Suchergebnisse

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and contribution of San Martin and Chazuta subnational governments in promoting development and internationalization of the cocoa and chocolate value chain from the stakeholders' perceptions. This work was based on a qualitative approach in which information triangulation method, information processing with evaluation rubric and WebQDA software were used. The results showed that stakeholders of both value chains perceive that the subnational government's actions taken to develop and internationalize these value chains are poorly valued and insufficient. Likewise, six internationalization barriers were identified in which two are perceived as the main limitations: low productivity levels and access to innovations and technology. These results contribute to enrich the decision-making process of political authorities and public officials from the San Martin subnational governments. Moreover, they provide information, according to the Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve the governmental services available, especially productive activities in the rainforest area (Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, 2015; Wiener Fresco, 2010). This can improve or create new extension services to increase the quality of the Chazuta's cocoa and chocolate products and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets (Shapira, y otros, 2015). Design/methodology/approach – This paper has been developed by using a qualitative approach with an exploratory and descriptive scope. The objective was to examine a study case of how subnational governments contribute in the promotion of development and internationalization of agro-industrial value chains as alternatives to illicit crops (Hernandez, Fernandez, & Baptista, 2010). The Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of coca eradication and is located between two regions of high biodiversity – Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area and Cordillera Azul National Park. Findings – One of the issues hindering the ability of the Chazuta cocoa and chocolate producers is based on their perception that the subnational governments' efforts are focused on meeting already-established goals and little emphasis is placed on solving productive problems. On the other hand, at an articulation level, the most relevant efforts have been connecting the cocoa and chocolate customers to Chazuta producers through events. In spite of this, such events are not considered a permanent activity and the producers do not perceive that these mechanisms enable them to maintain these long-term trade relationships. This can be explained by the fact that Chazuta cocoa and chocolate organizations recognize that they still have incipient productive capacities to meet the foreign market's demand. Furthermore, associations, cooperatives and SMEs are not able to maintain constant levels of production quality, except the family-based business. Knowledge and techniques provided by subnational governments and private organizations are not fully used or implemented by the associations' members. This low level of knowledge application can be explained by cultural factors and also because the producers receive multiple and sometimes contradictory information from various providers of technology extension services. This leads to inadequate use or non-implementation of productivity improvements, thus generating a virtuous circle in which production and quality of the goods remain at low levels, which hinders their entry into demanding and profitable markets. Research limitations/implications – This paper has been developed with a qualitative approach considering an exploratory and descriptive scope. Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of eradication achievements and it is located between two regions of high biodiversity. A rubric is an evaluation method of individuals or organizations performance, taking into consideration the evaluator's pre-established criteria to determine if the objectives and goals are being met. Based on these criteria, evidence and performance information is collected. Following, performance is graded based on the researcher's predetermined criteria and finally a merit-based judgment is made on the performance. Practical implications – The results contribute to enrich decision making of political authorities and public officials from San Martin subnational governments. They provide information, according to Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve provided government services, especially in rainforest area productive activities. This adds up to improvement or creation of new extension services to increase the quality of Chazuta's cocoa and chocolate products, and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets. Social implications – The situation of San Martín region and Chazuta district is contextualized and emphasis is given to socioeconomic conditions and the value of cocoa as an alternative crop to coca. From 1980 to early 2000, Peru lived a period of generalized violence due to narcoterrorism, which had large-scale outreach in southern highland and rainforest areas. To deal with this situation, subnational governments in collaboration with international cooperation decided to consolidate agro-industrial value chains in order to generate legal income for rural populations. For this purpose, alternative crop policies were implemented and San Martin region achieved the best results. Originality/value – This fieldwork was carried out as part of the undergraduate thesis but after fieldwork, with the use of online software tool WebQDA, codes were created to systematize and quantify the collected information in the content manager. The codes were created taking into account assessment and evaluation variables. Each value represented a code referred to a performance level as perceived by Chazuta cocoa and chocolate value chains stakeholders.

[EN] In the last 20 years, demographic development in Bulgaria has been characterized by population decline, a low crude birth rate, a low fertility rate, a high mortality rate and an ageing population. A stabilizing political situation since the early 2000s and an economic upsurge since the mid-2000s were important factors in the slight increase of the birth and fertility rates and the slight decrease in standardized death rates. In general, Bulgaria lags behind European Union averages in most mortality and morbidity indicators. Life expectancy at birth reached 73.3 years in 2008 with the main three causes of death being diseases of the circulatory system, malignant neoplasms and diseases of the respiratory system. The Bulgarian health system is characterized by limited statism. The Ministry of Health is responsible for national health policy and the overall organization and functioning of the health system and coordinates with all ministries with relevance to public health. The key players in the insurance system are the insured individuals, the health care providers and the third-party payers, comprising the National Health Insurance Fund, the single payer in the social health insurance system, and voluntary health insurance companies. Health financing consists of a public–private mix. Health care is financed from compulsory health insurance contributions, taxes, out-of-pocket payments, voluntary health insurance premiums, corporate payments, donations, and external funding. Total health expenditure as a share of gross domestic product increased from 5.3% in 1995 to 7.3% in 2008. The health system is economically unstable and health care establishments, most notably hospitals, are suffering from underfunding. Planning of outpatient health care is based on a territorial principle. Investment for state and municipal health establishments is financed from the state or municipal share in the establishment's capital. In the first quarter of 2009, health workers accounted for 4.9% of the total workforce. Compared to other countries, the relative number of physicians and dentists is particularly high but the relative number of nurses remains well below the EU15, EU12 and EU27 averages. Bulgaria is faced with increased professional mobility, which is becoming particularly challenging. There is an oversupply of acute care beds and an undersupply of long-term care and rehabilitation services. Health care reforms after 1989 focused predominantly on ambulatory care and the restructuring of the hospital sector is still pending on the government agenda. Citizens as well as medical professionals are dissatisfied with the health care system and equity is a challenge not only because of differences in health needs, but also because of socioeconomic disparities and territorial imbalances. The need for further reform is pronounced, particularly in view of the low health status of the population. ; [BG] През последните 20 години демографското развитие се характеризира с намаляване на населението, ниска раждаемост, ниска обща плодовитост, висока смъртност и застаряващо население. Стабилизираната политическа ситуация от началото на първото десетилетие на XXI век и икономическият подем от средата на същото десетилетие са важни фактори за лекото нарастване на равнището на раждаемост и плодовитост и слабо намаляване на смъртността. Като цяло, България е с по-лоши от по-голяма част от средните за Европейския съюз показатели за смъртност и заболеваемост. Средната продължителност на предстоящия живот достига 73,3 години през 2008 г., като трите основни причини за смърт в България са болестите на органите на кръвообращението, злокачествените новообразувания и болестите на дихателната система. Българската здравна система се характеризира с ограничен етатизъм. Министерството на здравеопазването отговаря за националната здравна политика и цялостната организация и функциониране на здравната система, както и координира всички министерства във връзка с опазването на общественото здравеопазване. Ключовите участници в осигурителната система са осигурените лица, доставчиците на здравни услуги и финансиращите организации, включващи Националната здравноосигурителна каса, единственият платец в системата на задължителното здравно осигуряване и дружествата за доброволно здравно осигуряване. Здравното финансиране съчетава публичното и частно начало. Здравеопазването се финансира от задължителни здравноосигурителни вноски, данъци, директните плащания, доброволни здравноосигурителни премии, плащания на работодателите, дарения и външни финансирания. Общите здравни плащания като дял от БВП се увеличават от 5.3% през 1995 г. на 7.3% през 2008 г. Здравната система е икономически нестабилна и здравните заведения, особено болниците, страдат от недофинансиране. Планирането на извънболничната помощ се извършва на териториален принцип. Инвестиционните разходи са съобразно държавното или общинското участие в капитала на лечебните заведения. През 2009 г. медицинският персонал представлява 4,9% от общата работна сила. В сравнение с други страни, относителният дял на лекарите и лекарите по дентална медицина е особено висок, но относителният дял на медицинските сестри остава далеч под средния за ЕС-15, ЕС-12 и ЕС-27. България е изправена пред нарастваща професионална мобилност, която се превръща в особено предизвикателство. Има свръхпредлагане на легла за активно лечение и недостиг на легла за продължително лечение и рехабилитация. Здравната реформа след 1989 г. се фокусира предимно върху доболничната помощ, а преструктурирането на болничната помощ продължава да стои на дневен ред пред правителството. Гражданите, както и медицинските професионалисти са недоволни от системата на здравеопазване и равнопоставеността е поставена под въпрос не само поради различията в здравните потребности, но и поради социо-икономическите неравенства и териториалните дисбаланси. Необходимостта от нови реформи е наложителна, особено като се има предвид неблагоприятния здравен статус на населението.

