Suchergebnisse

Presented at the Northeast Modern Language Association Convention, Montréal, Canada, April 18-20, 1996 ; In this paper, I compare Borges' story "La intrusa" with Christensen's 1981 film version to note the way in which a homoerotic element in Borges' fictional world has been perceived and translated from subtle suggestivity in the written text to a more explicit visual depiction. I will then analyze Borges' subsequent horrified reaction to the more direct rendering. In the story and the film, the Nilsen brothers make use of a communal woman for the purpose of connecting physically and emotionally with each other. Christensen's reading of Borges' text shows that the erotic desire of the two men is plainly not directed towards a female, but rather towards each other, with the female as the intermediary focal point at/in which the two men may coincide. The film seems to imply that Borges has substituted an intervening female body between the men as a way to permit the men to connect physically without transgressing hetero-patriarchal prohibitions. The question in this story of fraternal love that has crossed the homosocial-homosexual continuum to the homosexual side has been an issue since the story first appeared. For that reason, Borges' intensely negative reaction to Christensen's film is all the more fascinating for what it suggests about the Argentine writer. As Balderston, Altamiranda and Silvestri have noted, Borges was so disturbed by the depiction of the Nilsen brothers as homosexual, that he penned an article in which he broke with his long-standing opposition to government censorship of media by suddenly advocating it in the case of this particular film. As I will show, I believe that Christensen's adaptation hits the target when it visually portrays a subtext that simultaneously attracted and repulsed Borges and his reaction is a clear case of "homosexual panic."

by Yan Yuk Fung. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-42). ; ABSTRACT --- p.i ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii ; LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.iv ; ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.v ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY --- p.1 ; Chapter II. --- BENEFITS AND TYPES OF CONVERTIBILITY --- p.3 ; Economic Benefits --- p.3 ; Current Account Convertibility --- p.4 ; Capital Account Convertibility --- p.5 ; Chapter III. --- TRENDS OF BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IN CHINA --- p.7 ; Characterics --- p.7 ; Trend of Current Account Balance --- p.8 ; Trend of Capital Account Balance --- p.9 ; Cyclical Nature of Balance of Payments --- p.10 ; Chapter IV. --- EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE REGIME SINCE 1978 --- p.12 ; Trade Liberalization --- p.12 ; Control on Current Account Transactions --- p.13 ; Foreign Exchange Retention System and Swap Centres --- p.14 ; Chapter V. --- DEVELOPMENT OF CONVERTIBILITY IN 1994 --- p.16 ; Achieved Convertibility on Trade Related Transactions --- p.16 ; China's Choice of A Managed Floating Rate Regime --- p.18 ; Chapter VI. --- CONDITIONS FOR CONVERTIBILITY --- p.21 ; Stable Domestic Price --- p.21 ; Favourable Balance of Payment --- p.22 ; Sufficient Foreign Reserve --- p.23 ; Exchange Rate Stability --- p.24 ; Liberalization Measures on Service Transactions Implemented in 1996 --- p.24 ; Chapter VII. --- RISKS OF CONVERTIBILITY --- p.26 ; Peso Depreciation in Mexico --- p.26 ; Export Slowing Down in China --- p.27 ; Cumulative Inflation --- p.28 ; Budget Deficit --- p.29 ; Risk of Import Surging with China Entering WTO --- p.30 ; Foreign Direct Investment Slowing Down --- p.30 ; Political Risks within China and Across the Formosa Strait --- p.31 ; Chapter VIII. --- POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS --- p.33 ; Maintain Balance of Payments --- p.33 ; Fiscal & Monetary Discipline --- p.34 ; Improve Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Market --- p.35 ; Strengthen Economic and Financial Reforms --- p.35 ; Avoid Premature Capital Account ...

