71%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (17.14%) and less rainfall (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kunikeri Tanda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 407 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 72 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 20 per cent has clayey (clay) soils at the surface.  About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (57 kg/ha) in 16 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 3 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 55 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 23(6) 63(15) Sapota 54(13) 71(18) Maize 9(2) 76 (19) Pomegranate 54(13) 71(18) Bajra 55(13) 72(18) Guava 23(6) 103(25) Redgram 35(9) 49(12) Jackfruit 54(13) 71(18) Bengal gram - 85(21) Jamun 13(3) 112(27) Groundnut 23 (6) 336(82) Musambi 54(13) 71(18) Sunflower 35(9) 49 (12) Lime 54(13) 71(18) Cotton 26(6) 59(15) Cashew 23(6) 103(25) Chilli 35(9) 50(12) Custard apple 68(17) 305(75) Tomato 35(9) 50(12) Amla 68(17) 305(75) Brinjal 58(14) 274(67) Tamarind 13(3) 155 (38) Onion 16(4) 316(78) Marigold 23(6) 63(15) Bhendi 16(4) 316(78) Chrysanthemum 23(6) 63 (15) Drumstick 68(18) 263(65) Jasmine 23(6) 63(15) Mulberry 68(17) 304(75) Crossandra 23(6) 63(15) Mango 13(3) 71(17) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Salient findings of the survey  The data indicated that there were 88 (58.67%) men and 62 (41.33%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 4.5, marginal farmers' was 4.13, small farmers' was 4.67, semi medium farmers' was 4.70 and medium farmers' was 4.17.  The data indicated that, 18 (12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (48%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (33.33%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.67%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kunikeri tanda-2 had 37.33 per cent illiterates, 0.67 per cent functional literates, 22 per cent of them had primary school education, 6 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.33 per cent of them had high school education, 6.67 per cent of them had PUC education, 2 per cent of them did diploma, 2.67 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing masters.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent were general laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 76.67 per cent of the household members, 1.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.33 per cent were general laborers, 0.67 per cent had household industry, 0.67 per cent were in government service, 0.67 per cent were retired, 14.67 per cent were students and 3.33 per cent were children.  The results show that 0.67 per cent of the households participated in user group, 0.67 per cent participated in raitha sangha and 98.67 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 33.33 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 96.97 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.82 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 6.06 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 63.64 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 90.91 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.8531, mixer grinder was Rs.1865, motor cycle was Rs.33130, mobile phone was Rs.2081 and bicycle was Rs.2500.  About 24.24 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 39.39 per cent of them possess plough, 18.18 per cent of them possess tractor, 69.70 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.06 per cent possess irrigation pump, 6.06 per cent possess power tiller, 9.09 per cent possess sprinkler, 3.03 per cent possess JCB/Hitachi and 72.73 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17125, the average value of plough was Rs.1576, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.60000, the average value of power tiller was Rs.22500, the average value of tractor was Rs.471428, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4256, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.13000, the average value of weeder was Rs.96 and the average value of JCB/Hitachi was Rs.800000.  The results indicate that, 15.15 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 24.24 per cent of the households possess local cow, 18.18 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 15.15 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 9.09 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 8.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.12.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kunikeri tanda-2 micro watershed possess 27.78 ha (48.17%) of dry land and 29.89 ha (51.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.48 ha (86.62%) of dry land and 0.54 ha (13.38%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.17 ha (67.03%) of dry land and 2.54 ha (32.97%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 19.13 ha (74.47%) of dry land and 6.56 ha (25.53%) of irrigated land and medium farmers possess 20.25 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 273,484.85 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 394,664.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 659,814.17 for dry land and Rs. 2,042,857.12. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 348,159.75 for dry land and Rs. 786,624.21. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 182,924.25 for dry land and Rs. 426,913.59 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value Rs. 291,227.02 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 48.57 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 47.46 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.99 hectares, small farmers had 2.49 hectares, semi medium farmers had 5.03 hectares and medium farmers had 24.19 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (10.83 ha), Banana (0.81 ha), Chilly (0.4 ha), Greengram (0.87 ha), Groundnut (4.15 ha), Maize (14.83 ha), Paddy (2.69 ha), Redgram (5.26 ha), Sugarcane (13.21), and Cowpea (0.4 ha). 3  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy. Small farmers have grown bajra, greengram, maize, sugarcane and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, groundnut, maize, paddy, redgram and sugarcane. Medium farmers have grown banana, groundnut, maize, redgram and sugarcane.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kunikeri tanda-2 micro watershed was found to be 83.68 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 92.21 per cent, for small farmers it was 89.90 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 87.96 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 74.84 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 47267.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31175.46. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -16092.35, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 40976.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35863.76. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 5112.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.88.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41034.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48946.42. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 7911.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 33799.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46198.15. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12398.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 50787.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93527.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 42739.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 18383.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33592. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 15208.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.83.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 48908.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 25191.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 61303.