ÖZETİsrail, Osmanlı sonrası Ortadoğu politikasının belirleyici ögelerinden biridir. İsrail dış politikası üzerinde etken olan iç politika aktörlerinin tanınması bölgesel politikanın anlaşılabilmesi için zorunludur. İsrail'in dış politika aktörleri içinde en ilgi çekeni şüphesiz politikalarını din eksenli olarak belirleyen ve fakat gerektiğinde pragmatik kararlar alabilen 'Radikal Sağ Partiler'dir. Kuramsal olarak seküler bir devlet sistemi kurmuş olan İsrail'in iç ve dış politikasında parlamenter güçlerine oranla oldukça fazla nüfuzları olan bu partilerin İsrail dış politikasını belirleyen aktörler mi oldukları, yoksa seküler fakat yayılmacı liderler tarafından 'pazarlık kozu veya günah keçisi' olarak mı kullanıldıklarının belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Tezimizin ana konusu, İsrail politikasındaki varlığı devletin kurulmasından öncesine dayanan MafDaL partisinin (Miflaga Datit Le'umit: Dinî Millî Parti) Batı Şeria ve Gazze Şeridi ile alakalı politikaların belirlenmesine etkisidir. Bu bağlamda MafDaL'ın ideolojik ve dinî temelleri incelenmiş, bu temellerin parti politikalarındaki ağırlığı ele alınmış, partinin varlığının son elli yılında geçirdiği evrim ve bu evrim sırasında edindiği dış politika prensipleri anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Tezimizin ulaştığı temel kanılar şu şekilde özetlenebilir:1.İsrail radikal sağı 1967 öncesinde 'yayılmacı', 1967 sonrasında 'yerleşimci' bir çizgi takip etmiştir.2.Radikal sağ partiler yer aldıkları koalisyon tabanının genişliği ile ters orantılı bir 'şantaj' gücünü ellerinde tuttuklarından daha dar koalisyonlarda fazlaca etkin olmuşlar, bu sebeple de milli birlik hükümeti veya geniş tabanlı hükümetlerden rahatsız olmuşlardır. 3.MafDaL girdiği koalisyonlarda yer alan tek dindar parti olmak istemiş, bunu sağlayamadığında hükümetten siyasi ve ekonomik talepleri olmayan anti-Siyonist Aguda partileri ile aynı koalisyonda yer almayı tercih etmiştir. 4.Din eksenli radikal sağ partiler gerektiğinde gayet pragmatist politikaları destekleyebilmişlerdir. 5.Ultra-Ortodoks Şas Partisi'nin ortaya çıkması ve MafDaL'ın 'sosyo ekonomik tabakaların alt sınıflarından' aldığı oyları kapmasından sonra MafDaL yerleşim birimleri endeksli bir politika belirlemek zorunda kalmış ve dış politika çizgisi daha uzlaşmaz bir noktaya kaymıştır.6.İsrail radikal sağının bütün partileri gibi MafDaL da lider endeksli bir partidir ve değişen liderlikle birlikte dış politika çizgilerinde de belirgin değişiklikler sergilemektedir. Tezimiz İsrail radikal sağının özel olaylar karşısında gösterdikleri tepkileri olay bazında incelemiş ve bunlardan genel bir politika çizgisine ulaşmaya çalışmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde Oslo Süreci'nin genelde radikal sağ, özelde de MafDaL üzerine etkisi incelenmiş, din eksenli partilerin sürekli artan oy potansiyeli göz önüne alınarak bu partilerin İsrail'in ve Ortadoğu'nun geleceğine ne şekilde yön verebilecekleri hakkında bir yargıya varılmaya çalışılmıştır. SUMMARYOne of the determinants of the post-Ottoman Middle East Politics is Israel. An understanding of the domestic policy actors is necessary for the understanding of the regional politics. Among the foreign policy actors of Israel the ones that deserve most attention are the 'Radical Right Parties' that determine their policies with a religious orientation but can take pragmatic decisions when necessary. It is necessary to determine whether those parties with their powers in the domestic and foreign policy of Israel disproportionate to their parliamentary seats are the determining factors in the Israeli foreign policy making, or they are used by secular but territorial maximalist leaders as 'bargaining cards or scapegoats'.The main topic of the current thesis is the impact of MafDaL (Miflaga Datit Le'umit: National Religious Party) as a party the presence of which predates the state of Israel political existence on the determination of policies on the West Bank and Gazza Strip. In this connection the ideological and religious foundations of MafDaL has been studied, the weight of these foundations on the party politics has been examined, and the evolution the party passed by in the last fifty years of its existence and the foreign policy principles it acquired during this evolution have been tried to be understood. The basic understandings the current thesis arrived can be summarized as such:1.The political line of the Israeli radical right has been 'territorial maximalism' before 1967 and 'settlement' after 1967.2.Since the radical rightwing parties used to enjoy a 'blackmail potential' disproportional to the broadness of the base of the coalitions they took place, they have been more influential in narrow coalitions and thus were critical of National Unity Governments and broad coalitions. 3.MafDaL preferred to be the only religious party in the coalitions it took place and if could not manage to do this, it preferred to be together with Anti-Sionist Aguda Parties that had no political or economic demands from the governments.4.Religiously oriented radical right parties managed to support highly pragmatic policies when necessary.5.After the establishment of the ultra-orthodox Shas Party and its catching the votes of MafDaL's supporters from 'the lower socioeconomic echelons of the society' MafDaL was forced to keep a settlements oriented policy and its foreign policy orientation became tougher. 6.Like all other radical right parties of Israel, MafDaL is a leader oriented party and with the leadership changing it demonstrates significant changes in its policy lines. The thesis examined the reactions of Israeli radical right on specific events and from these tried to reach to a general policy line. In the final chapter the impact of the Oslo Process on the radical right in general and on MafDaL in private is examined and the continuously increasing vote potential of the religiously oriented parties taken into consideration, an attempt was made to reach an understanding of what kind of a form these parties will give to the future of Israel and the Middle East.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :환경대학원 환경계획학과,2020. 2. 윤순진. ; The current national energy policy in Korea concerns promoting energy transition, focusing mainly on the increase of renewable energy, which requires the decentralization of energy administration. Although the experience of the local government system has been accumulated through the past seven local elections, the energy policy has been adopted mainly by the central government. Recently, Seoul has insisted on taking responsibility as an energy-consuming city and actively adopted energy-transition policies. As a part of the energy-transition policy, Seoul has focused on solar energy, a renewable source of energy feasible for large cities. Seoul set out to expand its distribution of solar energy, and has adopted the 'Mini-PV subsidy policy', which consists in providing subsidy for installing solar panels in small spaces. The Mini-PV subsidy policy has been nationally diffused, since it started in Seoul in 2014. The voluntary diffusion led to the policy enforcement at the level of the central government in 2017, which counts as an upward diffusion, and the central government's policy has been diffused to local governments. In March 2019, the budget for mini-PV subsidy has been curtailed in the Congress, which led five metropolitan councils to discontinue the policy. The policy diffusion among local governments has seen a rapid surge until 2018 but has been decreasing afterwards. Although the number of local governments implementing the mini-PV subsidy policy reduced from 153 to 104 in 2019, the number of subsidized households has increased compared to the previous year. This indicates that the "snowball effect"has taken place, which is a characteristic feature of policy diffusion. As the number of local governments increased, the central government has enforced the mini-PV subsidy policy in 2017 and 2018, which triggered the nationwide diffusion and made it possible for the policy to continue to be implemented even without the enforcement at the level of the central government. The spatial autocorrelation of mini-PV subsidy policy shows that Seoul, Incheon, the capital area in the South Gyeonggi Province, and some regions in Busan, formed a hot-spot cluster. The size of the hotspot in the capital area has decreased in 2019, while the hotspot in Gyeongnam, centered around Busan, has expanded. This result runs contrary to the research trend in foreign policy diffusion, according to which policy diffusion's forming a geographic cluster is outdated. The reason for this can be as follows: Korea has a small land area; around 50% of the population lives in the capital area; and it is adjoining a government that is socioeconomically similar. The policy diffusion route reveals that a vertical diffusion has taken place from metropolitan cities to the central government. As for horizontal diffusion, there has been diffusion based on geographic adjacency and socioeconomic similarities. The likelihood of the mini-PV subsidy policy diffusion turned out to be proportional to the population, income, the rate of mini-PV household in the previous year, the number of the Democrats in councils. Local governments can be put into four different categories, depending on whether they voluntarily adopted the subsidy policy. Taking this as a dependent variable, I have investigated the factors of policy diffusion. As for the political factor, it turned out that the more committed the governor is to energy transition, the more likely it is for the policy to be voluntarily adopted. As for the socioeconomic factor, the education level, the proportion of apartments, and the number of civil servants had a positive effect on the probability of the voluntary adoption of the mini-PV policy. Whereas local governments with sufficient executive and administrative resources, such as metropolitan cities and major cities, voluntarily decide on adopting the policy, other local governments are more likely to conform to the decision made by the higher authorities. Since the policy adoption by the higher authorities and the financial support have influence on the policy adoption by local governments, it is important to establish an energy transition policy at the provincial level. Moreover, the governors should be committed to energy transition and related policies. The governors should identify the kind of renewable energy that is appropriate for their areas and adopt consistent policies to expand its use. Local governments that are interested but are without sufficient administrative or financial resources should adhere to the energy transition policy from the higher authorities and consider applying for financial and administrative support. ; 현재 우리나라 에너지정책은 재생에너지 확대를 중심으로 한 에너지전환을 추구하고 있다. 지자체 중에서는 서울시가 에너지 소비 도시로서 책임을 강조하며 에너지전환 정책을 적극 시행하고 있는데, 여러 재생가능에너지원 중 대도시에서 적용 가능한 태양광 보급 확대에 주력하고 있다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책은 작은 공간에 태양광 패널을 설치할 경우 보조금을 지급하는 정책으로, 2014년 서울시에서 시작하여 전국으로 확산되었다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책을 시행하는 지자체가 많아지자 상향적 확산이 일어나, 2017년에는 중앙정부에서 미니태양광 보조금 정책을 시행하게 되었다. 중앙정부의 정책 시행은 기초자치단체 정책 도입의 발판이 되어, 미니태양광 보조금 정책은 전국으로 급격히 확산되었다. 그러나 2019년 3월 국회 예산안 심의 과정에서 미니태양광 보조금 정책 예산 삭감이 이루어지자, 이에 영향을 받은 광역자치단체 5곳에서 정책 시행을 중단하게 되었다. 기초자치단체의 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 추세 역시 이에 영향을 받아 2018년까지 급격히 확산되었다가 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 2019년에 미니태양광 보조금 정책을 시행하는 기초자치단체가 153곳에서 104곳으로 감소했음에도, 전국 미니태양광 보조금 지원가구수는 2018년도 지원가구수보다 오히려 증가했다. 이는 정책 확산의 특징 중에 하나인 눈덩이 효과가 있었음을 보여준다. 