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This fully revised fourth edition of Constraints on the Waging of War considers the development of the principal rules of international humanitarian law from their origins to the present day. Of particular focus are the rules governing weapons and the legal instruments through which respect for the law can be enforced. Combining theory and actual practice, this book appeals to specialists as well as to students turning to the subject for the first time.

The principle of domestic jurisdiction in international law makes national governments responsible for protecting their citizens, investigating alleged abuses of human rights in their countries and bringing the perpetrators to justice. They governments may also extradite those accused of abuse of human rights to any other states prepared to give them a fair trial. Problem arises however, when governments are unable or unwilling to perform this duty or are themselves perpetrators of these crimes. Thus, millions of people have fallen victims of genocide, crimes against humanity and serious violations of humanitarian laws. But only very few of these perpetrators have been brought to justice in national courts as many governments claim sanctuary under the principle of domestic jurisdiction. The need therefore arises for the international community to act in order to protect helpless or defenseless citizens from being victims of crimes against humanity and human rights abuses, by bringing the perpetrators of these crimes to justice. The thrust of this article therefore, is that the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC) fills this void by fulfilling a central and pivotal goal in international jurisprudence. This article, therefore, provides insights and lessons into the history and prospects of the International Criminal Court. These are insights and lessons that are too important and too costly to ignore in the 21st century understanding of international criminal justice system.

1. An Overview of the International Reception of Existentialism: The Existentialist Tsunami; Alfred Betschart -- Part I: North America -- 2. Sartre and the American New Left; Ronald Aronson -- 3. The Absurd: Postwar Reception and Wartime Echoes at Yale French Studies; Julia Elsky -- 4. Walker Percy's The Moviegoer, a Signpost for Existentialism's Reception in the American South; Damon Boria -- 5. The Reception of Sartre's Plays: The Respectful Prostitute and Dirty Hands during the Cold War Period; Adrian van den Hoven -- Part II: Europe Outside France -- 6. Guéhenno in Gehenna. The English and German Translations of La nausée; Norbert Bachleitner -- 7. "Existentialist Hu-ha"?: Censoring the Existentialists in the British Theatre; Jamie Andrews -- 8. The Impact in Italy of Sartre and his Thinking; Francesco Caddeo -- 9. Toward an Ethics of Singularity: Temporality, Irreversibility, and Need in the Dialogue between Jean-Paul-Sartre and Enzo Paci; Raoul Kirchmayr -- 10. Sartre in Germany- Even in the East; Vincent von Wroblewsky -- 11. French Cultural Policy and the Transfer of Existentialism in Allied-Occupied Austria; Juliane Werner -- Part III: Asia, Latin America, and Africa -- 12. The Journey of Sartrean Existentialism into Turkey; Ayşenaz Cengiz -- 13. Middle Eastern Existentialism; Hamid Andishan -- 14. Arab Existentialism: What was it?; Yoav Di-Capua -- 15. Sartre's Presence in Israeli Literature: The Case of Hanoch Levin; Rony Klein -- 16. The Discovery of the Other in Post-War Japan: Two Sartreans on Kyoto School and Zainichi Koreans; Nariaki Kobayashi and Hiroaki Seki -- 17. A Brief History of the Reception of Sartre in Argentina; Alan Patricio Savignano -- 18. Existentialism Against Colonialism: Sartre, Fanon, and the Place of Lived Experience; Robert Bernasconi -- Part IV: Science and Arts -- 19. Existential Psychoanalysis in America; Cameron Bassiri and Matthew Senie -- 20. Existentialism and Cinema: The Dialectic of Bad Faith and Authenticity in Federico Fellini's 8½; Maria Russo.