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 234604.72. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 173300.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.83.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 45586.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39026. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 6560.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 74552.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 36597.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The results indicate that, 6.06 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.134000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.46700, for small farmers it was Rs.76933, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.91900 and for medium farmers it was Rs.285182.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9819.95. For landless households it was Rs.40000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 3043.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 7750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7483.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14053.57.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 24 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 37 neem trees, 7 tamarind trees and 34 banyan trees.  The results indicated that, bajra, banana, chilly, cowpea, greengram, maize and paddy were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was marketed to the extent of 86.84 per cent, redgram was marketed to the extent of 85.71 per cent and sugarcane was marketed to the extent of 91.27 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 60.61 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 21.21 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 9.09 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 39.39 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 51.52 per cent have used cart, 72.73 per cent have used tractor and 6.06 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 81.82 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 6.06 per cent of the households, lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 3.03 per cent of the households and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 6.06 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 93.94 percent used fire wood and 3.03 percent of the households used LPG as a source of domestic fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 93.94 per cent of the households and kerosene lamp was the source of light for 3.03per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.52 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 12.50 per cent of marginal, 16.67 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 57.14 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.94 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 3.03 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 42.42 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90.91 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 42.42 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 27.27 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 63.64 per cent, fruits were adequate for 54.55 per cent, milk was adequate for 81.82 per cent, eggs were adequate for 51.52 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.52 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 3.03 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 51.52 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 30.30 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was inadequate for 12.12 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 36.36 per cent and meat was inadequate for 36.36 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 30.30 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (12.12%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.58%), inadequacy of irrigation water (9.09%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (93.94%), high rate of interest on credit (81.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (33.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (84.85%), less rainfall (96.97%), inadequate extension services (3.03%) and source of agri-technology information (75.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalhalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 569 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by water bodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 17 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 7 Land Management Units  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 38 per cent is loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 61 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 32 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 40 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 59 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 19 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 37 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 4 per cent very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 41 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 18 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 51 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 48 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 21 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in 96 per cent of the area and sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 2 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 44 (8) 241 (43) Pomegranate 39(7) 170(30) Maize 39(7) 246 (43) Guava 39(7) 128(23) Bajra 110(19) 266(47) Jackfruit 39(7) 128 (23) Redgram 39(7) 113 (20) Jamun - 209(37) Bengal gram 5(<1) 297(52) Musambi 44 (7) 165(29) Groundnut 71(13) 175 (31) Lime 44(7) 165 (29) Sunflower 44(8) 108 (19) Cashew 39(7) 128(23) Cotton 5(<1) 281(49) Custard apple 115(20) 281(49) Chilli 39(7) 204(36) Amla 110(19) 286 (50) Tomato 39(7) 204(36) Tamarind - 81(14) Drumstick 39(7) 133 (24) Marigold 39(7) 246(43) Mulbery 39(7) 153(27) Chrysanthemum 39(7) 246(43) Mango - 39(7) Jasmine 39(7) 204(36) Sapota 39 (7) 128(23) Crossandra 39(7) 204(36)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Kalhalli mciro-watershed is located at 15012'48.492'' to 150 11'30.734'' North and East 750 59' 24.617'' to 75056'47.418''covering an area of about 569.51 ha coming under Kallahalli, Byrapura and Alavandi villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 46 houaeholds in the micro watershed, 5 (10.87%) were landless, 12 (26.09%) were marginal, farmers 18 (39.13%) were small farmers, 8 (17.39%) were semi medium and 3 (6.52%) medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 135 (58.95%) men and 94 (41.05%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' and small farmers' was 4.9, semi medium farmers' was 5.5 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents 42 (18.34%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 99 (43.23%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (25.33%) were in 36-60 years of age and 30 (13.1%) were above 61 years of age.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 37.55 per cent illiterates, 20.52 per cent of them had primary school, 12.66 per cent of them had Middle school education, 18.78 per cent of them had high school, 3.49 per cent of them had PUC and 3.93 per cent of them had degree education.  About, 26.09 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 58.7 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.17 per cent of the household heads were trade and business.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 16.59 per cent of the household members, 48.47 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.87 per cent were government and trade and business, 17.03 per cent student, 0.44 per cent were housewives and 4.37 per cent were children.  The household possess, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institutions.  