중앙정부의 정책 시행은 광역시도와 기초자치단체의 정책 시행의 발판이 되어주었고, 정책 시행 경험을 토대로 미니태양광 보조금 정책 시행 여부를 결정한 지자체 104곳에서는 중앙정부의 보조금 없이도, 정책을 잘 이어갔음을 의미한다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 도입에 이웃 효과가 있었는지 알아보기 위해 공간적 자기상관성을 살펴본 결과, 서울, 인천, 경기 남부, 부산 일부 지역을 중심으로 핫스팟 군집을 이뤘다. 2019년에는 수도권 지역에서 핫스팟 군집이 작아졌고, 부산을 중심으로 한 경남 지역의 핫스팟이 확대되었다. 이는 정책 확산이 지리적 군집을 이루는 것이 시대에 뒤떨어진 것으로 보는 해외 정책 확산 연구 동향과는 반대되는 결과이다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산에 지리적 군집이 나타나는 이유는 다음과 같이 유추해 볼 수 있다. 우리나라는 국토 면적이 좁고, 수도권에 인구의 약 50%가 거주하고 있으며, 사회·경제적으로 유사한 정부가 지리적으로도 인접해 있기 때문이다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책은 광역시도와 중앙정부로부터 수직적 확산이 일어났고, 지리적으로 인접한 지자체와 정치·사회·경제적으로 유사한 지자체로 확산되었다. 인구가 많을수록, 소득이 높을수록, 전년도 미니태양광 설치율이 높을수록, 시군구의회구성에 진보 정당 소속 의원 비율이 높을수록 미니태양광 보조금 정책이 확산될 확률이 높다. 미니태양광 보조금 정책을 자발적으로 도입했는지 여부에 따라 기초자치단체를 네 가지 범주로 나눌 수 있는데, 이 범주를 종속변수로 하여 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 요인을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 정치적 요인 중 에너지전환에 대한 지자체장의 의지와 지자체의 에너지전환에 대한 관심이 높을수록 신재생에너지 확대에 대한 조례가 있는 지자체인 경우 아닌 경우보다 미니태양광 보조금 정책을 자발적으로 시행할 확률이 높다. 사회·경제적 요인의 경우, 지자체 주민들의 교육 수준, 아파트 비율, 지자체의 행정력인 공무원 수가 미니태양광 보조금 정책의 자발적으로 채택할 확률에 (+)의 영향을 주었다. 광역도시와 대도시와 같이 행정·재정적 능력이 충분한 지자체에서는 자발적으로 정책 채택 여부를 결정하지만, 그렇지 않은 지자체에서는 상위정부의 정책 결정에 따를 확률이 높다. 상위정부의 정책 시행과 재정적 지원이 기초자치단체의 정책 시행에 영향을 미치는 것이 확인된 만큼, 에너지전환 정책 역시, 광역자치단체인 도 차원의 에너지전환 정책 수립이 중요하다. 또한 지자체장이 에너지전환에 대해 관심과 의지를 가지고 에너지전환을 위한 정책을 수립해야 한다. 지방자치단체장은 그 지역의 상황을 고려한 재생에너지원의 발굴에 주력하고, 이를 확대하기 위한 일관성 있는 정책을 시행해야 한다. 에너지전환에 대한 관심과 의지는 있으나, 행정·재정적 능력이 부족한 지자체에서는 상위정부의 에너지전환 정책을 수용하고, 행정·재정적 지원을 받는 것을 고려해보아야 한다. ; 제 1 장. 서 론 1 제 1 절. 연구의 배경과 목적 1 제 2 절. 연구의 내용과 구성 4 제 2 장. 이론적 논의와 선행연구 7 제 1 절. 정책 확산 7 제 2 절. 정책 확산 경로와 확산 요인 19 제 3 절. 선행연구 고찰 28 제 3 장. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 36 제 1 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 도입 배경 36 제 2 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 추세 45 제 3 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 시행과 설치 현황 52 제 4 장. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 경로 분석 91 제 1 절. 변수 선정과 측정 방법 91 제 2 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 도입 공간적 자기상관성 95 제 3 절. 분석 모형 설정 103 제 4 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 경로 분석 결과 108 제 5 장. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 요인 분석 116 제 1 절. 변수 선정과 측정 방법 116 제 2 절. 분석 모형 설정 124 제 3 절. 미니태양광 보조금 정책 확산 요인 분석 결과 130 제 6 장. 결 론 145 제 1 절. 요약 및 의의 145 제 2 절. 연구의 한계와 향후 연구 방향 152 참 고 문 헌 153 ; Doctor

Honduras has experienced moderate economic growth in the past decade, in line with the rest of the region. Despite this growth track record, limited opportunities for decent jobs for the majority of workers have resulted in stagnant poverty and inequality rates that are still the highest in Central America (CA). In parallel, progress in human development indicators has also been mixed in the last decade. In education, while primary enrollment has significantly increased, low coverage at all other levels of education, inequalities in access and low quality persist. In health, Honduras is close to achieving the 2015 child mortality Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), but maternal mortality, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and violence pose additional challenges. And despite advances in setting up a social protection system, fiscal sustainability and lack of coordination among interventions prevail, undermining poverty reduction efforts. The ability of the Honduras government to expand safety nets, to increase the access and quality of public education and health services, to engage in active labor market policies, and to improve human development indicators in general, remains limited for a number of reasons. First, overall real social public spending has been on the decline in the last few years. Second, low revenues and fiscal deterioration pose challenges to adequately financing needed social sector improvements. Third, challenges in budget formulation and execution (mainly due to institutional factors) also diminish the impact of social spending. But more importantly, Honduras needs to significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of its social spending. This note argues that moving forward Honduras should prioritize three main aspects: a) to rationalize and increase the effectiveness of social public spending by enhancing the pro-poor features of targeting mechanisms; b) to significantly redress the imbalance between recurrent spending, especially the wage bill, and capital expenditure; and c) to continue strengthening information systems tools, legislation, and institutions in an effort to consolidate programs into fewer and higher impact interventions.

The article deals with the preconditions for the establishment of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (further – ZUNR) and its state-legal development. It was noted that this was a significant event in the millennial history of national state formation, which testified to the realization by the Ukrainian people of their right to political self-determination and corresponded to that time European and world standards and traditions that recognized the right of the people to self-determination.It is substantiated that ZUNR was a full-fledged state that ensured the integrity of the Ukrainian people of the time, its functioning and development through the management and coordination of the interests of various social groups. The signs of the revived West-Ukrainian National Republic were: the presence of its own territory, in which the Ukrainian people lived for millenniums; was democratically formed and operated by public authorities, who performed their functions and distributed their authority to citizens residing in the ZUNR; the existence of sovereignty, law, language, state symbols and own name.It was argued that a major obstacle to the state-building activities of the ZUNR was the military aggression originally from Poland, and later Romania. The fate of Ukraine for decades has again been decided by strangers. The policy was dictated by the one who had the power. ZUNR was defeated, being left without any support. Many guilty of these leaders of the ZUNR, who, although they did everything they could to save their native land, but at the same time the state made a lot of miscalculations. This is primarily a certain political hesitation, a policy of waiting, postponing to later times the resolution of acute socioeconomic problems, unhealthy, indecisive warfare, military and strategic miscalculations, unsuccessful command of the troops at the first stages of the war, when even then it was possible and necessary to achieve a serious success that would serve as a solid guarantee of the struggle for statehood; as well it's excessive tolerance for ruthless enemies. One of the main mistakes of the ZUNR was an almost blind belief in the omnipotence and justice of the Entente, that is, hope for someone, not for their own strength and for their people. Later, while on emigration, the president of the ZUNR, E. Petrushevych, realizing the mistake and speaking at a meeting of the League of Nations in 1923, said fateful words, which are relevant at our time: «The most loathsome statements and protests, the most passive expectation of the grace of the world, the Ukrainian people will have nothing to grasp, unless they prove their will to an independent state by an active struggle».It is substantiated that the main reason for the fall of the ZUNR was the military aggression of Poland and Romania, the extremely complex international circumstances, support for post-war Europe expansionist, and invading actions of Poland and Romania against the ZUNR. Actually, foreign policy factors were the main cause of the death of both Ukrainian states: in relation to the UPR, it is an offensive against the Russian Bolshevik forces supported by the local Bolsheviks who occupy a significant part of the Ukrainian lands; regarding the ZUNR, it is the seizure of its territory by Poland and Romania. With internal troubles and problems, both Ukrainian states could probably have cope, but with external aggression from the side of significantly stronger neighbors could not.The proclamation of the ZUNR had an epoch-making effect on the formation of the Ukrainian nation and the struggle of the Ukrainian people for national dignity and state independence in the twentieth century. The Western Ukrainian People's Republic had an important historical significance. This was another attempt by the Ukrainian people to restore the national state, an attempt to free themselves from the long-term powers of foreigners, authorities, which in various ways imposed their rule, their law, their ideology, their history. A great positive thing was the fact that Ukrainians declared themselves to the whole world as a separate nation, which has the right to own state; the level of national consciousness of that time Ukrainian people has increased considerably; the Ukrainians gained experience of state-building, which was firmly rooted in the historical memory and became the feature of the subsequent generations of fighters for the Ukrainian state, including the twentieth century. The historical significance of the ZUNR also lies in the fact that the identity of the Ukrainian nation and the deepening of process of Ukrainian statehood, which originates from the times of the early Ukrainian state of Kievan Rus, have been preserved. ; Проаналізовано передумови утворення Західноукраїнської Народної Республіки та її державно-правовий розвиток. Зазначено, що проголошення ЗУНР було знаковою подією у тисячолітній історії національного державотворення. Ця подія свідчила про реалізацію українським народом свого права на політичне самовизначення і відповідала тогочасним європейським й світовим стандартам і традиціям, які визнавали право народу на само­визначення. Проголошення ЗУНР мало епохальний вплив на формування української народу і його боротьбу за національну гідність та державну незалежність у ХХ ст.Окреслено важливе історичне значення Західноукраїнської Народної Республіки. Це була чергова спроба українського народу відновити національну державу, спроба звільнитися від вікової влади чужинців, влади, яка різними способами нав'язувала своє панування, свої державно-правові інститути, свою ідеологію, свою історію. Великим позити­вом було й те, що українці заявили про себе всьому світові як окрема нація, яка має право на власну державу; значно підвищився рівень національної свідомості тогочасного українського народу; українці здобули досвід державотворення, який міцно вкоренився в історичну пам'ять і став надбанням наступних поколінь борців за Українську державу, в тому числі і ХХ ст. Історичне значення ЗУНР також полягає в тому, що було збережено ідентичність української нації й поглиблено процес українського державотворення, який бере початок від часів ранньої української держави – Київської Русі