1. Humor : a many gendered thing / Delia Chiaro and Raffaella Baccolini -- 2. Blended spaces as subversive feminist humor / Janet Bing and Joanne Scheibman -- 3. Traditional comic conflicts in farce and roles for women / Jessica Milner Davis -- 4. The school for scandal : humor and the scandalized narrative in women's speculative fiction / Jennifer A. Wagner-Lawlor -- 5. "A gay arcadia of happy girls" : women, the body, and the welfare state in British film comedy / Frances Gray -- 6. Humorless lesbians / Don Kulick -- 7. Gender trouble in sketches from Japan / Francois Bouchetoux -- 8. Humor and gender : an overview of psychological research / Rod A. Martin -- 9. Gender and humor in everyday conversation / Jennifer Coates -- 10. Funny, feminine, and flirtatious : humor and gendered discourse norms at work / Janet Holmes and Stephanie Schnurr -- 11. Power and connection : humor in a Cantonese family / John S.Y. Hui -- 12. Humor and contemporary product design : international perspectives / Sheri R. Klein -- 13. Being bovvered and taking liberties : female performance and female identities in the Catherine Tate show / Sharon Lockyer -- 14. Little Miss Sunshine and the avoidance of tragedy / Gail Finney -- 15. "What'ya mean I'm funny?" Ball-busting humor and Italian American masculinities / Fred Gardaphe -- 16. "A woman, a Wog and a Westie" : Monica Pellizzari's critical humor from down under / Alessandra Senzani -- 17. Gender and grotesque humor in contemporary Italian literature : language, culture, and translation / Brigid Maher -- 18. Queer humor : gay comedy between camp and diversity / Rainer Emig -- 19. Petite flower, giver goddess, and duchess of discipline : sexual nonconformity, play, and camp humor in the performance of Judy Tenuta / Giovanna P. Del Negro -- 20. Humor and gender, directions for future research : where do we go from here? / Raffaella Baccolini and Delia Chiaro.

Zur Bewältigung der Folgen der europäischen Schuldenkrise schlossen sich erstmals die Europäische Kommission, die Europäische Zentralbank und der Internationale Währungsfonds zur "Troika" zusammen. Krisengeschüttelte Euroländer erhielten Hilfskredite verbunden mit umfangreichen Kreditkonditionalitäten. Obwohl die Troika bestrebt war, nach außen einheitliche Positionen zu demonstrieren, zeigten sich in Fragen der Schuldenrestrukturierung, der fiskalischen und strukturellen Anpassung systematisch inhaltliche Differenzen zwischen den drei Organisationen. Diese rekonstruieren wir mit Hilfe von process tracing für die Programme für Irland und Griechenland. Unter Rückgriff auf das Konzept der Organisationskultur und ein Verständnis internationaler Organisationen als Bürokratien oder "international public administrations" interpretieren wir konfligierende Ansätze der Kreditvergabe als Ausdruck inkongruenter Organisationskulturen der Troika-Bürokratien. Unsere Befunde widersprechen sowohl staatszentrierten Perspektiven auf die Troika als auch Ansätzen, die internationale Organisationen eher als "multiple Persönlichkeiten" denn als unitarische Akteure begreifen.

Countries around the world are working towards a low-carbon future. Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, 189 countries have submitted national plans that set clear goals to increase investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, climate-smart agriculture, and more. Beyond setting the stage for bottom-up action, these Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) also opened massive potential for investment—nearly $23 trillion according to the 2016 International Finance Corporation (IFC) Climate Investment Opportunities in Emerging Markets report. Much of this investment will need to come from the private sector. Governments— including Cote d'Ivoire—are increasingly interested in working with the private sector to unlock vital finance and develop innovative solutions. Costs for renewable energy are rapidly decreasing and in certain cases can be less expensive than generating electricity from fossil fuels. This has helped to radically change the model of energy development and access around the globe, and a larger share of the energy mix is expected to be renewable in future. In regions like Sub-Saharan Africa where there is high interest in expanding infrastructure to improve access to energy, there is an opportunity to leapfrog traditional electrification approaches and develop new models that are cleaner, more efficient, and focused on customer and business needs. Cote d'Ivoire's commitments are ambitious. The country's NDC, released in 2016, set a target to reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions by 28 percent by 2030, including a target to generate 42 percent of electricity from renewable energy by 2030. As highlighted in the IFC Climate Investment Opportunities report, the country is focused on spurring economic growth and solidifying its role as an economic engine for West Africa. The government recognizes the key role of private sector investment in expanding renewable energy penetration. Overall, Cote d'Ivoire's 2016-2020 National Development Program aims to attract $32 million in private investment. The main drivers of sustained growth are expected to be both public and private investments in infrastructure, opening significant opportunities for the energy and electricity sectors. The Ministry of Petroleum, Energy and Renewable Energy Development is developing the overall strategy and policy framework for including renewables into the energy mix. The Societe des Energies de Cote d'Ivoire (CI-Energies), a state-owned asset holding company, is moving this framework forward and has mapped technology-specific needs and is offering tenders to develop the projects that will contribute to NDC goals. Although Cote d'Ivoire has yet to increase its power generation capacity, it has made substantial progress in improving the existing transmission and distribution network and restoring the energy sector's financial viability.