In the study area, 21.74 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 63.04 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.70 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 6.52 per cent of the households possess semi pacca.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 63.04 per cent of the households possess TV, 15.22 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 19.57 per cent of the household's posses bicycle, 47.83 per cent of the households possesses motor cycle and 93.48 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.39 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart and sprayer, 13.04 per cent of the households possess plough, 4.35 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.17 per 2 cent of the households possess irrigation pump and tractor, 39.13 per cent of the households possess weeder and 6.52 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks and sheep, 19.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 4.35 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.17 per cent of the households possess goat and poultry birds.  The average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.15, average own labour (women) available was 1.26, average hired labour (men) available was 10.5 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.8.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.44 ha (83.65%) of dry land and 10.64 ha (16.35%) of irrigated land.  Marginal farmers possess 8.75 ha (100%) of dry land.  Small farmers possess 22.25 ha (93.22%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (6.78%) of irrigated land.  Semi medium farmers possess 16.35 ha (88.86%)of dry land and 2.07 ha (11.14%) of irrigated land.  Medium farmers possess 6.91 ha (49.84%) of dry land and 6.95 ha (50.16%) of irrigated land.  There were 12 functioning and 22 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.09 per cent of the farmers.  The major crops have grown sunflower (22.1 ha), bajra (10.68 ha), maize (12.94 ha), sorghum (6.77 ha), groundnut (6.64 ha), Bengal gram (3.66 ha), cotton (1.69 ha), pea (2.84 ha), sugarcane (1.26 ha), sajje and sunflower (0.92 ha), red gram (0.81 ha), chick pea (0.61 ha) and horse gram (0.4 ha).  The cropping intensity in Kalhalli Micro-watershed was found to be 93.29 per cent.  The sample households possessed 58.7 per cent of the households have bank and 10.87 per cent have savings account.  About 4.35 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The sample households possessed, 38 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 6 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative bank, 56 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank and 19 per cent of the households have borrowed from SHGs/CBOs.  The household posess, the average credit amount borrowed by households in microwatershed was Rs, 35000.  The households possessed, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from institutional sources.  The households possess, 100 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from private sources. 3  The households possess, 68.75 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 31.25 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Pea, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Bajra, Sunflower, Bengal gram, Red gram, Horse gram, sorghum and cotton was Rs. 35497.48, 28205.39, 93696.92, 90775.21, 39299.87, 27402.59, 31256.71, 69552.02, 14999.24, 38286.97 and 19850.01 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.44, 1:5.13, 1:0.96, 1:5.03, 1:0.64, 1:1.33, 1:1.21, 1:1.43, 1:0.99, 1:0.97 and 1:1.92 respectively.  Further, 15.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 21.74 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate, 13.04 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 23.91 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The average annual gross income was Rs. 108,850 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 78,211.11, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 155,330 and medium farmers it was Rs. 290,083.33.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,002.26. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 14,208.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,408.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,156.25 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 111,666.67.  Sampled households have planted 94 coconut and 1 mango trees in their field to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have planted 1 teak, acacia and peepul tree, 53 neem and 3 banyan trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard in their field to cultivate forest species.  Households have an average investment capacity of of Rs. 3,760.87 for land development, Rs. 282.61 for irrigation facility, Rs. 1,717.39 for improved crop production and Rs.1,108.7 for improved livestock management.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned; loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 30.43 per cent for land development, 6.52 per cent for irrigation facility, 19.57 per cent for improved crop production and 8.7 per cent for improved livestock management.  Own funds was the source of additional investment for 23.91 per cent for land development, 21.74 per cent for improved crop production and 8.7 per cent for improved livestock management.  Regarding marketing channels, 52.17 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 56.52 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 2.17 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  Further, 10.87 per cent of the households have used cart and 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation.  Majority of the households 26.09 per cent have incidence of soil and water erosion problems. 4  The household possess, (67.39%) were interested towards soil testing.  The households possess, 13.04 per cent of households adopted field bunding structure was adopted.  The households possess, 16.67 per cent have field bunding condition was good and severely damaged and 66.67 per cent of the field bunding condition was slightly damaged.  The households possess, 8.7 per cent of the NGOs are involved in soil and water conservation structure and 4.35 per cent of the farmers are involved in soil and water conservation structure.  The households possess, 91.3 per cent of the households used fire wood and 8.7 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 45.65 per cent, 54.35 per cent of the households used bore well and 2.17 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed.  Kerosene lamp was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 28.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possess BPL cards and 2.17 per cent of the sampled households does not possessed PDS cards.  Cereals were adequate for 60.87 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 43.48 per cent, oilseeds and meat were adequate for 26.09 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 58.7 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.04 per cent, milk were adequate for 56.52 per cent and egg were adequate for 28.26 per cent of the households.  Cereals were inadequate for 13.04 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 26.09 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 30.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 4.35 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 28.26 per cent, milk and egg were inadequate for 15.22 per cent, and meat were inadequate for 8.7 per cent of the households.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 63.04 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.91%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (69.75%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, high rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (76.09%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (43.48%), inadequate extension service (32.61%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (30.43%), less rainfall (13.04%) and Source of Agri-technology information (6.52%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Pogalapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 351 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 343 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha (150 cm), 58 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 3 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 7 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25 to 75 cm).  