This study aimed to examine the effect of dividend policy proxy by Dividend Payout Ratio as a moderation of financial performance proxy by Debt to Equty Ratio, Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value as well as inflation as a control variable for stock returns. The research method used was quantitative study using SPSS 20 assistance, the population in this study were agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period between 2013 and 2017. Samples were selected by purposive sampling technique with the criteria of continually having financial statements from 2013 to 2017. The results show that inflation and Debt to Equty Ratio have a negative influence on stock returns. Whereas Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value have a positive influence on stock returns. Other results show that dividend policy does not moderate inflation and Debt to Equty Ratio to stock returns. In this case dividend policy applies as a potential moderation variable. Whereas Free Cash Flow and Price to Book Value have an influence on stock returns through dividend policy, in this case the policy dividend applies as a pure moderation variables. Recommendations for this study are expected to further add other variables that are thought to influence stock returns to be the object of research both internal and external factors. Examining returns in other business sectors that are still rarely studied. Increase the time period of the study because it will better know how the effect occur if the study is conducted in a longer period. Keywords : Financial Performance, Stock Return, Dividend PolicyDAFTAR PUSTAKAAndiantyo, Prakosa., Sihombing, Pardomuan, dan Kusumastuti Yani, S. (2018). Pergerakan Indeks Harga Saham Sektor Pertanian Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Buku 2 : "Hukum, Politik, Manajemen, Ekonomi, Akuntansi, Konseling, Desain dan Seni Rupa. ISSN (P) : 2460 – 8696. ISSN (E) : 2540 – 7589.Agus, Sartono.(2014).Manajemen Keuangan:Teori dan Aplikasi. Edisi Keempat. Yogyakarta:BPFE Arikunto, S. (2013). Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Citra Anwar Sanusi. (2011). Metode Peneltian Bisnis. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Bambang, Riyanto. (2001). Dasar-Dasar Pembelanjaan Perusahaan. Edisi Keempat, Cetakan Ketujuh. BPFE. Yogyakarta Brigham, Eugene.F dan Joel F. Houston. (2006). Fundamental Of Financial Mangement, Dasar-dasar Manajemen Keuangan, Buku satu, Edisi Sepuluh, Alih bahasa Oleh Ali Akbar Yulianto . Jakarta: Salemba Empat. . (2014). Dasar-dasar Manajemen Keuangan. Penerjemah Ali Akbar Yulianto. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Brigham, Eugene F., dan Daves, Philip R., 2004, Intermediate Financial Management, Eight Edition, Thomson, South-Western, Mason, Ohio, USA. Bungin, B. (2013). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial & Ekonomi (format-format Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif Untuk Studi Sosiologi, Kebijakan Publik, Komunikasi, Manajemen, dan Pemasaran. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Darmadji, Tjiptono dan Hendy M. Fakhruddin. (2006). Pasar Modal di Indonesia. Salemba Empat. Jakarta. Fahmi, Irham. (2012). Pengantar Pasar Modal. Edisi 1. Alfabeta. Bandung. Ghozali, I. (2006). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. . (2009). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program SPSS. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Husnan, S. (2001). Dasar-dasar Teori Portofolio dan Analisis Sekuritas, Edisi Keempat, UPP AMP YKPN Yogyakarta. Indrawati, Ph.D. (2015). Metode Penelitian Manajemen dan Bisnis. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama. Jogiyanto. (2009). Teori Portofolio dan Analisis Investasi, Edisi Keempat cetakan ke 1. Yogyakarta: BPFE. Kasmir. (2010). Pengantar Manajemen Keuangan. Jakarta: Kencana . (2011). Analisa Laporan Keuangan. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. . (2012). Analisa Laporan Keuangan. PT Raja Grafindo Persada. Jakarta. Kurniadi, Arif., Achsani Noer, A., & Sasongko, Hendro. (2013) Kinerja Keuangan Berbasis Penciptaan Nilai, Faktor Makroekonomi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Return Saham Sektor Pertanian. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan. 15 (2): 63-74. M. Iqbal. (2012). Pokok-pokok Materi Statistik (Stastistik Deskriptif). Jakarta: Bumi Askara Munawir, S. (2014). Analisis Laporan Keuangan. Yogyakarta: liberty Peni R. Pramono. 2008. Menilai Kinerja Manajer Lewat Laporan Keuangan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Riduwan. (2015). Belajar Mudah Penelitian Untuk Guru-Karyawan dan Peneliti Semula. Bandung: Alfabeta Riyanto, Bambang. (2001). Dasar-dasar Pembelajaran Perusahaan. Edisi Keempat, Cetakan ketujuh: BPFE Yogyakarta Sapto, Rahardjo (2006). Kiat Membangun Aset Kekayaan. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta. Samsul, Mohammad. (2006). Pasar Modal dan Manajemen portofolio. Erlangga: Jakarta. Sarwono, J. (2011). Path Analisis. Jakarta: PT Alek Media Komputindo Sawir, A. (2009). Analisa Kinerja Keuangan dan Perencanaan Keuangan Perusahaan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Sugiyono. (2012). Statistik Untuk Penelitian. Bandung: Alfabeta ________. (2014). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D. Bandung: Alfabeta. ________.(2015). Metode Penelitian Tindakan Komprehenssif. Bandung: Alfabeta Suharyoko. (2012). Analsiis Pengaruh Debt Equty Ratio (DER) dan Earning Per Share (EPS) terhdap harga saham ektor perbankan yang terdapat di BEI. Tesis Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak: Tidak diterbitkan Suharyadi dan Purwanto, S.K (2008). Statistika untuk Ekonomi dan Keungan Modern. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Aggarwal., Bhasin., Sharma., Chhabra., Rajoura. (2005). A New Instrument (Scale) for Measuring the Socioeconomic Status of a Family : Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 30(4), 111-114. Supadi Dwi Budi Prasetyo & Amin M. Nuryatno. (2012) Pengaruh Faktor Fundamental Dan Risiko Sistematis Terhadap Return Saham Syariah. Media Riset Akuntansi, Auditing & Informasi. 12 (1). Supriyadi,Yoyon & Senjaya, Edih. (2013) Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Harga Saham. Jurnal Ilmiah Ranggagading. 13(1): 31-44. Suryabrata, S. (2008). Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Raja Grafindi Persada Tandelilin, Eduardus. (2001). Analisis Investasi dan Manajemen Risiko. Edisi Pertama, Yogyakarta: BPFE. Sutrisno. (2012). Manajemen Keuangan Teori, Konsep, dan Aplikasi. Ekonisia, Kampus Fakultas Ekonomi UII. Jakarta. Subramanyam, K.R. dan John J. Wild. (2010). Analisis Laporan Keuangan (Financial Statement Analysis). Edisi Kesepuluh. Terjemhan Dewi Yanti. Jilid 2. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. Song, Jiyeoun. ; 초록 운송 비용의 절감과 정보에 대한 용이한 접근은 사람들이 한 곳에서 다른 곳으로 이동하는 경향을 증가시켜 개발 도상국에서 선진국에 이르기까지 국제적인 국제 이주 경향을 증폭시켰다. 아프리카는 이주민이 주로 공급되는 지역 중 하나이다. 해당 지역 사회는 세계에서 가장 많은 이동을 보이고 있다. 경제, 정치, 기후문제 및 분쟁에서 벗어나 경제적 번영과 정치적 안정을 찾아 주로 유럽으로 이주한다. 수십 년 동안 많은 연구자들이 이주의 파급 효과로 인해 해당 국가에게 사회 경제적 안정성에 유해한 현상을 강조하면서 이주가 두뇌 유출과 연관 되어왔다. 그러나 이러한 비관적인 견해는 이민자들이 출생국에 기여하는 낙관적인 요소를 고려하면 출생국의 발전에 기여한 것을 알 수 있다. 예를 들어 송금 및 외국인 직접 투자와 같은 재정적 기여는 경제 성장과 모국의 산업 변형을 저해하는 유동성의 희소성을 해결하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 외국인 직접 투자 (FDI)에 관한 한, 많은 학자들은 이주자와 정확하게 이주하는 나라가 외국인 직접 투자의 유입 국가에 긍정적 인 영향을 미친다고 주장하면서 이주와 외국인 투자의 긍정적인 상관 관계를 증명 하였다. 비록 관련되었지만 대부분이 아시아 국가들을 대상으로 한 기존 연구들은 아프리카 국가들, 정확하게는 사하라 이남 국가들을, 고려하지 않은 연구였다. 본 연구의 목표는 중앙아프리카 경제 공동체(CEMAC) 지역의 국가인 카메룬의 상황을 평가하기 위해 상대적 질적 방법론을 사용하여이 기존연구의 한계로 인해 채우지 못한 공백을 채우는 것이다. 수집 된 데이터를 분석 한 결과, 해당 경제공동체에서 카메룬이 이민자의 주요 공급자인 것으로 나타났고 이러한 이유로 경제적 공동체의 다른 회원국에 비해 외국인직접투자를 우선으로 수령하는 국가로 예측하였다. 그러나 양적 관측에서, 즉 CEMAC에서 FDI의 분포와 결과적으로 하위 지역의 FDI의 주요 추진 요인을 이해하기위한 회귀 분석의 사용 했을시 전혀 다른 결과가 나왔다. 결론적으로, 아시아와 같은 세계의 다른 지역과 달리 해당 지역의 투자자들이 천연 자원에 관심을 갖게됨에 따라 외국으로의 이민이 FDI의 동인이되지 못한다는 것이 드러났다. ; Abstract The reduction of transportation cost and the easy access to information have increased the propensity of people to move from one place to another thus amplifying the global international migration trend, generally from developing to developed countries. Africa appears among the main providers of migrants as its community is one of the most mobile in the world. Running away from economic, political, climatic and security struggles, they mainly migrate to Europe thanks to its economic prosperity and political stability. For many decades migration has been assimilated to brain drain by many researchers presenting the phenomenon as harmful for the socioeconomic stability of sending countries. But this pessimistic view has given the way to a more optimistic consideration that gives credit to migrants and migration as contributors to the development of sending country. Their financial contributions, for instance remittances and Foreign Direct Investments, play a key role in solving liquidity scarcity that hampers the economic growth and the industrial transformation of home country. As far as FDI is concerned, many scholars have concluded on a positive correlation between migration and FDI arguing that migrants and precisely tertiary migrant do influence positively attraction of Foreign Direct Investment in Sending country. Though pertinent, these studies, mostly directed towards Asian countries, omitted to include African countries and precisely sub-Saharan countries. The aim of this work is to fill this vacuum using comparative qualitative methodology to assess the situation in Cameroon among countries of the CEMAC sub-region. From the analysis of the collected data, it appears that Cameroon in the sub Region is the main provider of migrants, suggesting therefore that it would be the first recipient of FDI among its peers of the economic community. But the results obtained from the quantitative observation proved otherwise, implying thus the use of another method, namely regression analysis, to understand the distribution of FDI in CEMAC and consequently the main drivers of FDI in the sub-Region. It emerged finally that, unlike in other regions of the globe like Asia; migrant stock is not a driver of FDI as investors in the regional are interested by natural resources. ; Table of content Graphs and tables iv List of abbreviations v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 2 1.3 Objective of the study 3 1.4 Research question 3 1.5 Hypothesis 3 1.6 Significance of the study 4 1.7 Organization of the study 4 Chapter 2. Literature review 6 2.1 Explanation of key terms 6 2.2 Related literature 7 Chapter 3. CAMEROON FACING THE CHALLENGE OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION: THE STATE OF PLAY 12 3.1 Introduction 12 3.2 Overview of Cameroonian emigration 12 3.3 Factors of migration 14 3.4 Profile of Cameroonian emigrants in Africa 14 3.5 Cameroon intellectual elite in developed countries: tertiary migrants 15 3.6 Major destinations of Cameroon tertiary emigrants 16 3.7 Cameroon in CEMAC: comparison of tertiary migrant stocks 17 Chapter 4. MIGRATION POSSIBLE TRIGGER OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Allocation of FDI to Cameroon 21 4.3 The nexus Migration-FDI rooted in social construction 21 4.4 FDI and Migration stock: the share of Cameroon in CEMAC 22 Chapter 5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS: THE EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON FDI INFLOW 28 5.1 Introduction 28 5.2 The approach 28 5.3 Data 29 5.4 Procedure 30 5.5 The variables object of our study 31 5.5.1 Dependent variable 31 5.5.2 Independent variables 31 5.6 Results 32 5.7 Explanation of the non correlation of migrants and tertiary migrants 36 5.7.1 The exclusion of naturalized citizens 36 5.7.2 Migrant networks as pressure groups 37 Chapter 6. CONCLUSION 39 초록 45 Acknowledgements 46 ; Master

