Suchergebnisse

The overwhelming majority of writers on international law seem still inclined to advocate that states only be recognized as legal persons in international law. Since, however, neither the term "state" nor the term "legal personality" is unequivocal, it may well be questioned whether a conclusion reached by means of a mere combination of these terms is adequate to clarify the pertinent problems.Through constant repetition, the unqualified designation of the state as the only legal person in international law became seemingly self-evident. Yet it should not be overlooked that the concept of the state is much older than the description of the state in terms of legal personality, since the latter terminology does not appear before the middle of the seventeenth century. There seems to be general agreement that Thomas Hobbes originated the usage of speaking of the "state" as a "person," when he proposed to define a "body politic" as "a multitude of men,united as one personby a common power."

Persaud, R. B. ; Walker, R. B. J.: Apertura: race in international relations. - S. 373-376. Persaud, R. B.: Racial assumptions in global labor recruitment and supply. - S. 377-399. Krishna, S.: Race, amnesia, and the education of international relations. - S. 401-424. Grovogui, S. N.: Come to Africa: a hermeneutics of race in international theory. - S. 425-448. Watson, H.: Theorizing the racialization of global politics and the Caribbean experience. - S. 449-483. Biswas, S.: "Nuclear Apartheid" as political position: race as a postcolonial resource? - S. 485-522. Doty, R. L.: Desert tracts: statecraft in remote places. - S. 523-543

Education Reference Guide: International Learning Perspectivees -- Contents -- Introduction -- Teaching in Developing Countries -- Teacher Shortages -- Gender Disparities in World Education -- Inclusive Education in Developing Countries -- Poverty Reduction Strategies -- Charities & -- Global Education -- Comparative Education -- International Education Indicators -- National Education Plans -- UNESCO-Education for All -- Training for International Teachers -- Globalization & -- Education -- International Scholarship Programs -- Study Abroad Programs -- Esperanto -- Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Source Referencing & -- Plagiarism -- Non-Formal Education -- Skills Development Programs.

Perhaps the single most important items of news concerning international organizations since my last column was the official notification by the U.S. Government late in December 1983 of its intention to withdraw from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at the end of 1984. Numerous articles and editorial pieces have appeared in the press since that time. According to news accounts the U.S. National Commission for UNESCO, a nongovernmental advisory body, adopted a resolution December 16 at its annual meeting stating that continued U.S. membership in UNESCO "… is in the national interest," but as far as the author can determine the text of the resolution, adopted by a 41 to 8 vote, has not been made public. It is my understanding that a 700-page report evaluating U.S. participation in UNESCO has been prepared and an executive summary is to be published by the State Department. From its origins UNESCO has been one of the most controversial and complex of the organizations within the United Nations system of organizations as shown in a new reference work on the Organization, Guide to UNESCO, by Peter I. Hajnal of the University of Toronto library staff. The reader's attention is directed to a review of the Guide published in this issue. Another event highlighted in the press was the failure of the December 1983 meeting of the European Council of Ministers in Athens to come to any agreement on reform of the European Community's Common Agricultural Policy and the 1984 Community budget. The meeting broke up without even agreeing on a final communique. In a statement issued December 7 the Commission of the European Community referred to the gravity of the situation but stated that "… the failure of the European Council session is not the failure of the Community, let alone the failure of a historical process that is to ensure the prosperity and strength of Europe." (European Community News no. 23, December 9, 1983.) Another noteworthy event late in 1983 was the November 14 announcement by the Secretary-General of the Organization of American States (OAS), Alejandro Orfila, of his intention to resign. In a very outspoken speech, the OAS Secretary-General stated "… that the OAS has been detached from, or only tangentially involved in, many of the major issues that affect the present and determine the future of America." (Washington Post, November 22, 1983.) At the United Nations discouragement also has been expressed increasingly at the inability of the Organization to do its first job of preserving peace. Upon his retirement from the UN in November 1983, Philippine Foreign Minister Carlos Romulo, head of his delegation since the founding conference in 1945, said "the world has changed [since then] but we have not changed enough. Human perspective is still transfixed on the precious but inadequate loyalties of home and country when it needs, at a time when men aim for the stars, to encompass at least the human family on a tiny planet, circling a minor sun." (Quoted by Flora Lewis, New York Times, December 27, 1983.) In a New Year's message, the President of the 38th UN General Assembly, Jorge Illueca of Panama, called for an infusion "… of new energy into the machinery of the United Nations." At the same time, he noted that our fate depends on "… human geography more than physical geography," and he urged "… these human nucleii of diverse cultures" to come together so that "… we the peoples of the world, may strengthen our will to save mankind from the scourge of war." (United Nations Weekly News Summary WS/1161, January 6, 1984.)

"International responsibility law today is in great need of theorizing, or, at least, that is the present volume's argument. This introduction sets the stage for that argument. It unfolds in four steps: first, it clarifies the reasons that led to putting this collection of essays together and explains what it hopes to achieve; second, it introduces the main theoretical challenges addressed in the volume; third, it provides some information about how the book is organized; and, finally, it sketches out the content of its successive chapters and their articulation"

Der Autor entwickelt Überlegungen zu einer "Messung der Informationsgesellschaft". In diesem Zusammenhang wird zunächst das Konzept der Informationsarbeiter vorgestellt. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, daß die empirische Evidenz der Informationsgesellschaft wesentlich auf volkswirtschaftlichen Statistiken der Entwicklung und Verteilung der Arbeitskräfte und des Bruttosozialprodukts basiert. Auf diese Weise ist beobachtbar, daß der Anteil der Arbeitskräfte, die mit Information und Kommunikation befaßt sind, seit den 60er Jahren zugenommen hat. Anhand von Graphiken wird die Entwicklung des Informationssektors bzw. der Informationsgesellschaft (im internationalen Vergleich) illustriert. Während mit dem Konzept des Informationsarbeiters Informationssektoren der Gesellschaft identifiziert und beschrieben werden, stellen im weiteren vorgestellte Ansätze vor allem auf die gesellschaftliche Informatisierung ab, indem in ihnen neben der Produktion insbesondere die Konsumtion von Information erfaßt wird. So wird mit Hilfe des Informationskoeffizienten (Ausgaben für Information zu Gesamtausgaben der Haushalte) ein internationaler Vergleich mit dem Pro-Kopf-Einkommen gezogen. Abschließend wird nach den Veränderungen der Kommunikationsprozesse in der Informationsgesellschaft im Vergleich zur Agrar- und Industriegesellschaft gefragt. Dabei läßt sich ein Strukturwandel innerhalb des Mediensystems aufgrund der Bedeutung der Individualmedien feststellen. (ICD)