About 11 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 75 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 95 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 85 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 13 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in an area of about 49 per cent and sufficient in 49 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 309(89) 13(3) Guava - 10(3) Maize - 322(92) Sapota - 10(3) Bajra - 322(92) Pomegranate - 319(92) Groundnut - 13(4) Musambi 285(82) 34(10) Sunflower 285(82) 34(10) Lime 285(82) 34(10) Redgram - 318(91) Amla 58(17) 264(75) Bengal gram 309(89) 3(1) Cashew - - Cotton 285(82) 27(8) Jackfruit - 10(3) Chilli - 321(92) Jamun - 309(89) Tomato - 234(68) Custard apple 319(92) 3(<1) Brinjal 70(20) 251(72) Tamarind - 309(89) Onion 234(67) 3(1) Mulberry - 10(3) Bhendi 81(23) 241(69) Marigold - 321(92) Drumstick - 318(92) Chrysanthemum - 321(92) Mango - 46(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Pogalapur-1 microwatershed indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (13.89 %) were landless, 13 (36.11 %) were marginal farmers, 12 (33.33 %) were small farmers, 2 (5.56 %) were semi medium farmers and 4 (11.11 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 116 (54.98 %) men and 95 (45.02 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.6, marginal farmers' was 5.46, small farmers' was 5.5, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 8.5.  The data indicated that, 39 (18.48 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (45.50 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (25.59 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (10.43 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Pogalapur-1 had 54.03 per cent illiterates, 16.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 4.74 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent had diploma education, 0.47 per cent had ITI education, 2.84 per cent of them had degree education and 0.95 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer, 5.56 per cent were general labour and 8.33 per cent were Housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.02 per cent of the household members, 10.9 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.32 per cent were general laborers, 0.47 per cent were Government Service, 2.84 per cent were in private service, 0.47 per cent were Trade & Business, 21.8 per cent were students, 11.37 per cent were housewives and 3.79 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.47 per cent was participating in Self Help Group.  The results indicate that 77.78 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.22 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 61.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 16.67 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of them possess Bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of them possess Landline Phone and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.5,227, mixer/grinder was Rs.1,583, Bicycle was Rs.2,500, motor cycle was Rs.42,538, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,692.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 52.78 per cent of them possess plough, 44.44 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 22.22 per cent of them possess power tiller, 25 per cent of them possess tractor, 41.67 per cent of them 2 possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess Sprinkler and 55.56 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,250, plough was Rs. 4,000, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,150, power tiller was Rs.100,000, tractor was Rs. 635,555, sprayer was Rs. 4,533, Sprinkler was Rs. 656 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 33.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 47.22 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.67 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 13.89 per cent of the households possess Goat and 11.11 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.52, average hired labour (men) available was 10.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.03.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed possess 24.65 ha (61.44 %) of dry land and 13.02 ha (32.46 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.96 ha (89.35 %) of dry land and 0.40 ha (6.69%) of Permanent Fallow. Small farmers possess 7.98 ha (61.83 %) of dry land and 4.93 ha (38.17 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (55.56 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (44.44 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.69 ha (48.72 %) of dry land, 6.48 ha (41.03 %) of irrigated l and 1.62 ha (10.26 %) of Permanent Fallow.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 672,050.91, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 656,465.65 and the average value of permanent fallow was Rs. 898,181.83. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 994,322.28 for dry land and Rs. 1,686,829.31 for permanent fallow. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 745,636.74 for dry land and Rs. 1,268,488.09 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 494,000 of irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 416,000 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 231,562.50 for Irrigated land and the average land value was Rs. 494,000 of permanent fallow.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 2 De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.78 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 14.77 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.62 ha, 3.88 ha, 1.62 ha and 6.48 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (15.17 ha), sorghum (6.24 ha), paddy (7.49 ha), groundnut (3.76 ha) and red gram (4.21 ha). Marginal farmers have 3 grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy. Medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. The cropping intensity in Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed was found to be 81.99 per cent.  The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of the households have bank account. 55.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs.30943.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.39115.28. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs.8172. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.26.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 63596.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71764.56. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8168.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.13.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 51208.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62580.64. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 11371.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.22.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25429.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31498. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6068.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66871.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78926.34. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12055.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.18.  The results indicate that, 47.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 186,592 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 121,381.54, for small farmers it was Rs. 144,578.