Pressure imposed at any one place or point in time results in a complexity of spatial and temporal interactions within topographical ecosystems. It can be propagated through the system and may have implications for future ecosystem functions over a wide array of various spatial and temporal scales. Under conditions of wars and other socio-economic conflicts, these processes are most forceful in developing countries amidst declining economic growth, lack of awareness, deterioration of ecosystem services, loss of existing traditional knowledge bases and weak governance structures. Forests are an essential part of ecosystem services, not only as a resource but as a contributor to biological systems as well. They represent one of the most important sectors in the context of Environmental Change (EC), both from the point of mitigation as well as adaptation. While forests are projected to be adversely impacted under EC, they are also providing opportunities to mitigate these changes. Yet this is one of the least understood sectors, especially at the regional level - many of its fundamental metrics such as mitigation potential, vulnerability and the likely impacts of EC are still not well understood until now. Thus, there is a need for research and field investigations into the synergy of mitigation and adaptation so that the cost of addressing EC impacts can be reduced and the co-benefits can be increased. The aim of this study is to focus particularly on forest-based ecosystem services and to use forests as a strategy for inducing environmental change within the Nuba Mountains in Sudan, specifically for systems in poor condition under EC, and furthermore to explore forests as an entry point for investigating the relationship between urban and rural development and ecosystem services. In addition, the aim is also to raise understanding of the relations between patterns of local-level economic and demographic changes, the nature and value of local ecosystem services, and the role of such services in increasingly interlinked urban and rural livelihood systems. The methodology applied in the current research is three-pronged: a formal literature review, a socio–economic survey (based on semi-structured interviews of household heads via Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), with a focus on group discussions, informal meetings, free listening and key informant techniques), and multitemporal optical satellite data analysis (i.e. Landsat and RapidEye). Landsat imagery was utilized to gather the spatial characteristics of the region and to study the Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) changes during the period from 1984 to 2014. Meanwhile, RapidEye imagery was used to generate the tree species distribution map. Qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied to analyze socio-economic data. Moreover, Food Consumption Score (FCS) was used to gauge both diversity and frequency of food consumption in surveyed areas. Geographic object-based image analysis (i.e. K-Nearest Neighbour classifier and knowledge-based classifiers) based on a developed model of integrated features (such as vegetation indices, DEM, thematic layers and meteorological information) was applied. Post Classification Analysis (PCA) as well as Post Change Detection (PCD) techniques were used. Hotspot analysis was conducted to detect the areas affected by deforestation. Furthermore, Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS), Autocorrelation (Moran's) analysis, and Geographically Weighted Regression analyses (GWR) were applied to address the interaction of the different socioeconomic/ecological factors on Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) collection and to simulate the dependency scenarios of NTFPs along with their impact on poverty alleviation. Additionally, simulation was performed to estimate the future forest density and predict the dependency on forest services. An increasing impact of intensive interactions between the rural and urban areas has long been acknowledged. However, recent changes in the global political economy and environmental systems, as well as local dynamics of the study area driven by war, drought and deforestation, have led to an increasing rapidity and depth in rural transformation, as well as to a significant impact on urban areas. Like most environmental problems, the effects of these drivers are complex and are stressed diversely across different geographic regions by the socio-political processes that underlie recent economic and cultural globalization. These interactions and processes have increasingly brought rapid changes in land cover, social, institutional and livelihood transformation across broad areas of South Kordofan. Moreover, the study unveils new dynamics such as high rates of migration and mobility by the indigenous population and the increasing domination of market-centric livelihoods in many villages that were once dominated by rural agricultural and natural resourcesbased socio-economic systems. Furthermore, the research highlights the significant roles of NTFPs and trees in contributing to Nuba Mountains' economic development, food security and environmental health, indicating which requirements need to be addressed in order to improve these potentials. The study proves that drawing on a wide range of these products for livelihood strengthens rural people's ability to deal with and adapt to both EC and extreme events. Moreover, the results underline the importance of participatory approaches of rural women and their impact on NTFPs management with recommendations of more emphasis on potential roles and the ability of women to participate in public fora. Furthermore, the study shows that the use of high-resolution satellite imagery, integrated with model-based terrestrial information, provides a precise knowledge about the magnitude and distribution of LU/LC patterns. These methods can make an important contribution towards a better understanding of EC dynamics over time. The study reveals that more information exchange is needed to inform actors and decision makers regarding specific experiences, capacity gaps and knowledge to address EC. Subsequently, new policies and strategies are required to much more specifically focus on how to deal with consequences of longer-term EC rather than with the impacts of sudden natural disasters.

Participation in physical and sports activities 'PSA' is a health factor. Sport is a form of physical activity 'PA' that helps to reach the recommended amount of PA per day. PSA promotions plans are launched by European states. However, sport participation also involves significant risks. Some sports injuries provoke long-term health negative outcomes. Promotion of sport participation faces a paradox. As a mean of healthy state, it implies some risks linked to the modalities of participation. To know the extent of these effects, epidemiological studies are needed. They help to determine adolescents' subgroups that play sports, and among them, those at greater risk of injury. In France, previous studies are representative of the national population. However, no study estimated sport participation and injury risks factors while focusing on adolescent. Moreover, international findings showed that variation of results exists as function of the life environment of participants. We performed epidemiological retrospectives studies among the adolescent population of a specific French locality: the Bouches-du-Rhône. This one is characterized by a high-level of poverty and inequalities. We made the hypothesis, that results differ compared to those obtained at the national level. In addition of objectives measures of participation and injuries, we asked adolescents about the experiences that they like to live in their favorite sport. This knowledge could be useful to the development of promotion initiatives that are adapted to the tastes of this population. The questioning was inspired by the theory of experience, that suggest the importance of pleasure to understand people's futures behaviors. We measured retrospective reports of pleasure in three characteristics forms of modern sports: risk-taking, progress and competition. Studies were conducted in schools and followed a sample design that respected the proportion of schools in priority education networks, and outside. Three analysis axes were performed. The first have had the purpose to measure the trends in sport participation between 2001 and 2015. The second have had the purpose to identify adolescents the most at risk of injuries while adding a variable never used in population-studies, the level of competition. The third axe attempted to validate our retrospective reports of pleasure scale and to identify different profiles of participants. Results shows a decline in sport participation, a greater risk of injury from the regional level of competition and an important variation of reported pleasure in experiences of competition and risk-taking. This thesis pointed out the need to develop studies with a narrower geographical scale that the national one. Results differs and could help to the development of local sports policies. In terms of promotion, girls with low socioeconomic status must be a priority. About prevention, an additional effort should be done from the regional level of competition, regardless sports activities. ; La pratique d'activité physique sportive 'APS' est un facteur de santé. Le sport est une forme d'activité physique 'AP' qui aide à atteindre les taux recommandés journaliers. Des plans de promotion des APS sont adoptés par les Etats Européens. Mais la pratique sportive recèle aussi des risques. Certaines blessures sportives génèrent des troubles de santé à long terme. La promotion de l'activité sportive est face à un paradoxe. Moyen d'être en bonne santé, elle comporte des risques liés aux modalités de pratique. Pour connaître l'ampleur de ces effets, des études épidémiologiques sont nécessaires. Elles aideront à déterminer les sous-groupes d'adolescents sportifs, et parmi eux, ceux qui sont à risque de blessure. En France, les études menées sont représentatives de la population nationale. En revanche, aucune n'a estimé la participation et les facteurs de risque en se focalisant sur la population adolescente. Aussi, la littérature internationale fait ressortir des variations de résultats en fonction de l'environnement de vie des participants. Nous avons donc réalisé des enquêtes épidémiologiques auprès de la population adolescente d'un département français spécifique : les Bouches-du-Rhône. Celui-ci se caractérise par un haut-niveau de pauvreté et d'inégalité. Par hypothèse, les résultats différent de ceux obtenus à l'échelon national. En plus des mesures objectives de participation et de blessures, nous avons questionné les adolescents sur les expériences qu'ils aimaient vivre dans leur sport préféré. Cette connaissance vise le développement d'initiatives de promotion de l'activité sportive adaptées aux goûts de cette population. Le questionnement, inspiré des théories de l'expérience, suggère l'importance du plaisir vécu pour comprendre les actes futurs des individus. Nous avons mesuré les plaisirs rapportés par référence à trois formes d'expériences caractéristiques du sport moderne : le risque, le progrès et la compétition. Les études, réalisées en établissement scolaire, ont suivi un protocole d'échantillonnage respectant les proportions d'établissements en zone d'éducation prioritaire et en dehors. Trois axes d'analyses ont été développés. Le premier avait pour objectif de mesurer l'évolution de la participation sportive de 2001 à 2015. Le deuxième avait pour but d'identifier les adolescents les plus à risque de blessure en utilisant une variable jamais utilisée dans les études de population, le niveau de compétition. Le troisième axe tentait de valider notre échelle de mesure des plaisirs éprouvés dans la pratique et de mettre en évidence des profils de participants. Les résultats obtenus montrent une baisse de la participation sportive, une surexposition au risque de blessure à partir du niveau régional de compétition et une appréciation très variée des expériences du risque et de la compétition. En revanche, l'expérience du progrès est valorisée par tous. Cette thèse met en évidence l'importance de développer des études dont l'échelle géographique est plus restreinte que le niveau national. Les résultats diffèrent et peuvent aider au développement de politiques sportives locales. En terme de promotion, les populations de filles défavorisées doivent être prioritaires. A propos de la prévention, un effort accru doit être concentré sur le niveau régional de compétition et au-delà, et cela quels que soient les sports.