A Opening Addresses -- I Introduction -- II L'Intégration Monétaire et Financière Internationale — la Dimension Européenne -- III The Implications of International Monetary and Financial Integration for the European Investment Bank -- IV Le Rôle du Luxembourg dans l'Intégration Monétaire Européenne -- B European Monetary Arrangements: their Functioning and Future -- V European Monetary Arrangements: their Functioning and Future -- VI The Relative Positions of the Currencies within the EMS Band of Fluctuation: an Empirical Study -- VII European Monetary Arrangements: their Functioning and Future -- VIII The ECU and its Role on the European Monetary Scene -- IX German Monetary Policy and the EMS -- C Relationships with Other Currencies and the World Monetary System -- X An Increasing Role for the ECU: a Character in Search of a Script -- XI Implications of Closer International Monetary Cooperation for the Evolution of the European Monetary System -- XII Policy Coordination and Target Zones -- XIII Concurrence entre Monnaies et Polycentrisme Monétaire -- XIV External Aspects of the European Monetary System -- D Costs and Benefits of Financial Integration in Europe -- XV Costs and Benefits of Liberalization of Capital Flows: some Theoretical and Policy Issues with Special Reference to the Italian Case -- XVI Financial Intermediation and Systems: Global Integration -- XVII Capital Controls and the European Monetary System -- XVIII Costs and Benefits of Financial Integration in Europe -- E Implementation of Financial Integration in Europe: Capital Flows and Financial Services -- XIX La Mise en Œuvre de l'Intégration Financière en Europe; les Mouvements de Capitaux et les Services Financiers -- XX Implementation of Financial Integration in Europe -- XXI Financial Integration in Europe through Private Use of the ECU -- XXII La Place du Contrôle des Mouvements de Capitaux dans la Politique Economique Française et les Perspectives liées à son Allégement -- F Report on the Colloquium -- XXIII General Report.

Mit der Wahl von Donald Trump zum neuen Präsidenten der USA sind für die internationale Klimapolitik schwierige Zeiten angebrochen. Die USA waren zusammen mit der EU der wichtigste Konstrukteur des Paris-Abkommens von 2015. Sie werden ihr klimadiplomatisches Engagement, insbesondere die Kooperation mit China, Indien und den Entwicklungsländern, nicht fortsetzen. Auch wird der neue Präsident die Umsetzung der nationalen Klimaziele stoppen und Gesetze rückgängig machen. Dies wird das Vertrauen vieler Staaten in die USA untergraben. Die deutschen und europäischen Klimadiplomatinnen und -diplomaten kennen diese Situation aus den Zeiten der Bush-Administration nach 2000, als die USA aus dem Kyoto-Protokoll ausgeschieden sind. Angesichts der jüngsten Erfolge in der internationalen Klimapolitik brauchen Deutschland und die EU nun eine umfassende Strategie. Erstens gilt es, einen Dominoeffekt auf internationaler Ebene zu verhindern und das Paris-Abkommen mit den wichtigen Partnerländern voranzutreiben. Zweitens ist es notwendig, dem Umgang mit den neuen US-Vertreterinnen und -Vertretern auf internationalem Parkett wie auch der Zusammenarbeit mit der neuen Administration verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen. Drittens sollte der zu erwartende klimadiplomatische Schaden durch die Zusammenarbeit mit den US-Bundesstaaten und nichtstaatlichen Akteuren begrenzt werden. (Autorenreferat)

This book explores the politics of officially expressed emotion on the international stage, looking at the ways in which state actors strategically deploy emotional behavior to shape the perceptions of others. Examining diverse instances of emotional behavior, the book reveals that official emotional displays are not simply cheap talk but rather play an important role in the strategies and interactions of state actors