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.181,180 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 347,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,934.45. For landless households it was Rs. 34,700, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 37,851.80, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,350.61, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,280 and medium farmers it was Rs. 54,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 Coconut and 3 mango trees in their field. Households have planted 2 banyan, 4 tamarind, 1 Eucalyptus, 6 Teak and 32 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,888.89 for land development, Rs. 16,250 for irrigation facility and Rs. 1,111.11 for improved crop production. Indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and for 8.33 per cent for 4 irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 16.67 per cent for land development and for 16.67 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.56 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 96.15 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 74.82 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 90.0 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.92 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.44 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.78 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. 97.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 86.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.56 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 27.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.44 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 91.67 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 83.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.33 per cent and eggs were adequate for 13.89 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 13.89 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 86.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.11 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.33 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56 %), High rate of interest on credit(63.89 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (83.33 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (72.22 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (69.44 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 433 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, one per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others and 150cm) soils.  About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 62 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 27 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 4 per cent has gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 51 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 44 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent is severely eroded.  An area of about 47 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5) 41 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 10 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 76 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 23 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 49 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 95(22) 82 (19) Pomegranate 32(7) 187(20) Maize 42 (10) 135 (31) Guava 1(<1) 163(38) Bajra 77(18) 190(44) Jackfruit 32(7) 131(30) Redgram 30(7) 103 (24) Jamun 29(7) 167(39) Bengal gram 53(12) 112(26) Musambi 85(20) 134(31) Groundnut 19(4) 316 (73) Lime 85(20) 134(31) Sunflower 83 (19) 61 (14) Cashew 13(3) 153(35) Cotton 82(19) 84(19) Custard apple 130(30) 296(68) Chilli 56(13) 47(11) Amla 77(18) 349 (81) Tomato 56(13) 47(11) Tamarind 29(7) 59(14) Drumstick 32(7) 268(62) Marigold 41(9) 136(32) Mulberry 32(7) 347(80) Chrysanthemum 41(9) 136 (32) Mango 29(7) 6(2) Jasmine 41(9) 80(19) Sapota 32(7) 131(30) Crossandra 41(9) 104(24) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (55.15%) men and 74 (44.85%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 6.5, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 5.45, semi medium farmers' was 6.29 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (43.64%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.48%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.91 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kanakapur-1 had 30.30 per cent illiterates, 35.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.30 per cent of them had high school education, 11.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.21 per cent of them did ITI, 4.85 per cent of them had degree education and 2 persons were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 87.10 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 9.68 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers and 3.23 per cent were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.18 per cent of the household members, 46.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.61 per cent were in government service, 1.82 per cent were in private service, 27.88 per cent were students, 3.03 per cent were housewives and 1.82 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 38.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 48.39 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 96.77 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 25.81 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4300, mixer grinder was Rs.1800, motor cycle was Rs.28214, mobile phone was Rs.1435, bicycle was Rs.1222 and refrigerator was Rs.15000.  About 22.58 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 29.03 per cent of them possess plough, 6.45 per cent of them possess tractor, 38.71 per cent of them posses sprayer, 93.55 per cent of them possess weeder, 3.23 per cent of them possess harvester and 3.23 per cent of them possess thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15400, plough was Rs.1900, the average value of tractor was Rs. 250000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1064, the average value of harvester was Rs.3500, thresher was Rs.50000 and the average value of weeder Rs.40.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and 3.23 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 6.74 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.39.  The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapur-1 micro watershed possess 22.29 ha (38.40%) of dry land and 35.76 ha (61.60%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 273633 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392264.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning and 11 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 29.03 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 22.71 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 7.50 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (16.5 ha), bajra (9.5 ha), cotton (2.63 ha), groundnut (4.63 ha), navane (0.81 ha), sesamum (0.81 ha), sorghum (0.81 ha), sunflower (0.88 ha), tomato (2.11 ha) and Bengal gram (0.73 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapur-1 micro watershed was found to be 86.25 per cent.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of the households have bank account and 38.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23916. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26575.54. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2659.54, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11. 3  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24282.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23280.87. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -1001.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 36079.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35197.50. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -882.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 24352.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70110. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 45757.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.88.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 36632.