It traces the development of the latest trends for the Study of the development of sustainable tourism inUkraine, as well as the conditions and means of effective inclusion ofUkrainein the international tourism market on the basis of the concept of sustainable tourism. Analysis of research areas and approaches to the study of sustainable tourism development inUkraine. The basic perspective of Ukrainian scientific community for the development and importance of tourism inUkraine.InUkraine, the issue of sustainable development is discussed since1992. Asignificant scientific achievements that laid the basis for the new benchmark of the country on the basis of a post-industrial economy. The issue of the nature and principles of the main factors of melting of the tourism industry dedicated to the research of V. G Gerasimenko, O. Dobrovolsky,G. A Zayachkovskoyi, G. V. Kazachkovska, A. Litvinova, N. D. Sviridova, D. I. Ostap'yuk, T. I. Tkachenko et al.Scientific basis of the national strategy forUkraine's transition to sustainable development principles are based on the peculiar state of geopolitical, geographical, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental features. For the development of tourism industry ofUkraineon the basis of sustainable tourism as there is a need to develop new and innovative approaches.One of the main research areas among Ukrainian scientists was to develop the concept of sustainable tourism development. Under the concept of sustainable tourism development means a system of ideas that defines a common plan of development policy area. A. V. Litvinova main elements of the concept of sustainable tourism development in Ukraine considers the methods and tools of government regulation that need to be harmonized with indicators of sustainable tourism. Platform for developing a sustainable production is a tourism product , sustainable lifestyle of local communities and sustainable consumption. And according N. D. Sviridova , this concept must take into account all the strategic priorities and objectives of tourism development are important areas and facilities set goals. The concept should be fully reflective of the position of the region on the strategy of tourism development in the long term and include specific measures for its implementation. GV Kazachkovska in turn believes that the sustainable development of tourism and resort areas is possible when there is a balance between the preservation of natural, historical and cultural resources, economic interests, social needs and development of tourism, and provided favorable conditions for the formation of high-quality national tourist product.Among the fundamental work on the development of sustainable tourism inUkraineshould provide monograph T.I. Tkachenko. The book on a wide source base covers theoretical, methodological and applied problems of tourism development on the basis of dialectical, system and functional approaches. The necessity of consideration of tourism as a complex system in the unity of the social, economic and environmental components, the genesis of which is further based on the concept of sustainability.Committed to sustainable development of the country and its regions imposes a set of requirements to the existing quality of the environment and address the problem of interaction between nature and society. The concept of sustainable development, including the region determines the relevance of such a system that would ensure a balanced model of relations between environment, different types of economic activities and socio- economic interests of different groups. Therefore, a number of studies approaches to strategy development recreational region considering the environmental component . This study G.M. Aleinikova, N .M. Wetrovoj, O. Hulych et al.Of great importance for the development of sustainable tourism has an active policy. This includes support and development of tourism industry, the development of tourism infrastructure , creating conditions for increasing the attractiveness of regions for foreign and domestic tourists , improving the quality of tourism services , ensuring their complexity.Investigation of the role of government in regulating the tourism industry is the subject of research by many local scientists. Key aspects of the formation and functioning of state regulation of the tourism industry, the development and improvement of its study areas reflected in the scientific works of local scientists such as A. V. Vinogradov, L. Donchenko, K.V. Zhadko, S. G. Zakharov, A. H. Ilyashenko, Y. Kozlovsky, O. Melnichenko, N. I. Ostap'yuk and others.Thus we can note that recently in Ukrainian society considered all possible implementation strategies for sustainable tourism development. In particular, reveals strategic goals of sustainable development businesses in the tourism sector. The economic and social feasibility of ecotourism technologies for sustainable development of the tourism industry, geographic grounded approach to recreation and tourism of nature, the conceptual foundations of a market mechanism for managing recreational potential. Almost all scientists agree that the sustainable development of tourism inUkrainemust improve the use of resources, training of personnel in the tourism industry, transport infrastructure, reduce seasonality and spatial disparity in the distribution of tourists increase the financial performance of the tourism industry, to give a significant attention to the relationship between environmental management and sustainable tourism, etc. ; Прослежено развитие новейших тенденций в изучении проблем развития устойчивого туризма в Украине, а также условий и средств эффективного включения Украины в международный рынок туристических услуг на основе положений концепции устойчивого туризма. Проанализированы направления научных исследований и подходы к изучению развития устойчивого туризма в Украине. Представлены основные точки зрения украинского научного сообщества на развитие и значение туризма для Украины. ; Простежено розвиток новітніх тенденцій у вивченні проблем розвитку сталого туризму в Україні, а також умов та засобів ефективного включення України у міжнародний ринок туристичних послуг на основі положень концепції сталого туризму. Проаналізовано напрями наукових досліджень та підходи до вивчення розвитку сталого туризму в Україні. Представлено основні точки зору української наукової спільноти на розвиток і значення туризму для України.

El contexto actual de recisión económica generalizada demanda una economía de recursos y comporta una revisión profunda del sistema de crecimiento económico dominante. La adopción de acciones dirigidas a promover la resiliencia, es decir, la capacidad de afrontar la adversidad para salir reforzado de ella es una primera medida. El nuevo escenario está desencadenando, en consecuencia, la renovación de los modos tradicionales de organizar las políticas públicas, entre las que se incluyen los planes estratégicos; planes que han evolucionado en respuesta a las nuevas necesidades de organización socioeconómica y política. La crisis en las haciendas locales lleva a los gobiernos locales ante una disyuntiva: obviar la situación y seguir con la misma dinámica, que conduce a la devaluación de las instituciones y a la decadencia de la ciudad, o bien generar procesos de nueva gobernanza para reactivar la ciudad y salir del callejón sin salida. Los planes estratégicos de "segunda generación" son un buen instrumento de organización social para iniciar la transición desde la gobernación actual hacia la nueva gobernanza. Mantener el sistema de gobernación actual lleva a una secuencia decadente, ya que la provisión y gestión de los servicios públicos no puede satisfacer a la ciudadanía, tal y como estaba acostumbrada. Esta relación de la institución con el ciudadano como usuario-cliente ya no es posible. La relación de la institución con la ciudadanía se presenta como viable es la de la interdependencia, ser mutuamente responsables, compartiendo un conjunto de principios y objetivos comunes. En la gestión de las interdependencias, la confianza, a nivel individual y colectivo, es la principal aliada para desarrollar la capacidad de adaptación y para posibilitar la innovación. Para ello, se necesitan nuevos instrumentos de carácter social, que son los que van a permitir alcanzar la nueva gobernanza. Estos son los retos actuales para una óptima gestión e implementación de los planes estratégicos: ejercer un liderazgo representativo, procurar una administración relacional, fomentar la ciudadanía activa, conseguir el compromiso de la ciudadanía, impulsar la cooperación entre actores para lograr la cohesión social y desarrollar proyectos de futuro. Dichos retos a afrontar son mayores aun en territorios rurales y ciudades pequeñas. La Fundación CEDRICAT ha venido realizando planificación estratégica desde el inicio de su actividad, en 2002, para el diseño, realización y seguimiento de actuaciones para el desarrollo rural. En base a la evolución constatada en la realización de planes estratégicos durante los últimos años, y coincidiendo con el veinticinco aniversario en Cataluña del primer plan estratégico, en esta comunicación se exponen cuáles son les retos para la gestión e implementación de dichos planes específicamente en territorios rurales y ciudades pequeñas. La comunicación incide específicamente en los factores que pueden facilitar y los que pueden obstaculizar el proceso de transición desde la gobernación actual a la nueva gobernanza y cuáles son las condiciones de base para qué la planificación tenga las repercusiones esperadas en el territorio. ; The current context of widespread economic rescission demands an economy of resources and involves a thorough review of the dominant economic growth system. The adoption of actions to promote resilience, ie the ability to face adversity to emerge stronger from it is a first step. The new scenario is triggering therefore the renewal of traditional ways of organizing public policies, among which include strategic plans, plans that have evolved in response to changing needs of socioeconomic and political organization. The crisis in local finances leads to local governments face a choice: ignore the situation and continue with the same dynamic that leads to the devaluation of the institutions and the decline of the city, or build new governance processes to revive the city and out of the impasse. The strategic plans of "second generation" are a good instrument of social organization to begin the transition from the current government to the new governance. Keep the current governance system leads to a decaying sequence, since the provision and management of public services cannot meet the public, as was customary. This relationship between the institution and the citizen as client-user is no longer possible. The relationship between the institution and the public is presented as feasible is the interdependence, be mutually accountable, sharing a set of common principles and objectives. In interdependencies management, trust, individual and collective level, is the main ally to develop resilience and to enable innovation. To do this, we need new social tools, which are the ones to help achieve the new governance. These are the current challenges for optimal management and implementation of strategic plans: exercise leadership representative, seek a relational management, encourage active citizenship, get the commitment of citizens, promote cooperation between actors and achieve social cohesion and develop future projects. These are challenges to be faced, even if possible, higher in rural areas and small towns. CEDRICAT Foundation has been conducting strategic planning from the beginning of its activity, in 2002, for the design, implementation and monitoring of rural development interventions. Based on the changes observed in the implementation of strategic plans in recent years, coinciding with the twenty-fifth anniversary in Catalonia's first strategic plan, in this submission sets out what challenges them to the management and implementation of these plans specifically in areas rural and small towns. Communication affects specifically the factors that can facilitate and those that can hinder the process of transition from the current government to the new governance and what are the basic conditions for which planning has the expected impact on the territory.