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45304.12. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 8671.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35183.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67306.06. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32122.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 36338.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111921.87. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 75583.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.08.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 18748.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36309. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 17560.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 27478.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -2778.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicate that, 6.45 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.30000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.60810, for small farmers it was Rs.100354, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.98328, and for medium farmers it was Rs.105000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7730. For landless households it was Rs.7500, for marginal farmers it was Rs 2405, for small farmers it was Rs. 8834, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7632, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 50000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 teak trees, 71 neem trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 3 neem trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, bajra, chilly, groundnut, ladies finger, mango, paddy, tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold to the extent of 93.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets. But some farmers also sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, but 12.90 per cent have also used cart.  The results indicated that, 51.61 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households adopted field bunding and 3.23 per cent have adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who have adopted field bunding opined that they require full replacement of the structure.  The results indicated that, government was the main agency that was involved in constructing soil conservation structures in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 38.71 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 61.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent used fire wood and 12.90 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 30 per cent of the marginal, 18.18 per cent of the small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL card and 9.68 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 38.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 6.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 12.90 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.58 per cent, milk was adequate for 16.13 per cent, eggs were adequate for 16.13 per cent and meat was adequate for 9.68 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 54.84 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate 5 for 77.42 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.06 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 35.48 per cent, milk was inadequate for 35.48 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.87 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.81%), high rate of interest on credit (3.23%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.81%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.58%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.16%), less rainfall (29.03%) inadequate extension services (16.13%) and source of agri technology information (12.90). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chukkanakallu-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 574 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 70 per cent is covered by soils, 18 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 17 per cent has loamy soils and 53 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 49 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 77 ha (13%) area has nearly level (0-1%) and 327 ha (57%) is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands in the microwatershed.  An area of about 36 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 14 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 10 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 40 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 7 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 32 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 38 per cent and 1.0 ppm) area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 24 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 38 (7) 202 (35) Sapota 62 (11) 4 (1) Maize - 241 (42) Pomegranate 62 (11) 142 (25) Bajra 62 (11) 206 (36) Musambi 76 (13) 128 (22) Groundnut - 95 (16) Lime 76 (13) 128 (22) Sunflower 47 (8) 154 (27) Amla 62 (11) 218 (38) Red gram 33 (6) 118 (20) Cashew - 66 (11) Bengalgram 38 (7) 228 (40) Jackfruit 62 (11) 4 (1) Cotton 71 (12) 170 (30) Jamun - 114 (20) Chilli 33 (6) 30 (5) Custard apple 100 (17) 180 (31) Tomato 33 (6) 30 (5) Tamarind - 120 (21) Brinjal 31 (5) 221 (39) Mulberry 62 (11) 154 (27) Onion 1 (<1) 74 (13) Marigold - 240 (42) Bhendi 1 (<1) 250 (44) Chrysanthemum - 240 (42) Drumstick 62 (11) 151 (26) Jasmine - 102 (18) Mango - 63 (11) Crossandra - 114 (20) Guava - 66 (11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 80 (55.56%) men and 64 (44.44%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.2, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 3.9, and semi medium farmers' was 4.6.  The data indicated that, 33 (22.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 60 (41.67%) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (27.78%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.64%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chukkanakallu-1 had 29.86 per cent illiterates, 33.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.50 per cent of them had high school education and 0.69 per cent of them did ITI education.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 31.25 per cent of the household members, 40.28 per cent were agricultural labourers, 23.61 per cent were students, 1.39 per cent were housewives and 3.47 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.69 per cent were in NGOs and 99.31per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.94 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 11.76 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC and 5.88 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 76.47 per cent of the households possess TV and mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of them possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 73.53 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,807, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,794, bicycle was 1,750, motor cycle was Rs. 42,083 and mobile phones was 2,015.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 41.18 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and thresher, 5.88 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 23.53 per cent of them possess sprayer and 41.18 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,500, plough was Rs. 2,364, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,956, weeder was Rs. 285 and thresher was Rs.80.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of them possess buffalo and sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.44, average own labour (women) available was 1.09, average hired labour (men) available was 10.32 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.44.  The results indicate that 17.65 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 82.35 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed possess 21.54 ha (71.72%) of dry land, 6.59 ha (21.95 %) of irrigated land and 1.90 ha (6.33 %). Marginal farmers possess 5.45 ha (90.83%) of dry land, 0.43 ha (7.15%) and 0.12 ha (2.02%) permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 11.90 ha (65.80%) of dry land, 4.40 ha (24.35%) of irrigated land and 1.78 ha (9.85%). Semi medium farmers possess 4.19 ha (70.41%) of dry land and 1.76 (29.59%) for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 368,968.43, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 636,832.41 and permanent fallow land was Rs. 394,148.93. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 669,302.16 for dry land, Rs. 1,165,094.40 for irrigated land and Rs.2,058,333.25 for permanent fallow land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 285,646.26 for dry land and Rs. 726,470.58 for irrigated land and Rs. 280,681.81 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 214,782.61 for dry land and Rs. 283,908.05 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers and tank was the irrigation source for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 19.80 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 4.40 ha, and 1.62 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (1.21 ha), maize (24.17 ha), sajje (1.30 ha), tomato (0.4 ha), watermelon (0.4 ha) and groundnut (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, sajje, tomato and groundnut. Small farmers had bajra, maize, sajje and watermelon. Semi medium farmers had grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chukkanakallu-1 micro-watershed was found to be 99.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 11.76 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank. 3  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 23,529.41.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 110600.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58420.07. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -52180.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.53.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 41066.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37805.61. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. - 3260.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 74688.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79040.00. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 4351.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 26445.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 296400.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 269954.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:11.21.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 59468.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79534.00. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20065.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.34.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.88 per cent was green fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent dry fodder was inadequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 41,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 43,363.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 52,866.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 68,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 2,692.72. For landless households it was Rs. 3,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,012.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 1,549.52 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,388.89.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 30 neem, 3 tamarind, 4 acacia and 7 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, tomato and water melon was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 99.53 percent.  The results indicated that, about 29.41 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 52.94 per cent of the sold their produce to regulated market. 4  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households used cart, 73.53 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.94 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 35.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card. The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 82.35 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 64.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 35.29 per cent, milk were adequate for 26.47 per cent and egg and meat were adequate for 23.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereal were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 35.29 per cent, oilseeds and vegetables were inadequate for 76.47 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 41.18 per cent, milk were inadequate for 52.94 per cent, egg were inadequate were 67.65 per cent and meat were inadequate were 55.88 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 11.76 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 2.94 per cent of egg and meat were market surplus of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 61.76 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (20.59 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (35.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (11.76%), high rate of interest on credit (23.53 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.82%), inadequate extension services (5.88%), less rainfall (50 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (26.47%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hosahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 564 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils and 8 per cent by rock outcrops, habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 6 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and 86 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 68 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 11 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 81 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 37 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 55 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 46 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 45 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 1 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 47 per cent, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 40 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 5 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 9 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 330 (59) Sapota 55 (10) - Maize - 352 (62) Pomegranate 55 (10) 199 (35) Bajra 55 (10) 296 (53) Musambi 55 (10) 200 (35) Groundnut - 82 (15) Lime 55 (10) 200 (35) Sunflower 26 (5) 229 (41) Amla 55 (10) 276 (49) Red gram 26 (5) 193 (34) Cashew - 55 (10) Bengalgram 1 (<1) 329 (59) Jackfruit 55 (10) - Cotton 27 (5) 305 (54) Jamun - 207 (37) Chilli 26 (5) 35 (6) Custard apple 56 (10) 275 (49) Tomato 26 (5) 35 (6) Tamarind - 207 (37) Brinjal 29 (5) 322 (57) Mulberry 55 (10) 206 (36) Onion - 82 (15) Marigold - 331 (59) Bhendi - 351 (62) Chrysanthemum - 331 (59) Drumstick 55 (10) 200 (35) Jasmine - 131 (23) Mango - 155 (28) Crossandra - 96 (17) Guava - 55 (10)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (54.40%) men and 83 (45.60%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 5.17, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 8.  The data indicated that, 39 (21.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 79 (43.41%) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (24.73%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.44 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hosahalli-2 had 28.57 per cent illiterates, 36.81 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.49 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.93 per cent of them had high school education, 6.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent of them did ITI and another 0.55 per cent had diploma education; 3.30 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.44 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 5.56 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.33 per cent of the household members, 51.