Extensive research has shown that land use and transportation features are linked by a complex, yet identifiable, set of relationships, hence, in order to interpret this link and relationship, there are just a few investigations and models, especially in IRAN. Nowadays, Transportation Plans rarely acknowledge any feedback effects from transportation improvements on land use, and thereby ignore these effects in plan evaluation. This omission has the potential consequence of exaggerating mobility and environmental benefits of transportation projects and undervaluing the potential benefits of land use or transportation policies. This paper uses the main concepts of transportation efficiency of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a neural model to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. Besides the fact that many different factors work simultaneously, shaping our land use and its transportation efficiency, such as agricultural features, socioeconomic parameters, environmental parameters and so on, but in order to evaluate land use‐transportation efficiency, it is useful to consider just transportation infrastructure parameters. As long as through a region, land use conditions (especially transportation facility efficiencies) results in different travel behaviors, the region were divided into zones and are defined by individual or combinations of land use and transportation variables, such as network connectivity, pedestrian environment, density of activities, and other transportation infrastructure attributes. This neural‐based model uses GIS‐based data for each parcel of land use to evaluate its transportation efficiencies and result in percent of SOV (Self Occupancy Vehicle) trips through the region. SOV trip rates serve as a tool currently used for the evaluation of any land use and transportation efficiency through the region. The main concept of such an evaluation index is based on the fact that in a region, fulfilling the transportation accessibility needs will result in less use of SOV trips and vice versa. The model was calibrated and validated in neural network based on Tehran city's GIS data and evaluated. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, the AHP Model was applied to operationlize various effects of input parameters into the neural model. The aim of this study was to increase acknowledgement of any feedback effects of transportation improvements on land use and providing such a tool for Transportation departments at state, federal and local levels. This model is a powerful tool to guide decision‐makers about whether to build new transportation facilities or maintain or improve the existing ones, evaluation of the land‐use efficiency and also comparing regions by some transportation facilities. Santrauka Išsamūs tyrimai parodė, kad žemėnaudą ir transportavimo ypatumus sieja visuma identifikuojamų sąsajų, vis dėlto, siekiant paaiškinti tas sąsajas ir jų santykį, bent Irane, yra mažai tyrimų ir modelių. Nūdienos transporto planuose retai kada atsižvelgiama į transporto patobulinimą, įtaką žemėnaudai. Perdėtai teigiama transporto projektų nauda mobilumui ir aplinkai, nepakankamai įvertinant galimą žemėnaudos arba transporto politikos naudą. Straipsnyje remiamasi pagrindinėmis transporto efektyvumo didmiesčio transportavimo sistemoje sąvokomis. Siūlomas modelis išmatavus įvertinti žemėnaudą ir transportavimo sistemos efektyvumą. Kad būtų galima įvertinti transportavimo kiekviename žemėnaudos sklype efektyvumą ir nustatyti procentais privačių transporto priemonių reisus regione, naudojamasi GIS duomenimis. Pagal privačių transporto priemonių reisų dažnį pastaruoju metu vertinama žemėnauda ir transportavimo efektyvumas regione. Šio vertinimo esmė yra tai, kad regione, kuriame tenkinami transportavimo prieinamumo poreikiai, mažiau naudojama privačių transporto priemonių, ir atvirkščiai. Modelis buvo kalibruotas ir patvirtintas remiantis Teherano miesto GIS duomenimis ir įvertinimais. Siekiant padidinti rezultatų tikslumą AHP modelis buvo pritaikytas modeliuojant įvairią įvesties parametrų įtaką. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti transportavimo gerinimo žemės naudojimo atžvilgiu svarbą pristatant metodą valstybės, federalinės ir vietinės valdžios transporto departamentams. Šis modelis yra efektyvi priemonė, padedanti sprendimų priėmėjams nuspręsti, ar statyti naujas transportavimo infrastruktūras, ar atnaujinti, pagerinti esamas, jis paremtas žemės naudojimo efektyvumo įvertinimu ir leidžia palyginti regionus pagal kai kuriuos transportavimo ypatumus. Резюме Исследования показали, что землепользование и особенности транспортирования тесно взаимосвязаны. Для объяснения этой взаимосвязи в Иране существует несколько моделей. В настоящее время транспортные парки редко учитывают возможное, более совершенное применение земельных территорий. Это преувеличивает значение транспортных проектов для мобильности и окружающей среды и недостаточно учитывает возможную пользу от землепользования и транспортной политики. В статье основывались на концепциях эффективности транспортных систем больших городов. Предложена модель для оценки эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования. Несмотря на то, что эффективность землепользования и транспортирования формируется на основании нескольких различных факторов (особенностей сельского хозяйства, социально-экономических, природоохранных параметров и др.), для оценки эффективности землепользования и транспортирования целесообразно оценивать лишь параметры транспортной инфраструктуры. Условия землепользования в масштабе региона обуславливают разное поведение при передвижении. Регион был поделен на зоны и охарактеризован индивидуальными и общими переменными, а именно: густотой сети, условиями для пешеходов, частотой транспортной инфраструктуры и другими чертами. Эта модель, основанная на структуре нервной системы, для каждого участка земли применяет данные ГИС для того, чтобы оценить эффективность транспортной системы и в процентном отношении эффективность рейсов транспортных средств в регионе. Частота самоходных транспортных средств в последнее время является средством оценки эффективности землепользования для транспортных нужд в регионе. Суть такой оценки заключается в том, что в регионе, в котором удовлетворяются потребности в возможностях транспортирования, используется меньше самоходных транспортных средств и наоборот. Модель была калибрована и утверждена на основании данных ГИС города Тегерана и соответствующих оценок. Целью исследования было выявить возможности улучшения транспортных условий с учетом землепользования и представить метод государственным, федеральным транспортным департаментам и местным властям. Модель может служить эффективным средством при принятии решения о том, создавать новые транспортные инфраструктуры или совершенствовать имеющиеся на основании оценки эффективности землепользования и сравнения регионов по особенностям транспортирования. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010 Reikšminiai žodžiai: eismo vertinimas, žemėnauda, prieinamas, transportavimo efektyvumas, nervų sistemos tinklas. Ключевые слова: оценка движения, землепользование, доступность, эффективность транспортирования, сеть нервной системы.

Extensive research has shown that land use and transportation features are linked by a complex, yet identifiable, set of relationships, hence, in order to interpret this link and relationship, there are just a few investigations and models, especially in IRAN. Nowadays, Transportation Plans rarely acknowledge any feedback effects from transportation improvements on land use, and thereby ignore these effects in plan evaluation. This omission has the potential consequence of exaggerating mobility and environmental benefits of transportation projects and undervaluing the potential benefits of land use or transportation policies.This paper uses the main concepts of transportation efficiency of metropolitan transportation systems. It offers a neural model to measure and assess land use and transportation system efficiency. Besides the fact that many different factors work simultaneously, shaping our land use and its transportation efficiency, such as agricultural features, socioeconomic parameters, environmental parameters and so on, but in order to evaluate land use‐transportation efficiency, it is useful to consider just transportation infrastructure parameters. As long as through a region, land use conditions (especially transportation facility efficiencies) results in different travel behaviors, the region were divided into zones and are defined by individual or combinations of land use and transportation variables, such as network connectivity, pedestrian environment, density of activities, and other transportation infrastructure attributes. This neural‐based model uses GIS‐based data for each parcel of land use to evaluate its transportation efficiencies and result in percent of SOV (Self Occupancy Vehicle) trips through the region. SOV trip rates serve as a tool currently used for the evaluation of any land use and transportation efficiency through the region. The main concept of such an evaluation index is based on the fact that in a region, fulfilling the transportation accessibility needs will result in less use of SOV trips and vice versa.The model was calibrated and validated in neural network based on Tehran city's GIS data and evaluated. In order to increase the accuracy of the results, the AHP Model was applied to operationlize various effects of input parameters into the neural model.The aim of this study was to increase acknowledgement of any feedback effects of transportation improvements on land use and providing such a tool for Transportation departments at state, federal and local levels. This model is a powerful tool to guide decision‐makers about whether to build new transportation facilities or maintain or improve the existing ones, evaluation of the land‐use efficiency and also comparing regions by some transportation facilities. Žemėnaudos ir transporto efektyvumo vertinimas Santrauka.Išsamūs tyrimai parodė, kad žemėnaudą ir transportavimo ypatumus sieja visuma identifikuojamų sąsajų, vis dėlto, siekiant paaiškinti tas sąsajas ir jų santykį, bent Irane, yra mažai tyrimų ir modelių. Nūdienos transporto planuose retai kada atsižvelgiama į transporto patobulinimą, įtaką žemėnaudai. Perdėtai teigiama transporto projektų nauda mobilumui ir aplinkai, nepakankamai įvertinant galimą žemėnaudos arba transporto politikos naudą. Straipsnyje remiamasi pagrindinėmis transporto efektyvumo didmiesčio transportavimo sistemoje sąvokomis. Siūlomas modelis išmatavus įvertinti žemėnaudą ir transportavimo sistemos efektyvumą. Kad būtų galima įvertinti transportavimo kiekviename žemėnaudos sklype efektyvumą ir nustatyti procentais privačių transporto priemonių reisus regione, naudojamasi GIS duomenimis. Pagal privačių transporto priemonių reisų dažnį pastaruoju metu vertinama žemėnauda ir transportavimo efektyvumas regione. Šio vertinimo esmė yra tai, kad regione, kuriame tenkinami transportavimo prieinamumo poreikiai, mažiau naudojama privačių transporto priemonių, ir atvirkščiai. Modelis buvo kalibruotas ir patvirtintas remiantis Teherano miesto GIS duomenimis ir įvertinimais. Siekiant padidinti rezultatų tikslumą AHP modelis buvo pritaikytas modeliuojant įvairią įvesties parametrų įtaką. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išryškinti transportavimo gerinimo žemės naudojimo atžvilgiu svarbą pristatant metodą valstybės, federalinės ir vietinės valdžios transporto departamentams. Šis modelis yra efektyvi priemonė, padedanti sprendimų priėmėjams nuspręsti, ar statyti naujas transportavimo infrastruktūras, ar atnaujinti, pagerinti esamas, jis paremtas žemės naudojimo efektyvumo įvertinimu ir leidžia palyginti regionus pagal kai kuriuos transportavimo ypatumus. Reikšminiai žodžiai: eismo vertinimas, žemėnauda, prieinamas, transportavimo efektyvumas, nervų sistemos tinklas. Оценка эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования Резюме.