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.10 per cent was in private service, 26.37 per cent were students and 0.55 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.22 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 63.89 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.11 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 97.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 80.56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 55.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.89 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.3485, mixer grinder was Rs.1189, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.33000 and mobile phone was Rs.1281.  About 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 16.67 per cent of them possess plough, 11.11 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.22 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.11 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.23200, plough was Rs.857, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4500, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.3250, and the average value of weeder was Rs.58.  The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.56 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.56 per cent of them possess sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.81, average own labour (women) available was 1.68, average hired labour (men) available was 8.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.94.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate and 2.78 per cent opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hosahalli-2 micro watershed possess 30.79 ha (86%) of dry land and 5.01 ha (14%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 13.25 ha (97.04%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (2.96%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 9.05 ha (83.61%) of dry land and 1.77 ha (16.39%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.50 ha (95.45%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (4.55%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 259,726.60 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 578,594.51. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,689.89 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 209,977.63 for dry land and Rs. 676,712.35 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 164,666.67 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 10 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.78 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 9.40 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.4 ha, 2.11 ha, 0.81 ha and 4.86 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (11.4 ha), redgram (9.8 ha), sorghum (5.28 ha), bengalgram (2.43 ha), sunflower (1.65 ha), cotton (1.21 ha), paddy (0.94 ha), tomato (0.81 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha) and bajra (0.55 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, bengalgram, sunflower, tomato and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, redgram, sorghum, bengalgram and tomato. Medium farmers have grown Bengalgram and paddy.  In case of marginal farmers it was 99.88 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 50 per cent, and medium farmers also had cropping intensity of 50 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27038.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31038.57. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 4000.15, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 50861.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35697.81. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 15163.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.7.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 59311. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48576.67. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -10734.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 41578.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38532. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -3046.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 31068.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 43031.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.39.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 75202.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67925. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. - 7277.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 24466.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45608.39. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 21141.90. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35513.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 132481.82. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 96968.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.73.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 21363.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54026.50. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 32662.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.53.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 120,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 76,841.11, for small farmers it was Rs. 191,162.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 119,100, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,591.78. For landless households it was Rs. 7,428.57, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,945.99, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,058.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,416.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 55,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 mango trees in their field. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak trees, 62 neem trees, 2 tamarind and 7 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 7,777.78, for irrigation facility Rs. 1,777.78, and for improved crop production Rs. 1,055.56.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 77.78 per cent of the households for land development, 27.78 per cent for irrigation facility and 16.67 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, Bengalgram, cotton, paddy, sorghum, sunflower and tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Bajra was sold to the extent of 86.67 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 80 per cent, maize to the extent of 96.72 per cent and redgram was marketed to the extent of 95.45 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.44 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and only 2.78 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.78 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 75 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 25 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent used fire wood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 47.22 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 66.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 47.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 61.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 80.56 per cent, milk was adequate for 55.56 per cent and eggs were adequate for 69.44 per cent of the households. 5  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 2.78 per cent, milk was inadequate for 19.44 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 13.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.89 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (36.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.78%), high rate of interest on credit (11.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (11.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (30.56%), less rainfall (61.11%), inadequate extension services (19.44%) and source of agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (8.33%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project