Исследования показали, что землепользование и особенности транспортирования тесно взаимосвязаны. Для объяснения этой взаимосвязи в Иране существует несколько моделей. В настоящее время транспортные парки редко учитывают возможное, более совершенное применение земельных территорий. Это преувеличивает значение транспортных проектов для мобильности и окружающей среды и недостаточно учитывает возможную пользу от землепользования и транспортной политики. В статье основывались на концепциях эффективности транспортных систем больших городов. Предложена модель для оценки эффективности землепользования и систем транспортирования. Несмотря на то, что эффективность землепользования и транспортирования формируется на основании нескольких различных факторов (особенностей сельского хозяйства, социально-экономических, природоохранных параметров и др.), для оценки эффективности землепользования и транспортирования целесообразно оценивать лишь параметры транспортной инфраструктуры. Условия землепользования в масштабе региона обуславливают разное поведение при передвижении. Регион был поделен на зоны и охарактеризован индивидуальными и общими переменными, а именно: густотой сети, условиями для пешеходов, частотой транспортной инфраструктуры и другими чертами. Эта модель, основанная на структуре нервной системы, для каждого участка земли применяет данные ГИС для того, чтобы оценить эффективность транспортной системы и в процентном отношении эффективность рейсов транспортных средств в регионе. Частота самоходных транспортных средств в последнее время является средством оценки эффективности землепользования для транспортных нужд в регионе. Суть такой оценки заключается в том, что в регионе, в котором удовлетворяются потребности в возможностях транспортирования, используется меньше самоходных транспортных средств и наоборот. Модель была калибрована и утверждена на основании данных ГИС города Тегерана и соответствующих оценок. Целью исследования было выявить возможности улучшения транспортных условий с учетом землепользования и представить метод государственным, федеральным транспортным департаментам и местным властям. Модель может служить эффективным средством при принятии решения о том, создавать новые транспортные инфраструктуры или совершенствовать имеющиеся на основании оценки эффективности землепользования и сравнения регионов по особенностям транспортирования. Ключевые слова: оценка движения, землепользование, доступность, эффективность транспортирования, сеть нервной системы. First Published Online: 14 Oct 2010

Εισαγωγή: Η πολυνοσηρότητα ορίζεται ως η συνύπαρξη δύο ή περισσότερων χρόνιων ασθενειών. Καθώς το προσδόκιμο ζωής αυξάνεται, το ίδιο ισχύει και για τον επιπολασμό της πολυνοσηρότητας. Ο εντοπισμός των παραγόντων που σχετίζονται είτε με υψηλή είτε με χαμηλή πολυνοσηρότητα στον πληθυσμό είναι σημαντικός. Υπάρχουν περιορισμένες ενδείξεις σχετικά με τη συσχέτιση της Μεσογειακής διατροφής με την ύπαρξη πολυνοσηρότητας σε ένα άτομο. Οι στόχοι αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν: α) να εκτιμηθεί ο επιπολασμός της πολυνοσηρότητας στην Κύπρο και να εντοπιστούν οι πιο συχνές χρόνιες ασθένειες, β) να εξεταστεί η απήχηση της Μεσογειακής διατροφής στον ενήλικο γενικό πληθυσμό της Κύπρου και η σχέση της με την πολυνοσηρότητα, και γ) να υπολογιστεί η ποιότητα του ύπνου στην Κύπρο και να αξιολογηθεί η σχέση της με την πολυνοσηρότητα. Μέθοδοι: Η μελέτη ήταν συγχρονική και εφαρμόστηκε στρωματοποιημένη δειγματοληψία. Ένα αντιπροσωπευτικό δείγμα ατόμων άνω των 18 ετών ερευνήθηκε κατά την περίοδο 2018-2019 στις πέντε επαρχίες της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας που βρίσκονται υπό τον έλεγχο της Κυπριακής κυβέρνησης. Δημογραφικά στοιχεία, πληροφορίες για τη διατροφή, δεδομένα για την ποιότητα του ύπνου, το κάπνισμα και τη σωματική δραστηριότητα, καθώς και η παρουσία χρόνιων, κλινικών και ψυχικών ασθενειών συλλέχθηκαν χρησιμοποιώντας ένα επικυρωμένο ερωτηματολόγιο. Οι ασθένειες ταξινομήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τη διεθνή ταξινόμηση των ασθενειών, 10η αναθεώρηση (ICD-10). Αποτελέσματα: Η μέση ηλικία των 1140 συμμετεχόντων ήταν 41 ± 17 έτη, 56% από αυτούς ήταν γυναίκες, 76% ήταν κάτοικοι αστικής περιοχής, 54% ήταν παντρεμένοι, 64% είχαν ανώτερη εκπαίδευση και το 50% είχαν ετήσιο μέσο εισόδημα €6,500- €19,500. Ο τυποποιημένος ως προς την ηλικία και το φύλο επιπολασμός της πολυνοσηρότητας ήταν 28.6%. Η πολυνοσηρότητα σχετίζεται με την ηλικία (p <0.01), με το υψηλότερο ποσοστό να παρατηρείται σε άτομα ηλικίας 65 ετών και άνω (68.9%). Η πολυνοσηρότητα ήταν υψηλότερη στις γυναίκες παρά στους άνδρες (28.2% έναντι 22.5%, p <0.01), ενώ τα ποσοστά ήταν παρόμοια στις αστικές και στις αγροτικές περιοχές (26.4% έναντι 23.8%, p = 0.40). Οι πιο διαδεδομένες χρόνιες ασθένειες μεταξύ ατόμων με πολυνοσηρότητα ήταν η υπερλιπιδαιμία (44.7%), ακολουθούμενη από υπέρταση (37.5%), γαστρική παλινδρόμηση (23.9%) και ασθένειες του θυρεοειδούς (22.2%), ενώ οι πιο συνηθισμένοι συνδυασμοί ασθενειών ήταν στο κυκλοφορικό και ενδοκρινολογικό σύστημα. Το προφίλ του ατόμου με πολυνοσηρότητα δείχνει ένα άτομο μεγαλύτερης ηλικίας, με υψηλότερο δείκτη μάζας σώματος, που είναι καπνιστής και έχει υψηλότερο μισθό. Η μέση βαθμολογία της Μεσογειακής Διατροφής ήταν 15.5 ± 4.0 με τους άνδρες και τους κατοίκους των αγροτικών περιοχών να έχουν μεγαλύτερη συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή Διατροφή σε σύγκριση με τις γυναίκες και τους κατοίκους των αστικών περιοχών, αντίστοιχα (p<0.05). Το να έχει ένα άτομο μεγαλύτερη συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή Διατροφή σχετίζεται με χαμηλότερες πιθανότητες πολυνοσηρότητας και αυτό το αποτέλεσμα ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικό ακόμη και μετά την προσαρμογή των αποτελεσμάτων για την ηλικία, το φύλο, τις συνήθειες καπνίσματος και τη σωματική δραστηριότητα (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.99). Η μέση βαθμολογία ποιότητας ύπνου των συμμετεχόντων ήταν 5 (q1=3, q3=7) με τη μέγιστη βαθμολογία να είναι 17. Οι γυναίκες, οι κάτοικοι της Πάφου και οι παντρεμένοι είχαν χαμηλότερη ποιότητα ύπνου (p <0.05). Η καλύτερη ποιότητα ύπνου συσχετίστηκε με χαμηλότερες πιθανότητες πολυνοσηρότητας, ακόμη και μετά την προσαρμογή για δημογραφικούς και κοινωνικοοικονομικούς παράγοντες καθώς και τρόπο ζωής (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.55, 3.16). Συμπεράσματα: Περισσότερο από το ένα τέταρτο του γενικού πληθυσμού της Κύπρου έχει πολυνοσηρότητα και το ποσοστό αυτό είναι σχεδόν 70% μεταξύ των ατόμων άνω των 65 ετών. Η πολυνοσηρότητα είναι σχετικά συχνή ακόμη και σε νεότερες ηλικίες. Η συμμόρφωση στη Μεσογειακή διατροφή και η καλύτερη ποιότητα του ύπνου σχετίζονται με χαμηλότερο κίνδυνο πολυνοσηρότητας. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης υπογραμμίζουν την ανάγκη για στρατηγικές πρόληψης και προγράμματα ευαισθητοποίησης για την υγεία για ολόκληρο τον πληθυσμό. Προγράμματα πρόληψης και οδηγίες πρακτικής δημόσιας υγείας στην Κύπρο και αλλού θα πρέπει να λάβουν υπόψη τα παραπάνω αποτελέσματα και θα πρέπει να αναπτυχθούν κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για τη δημόσια υγεία υπογραμμίζοντας τη σημασία της τήρησης της Μεσογειακής διατροφής και της καλής ποιότητας του ύπνου και της συσχέτισης τους με την πολυνοσηρότητα. ; Introduction: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-existence of two or more chronic conditions. As life expectancy is increasing so does the prevalence of multimorbidity. Identifying the factors associated with the presence of multimorbidity is important. Furthermore, limited evidence exists on the association of Mediterranean Diet or of quality of sleep with the development of multimorbidity in an individual. The aim of this PhD dissertation work was: a) to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity in Cyprus and identify the most prevalent diseases; b) to evaluate the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in the adult general population of Cyprus and investigate its relationship with multimorbidity; and c) to assess the quality of sleep in Cyprus and examine its association with multimorbidity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and a stratified sampling procedure was implemented. A representative sample of individuals over 18 years old was surveyed during 2018-2019 in the five government-controlled municipalities of the Republic of Cyprus. Demographic data, dietary information, data on sleep quality, smoking, physical activity, stress, and quality of life, as well as the presence of chronic, clinical, and mental conditions were collected using a validated questionnaire. Diseases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Results: The mean age of the n=1140 participants was 41 ± 17 years old, 56% of them were women, 76% lived in an urban area, 54% were married, 64% had completed a higher education, and 50% had a yearly average income in the range €6,500 - €19,500. The age and sex standardized prevalence of multimorbidity was 28.6%. Multimorbidity was associated with age (p<0.01), with the highest rate observed among people aged 65 years old or older (68.9%). Multimorbidity was higher in women than men (28.2% vs. 22.5%, p<0.01) but similar in urban and rural regions (26.4% vs. 23.8%, p=0.40). The most prevalent chronic diseases among people with multimorbidity were hyperlipidemia (44.7%), followed by hypertension (37.5%), gastric reflux (23.9%), and thyroid diseases (22.2%), while the most common combinations of diseases were in the circulatory and endocrine systems. The profile of the multimorbid individual indicated this to be a person at an older age, with a higher BMI, being a current smoker, and having a higher salary. The average Mediterranean Diet score was 15.5 ± 4.0 with men and residents of rural regions being more adherent to the Mediterranean Diet, compared to women and residents of urban regions, respectively (p<0.05). Being in the higher tertile of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was associated with lower odds of multimorbidity, compared to the lower tertile, and this result was statistically significant even after adjusting for age, sex, smoking habits, and physical activity (adjusted OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.99). The median Pittsburgh Sleep Quality score of the participants was 5 (q1=3, q3=7) with the maximum score being 17. Women, residents of Paphos, and married people had a poorer quality of sleep (p<0.05). Having a better quality of sleep was associated with lower odds of multimorbidity, even after adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (adjusted OR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.55, 3.16). Conclusions: More than one quarter of the general population of Cyprus has multimorbidity, and this rate is almost 70% among the elderly, with multimorbidity being relatively common even in younger ages too. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and better quality of sleep were associated with lower risk of multimorbidity. The results of the study underline the need for prevention strategies and health awareness programs for the entire population, including in relation to dietary and sleeping habits. Prevention programs and public health guidelines in Cyprus and elsewhere should take these results into account and public health guidelines should be developed in regards to the importance of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and good quality of sleep, highlighting their association with multimorbidity. Further research on multimorbidity should be carried out, including in specific subgroups of the population. ; Completed