Non-freezing cold injury (NFCI), so called trench foot, is a condition characterised by a peripheral neuropathy, developing when the extremities are exposed for prolonged periods to wet conditions at temperatures just above freezing. Classically, military personnel are affected, with 14% of casualties in the Falklands conflict afflicted. Clinically, NFCI is characterised by a well-defined acute clinical picture and chronic sequelae. Little is known regarding the pathophysiology and treatment of this condition. Opinions vary as to the type of nerve fibres most susceptible to damage and proposed mechanisms of injury include direct axonal damage, ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion. A series of investigations has been performed to clarify which populations of nerve fibres are more susceptible to damage, and to elucidate the exact mechanism of nerve injury. An in vivo rabbit hind limb model, subjected to 16 h of cold immersion (1-2 degrees C), provided the basis of this study. Nerve specimens were examined by semi-thin sectioning for myelin fibre counts, by electron microscopy to assess the unmyelinated fibre population, and fine nerve terminals in plantar skin were assessed immunohistochemically. The results showed that large myelinated fibres were preferentially damaged, while small myelinated and unmyelinated fibres were relatively spared. Nerve damage was found to start proximally and extend distally with time. Serial temperature measurements identified a warm-cold interface in the upper tibial region of immersed limbs. As this was the initial site of injury, this suggested that a dynamic balance exists in the cold immersed limb between the protective effects of cooling and the damaging effects of ischaemia. The non-invasive technique of near infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in tissue oxygen supply and utilisation and blood volume. The findings supported the hypothesis that an interface is created at the site of initial nerve damage in the upper tibia, where cyclical ischaemia-reperfusion injury ...

Public finance issues with significant consequences for American federalism have been at the top of the political agenda for the last several years. Indeed, much of the current debate about American federalism has been explicitly about questions of public finance: Which level of government should pay for which programs? What is to be the relationship between financial responsibility and policy-making authority? Should there be some overall limitation on government outlays and receipts? Thus, one of the first actions of the 104th Congress was passage of a measure, swiftly signed into law by the President, to curb the ability of the federal government to force states and localities to undertake costly programs without providing federal funds that would cover those programs' costs. Congress also quickly took up a central element of the Republican Contract With America – the balanced budget amendment, which passed the House of Representatives but fell just short of the constitutionally required two-thirds majority in the Senate. In addition, Congress and the President spent months struggling over proposals to change basic components of the social safety net, such as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Medicaid, in order to reduce the federal government's role and devolve greater responsibility to the states. Each of these initiatives – as well as other measures such as the line-item veto, recently enacted into law, and the flat tax proposals that dominated the early phases of the 1996 Presidential campaign – has important implications for the size and composition of the national budget, nation-state relations, and the ongoing development of American fiscal federalism. In this paper, I will consider the basic elements of American fiscal federalism and these current issues. The federal constitution gives relatively little direct attention to the structure of public finance. The Constitution gives the federal government broad authority to raise and spend money, and imposes some constraints on the states, ...

Thierry Zarcone, Philosophy and theology according to the Jadids: the speculation on independent reasoning (ijtihàd).
The return to direct interpretation of the fundamental texts of Islam, and the break-away from the commentators' traditional imitation as initiated in the tenth century were chief arguments in the general purpose of last century's great Bukharan reformers and, then, the Tatar ones, who were confronted with both pace-gaining colonialism and the want of renewal among Muslim societies. Prior to Jamâl ad-Din al-Afghani and his student Muhammad Abduh, the Tatar ulema of Kazan, Abd an-Naşîr al-Qûrsâwî, was the one who "reopened the doors to ijtihâd" (effort of personal inteiprctation) under the inspiration of Taymiyah and the Wahhabists. His disciples in the Tatar world and at Bukhara pursued in the same line and set up the practice of ijtihâd as one of the basic tenets of Muslim reformism. It was then in the Ottoman area that the Reform, under the guidance of al-Afghani, his Egyptian student Muhammad Abduh, and the latter 's own disciple, Rashid Rizâ, had its main flourishing center wherefrom it could permeate the Tatar area, namely through the medium of Mûsâ Jârallah Bîgî, a student of cAbduh's in Cairo, and 'Abdallah Bûbî, the disciple and translator of Rashid Rizâ. Nevertheless, in spite of the priority all of those reformists attached to the practice of ijtihâd, al-Afghânî and cAbduh differed from their predecessors in their straight break-away from taqlid (imitation of the commentators) and their concern with the question of the accordance of the commands of the Qur'ân with the requirements of reason. It is worth comparing, at a century's distance, the respective arguments of Qûrsâwî (see M. Kemper's article) and Bîgî, who, as soon as 1911, was held to be a Muslim Luther about such a meaningful issue — for Muslims living in European Russia and Siberia — as the evening prayer in boreal regions.

Includes bibliographical references and index ; Prompted by the Chinese saying, 'When I walk along with two others, I am bound to be able to learn from them', the title of this memoir reflects the author's close association with the local people through his work and leisure interests, and his consuming desire to learn as much as he could about their history and culture. The book covers several decades of Hong Kong's recent past, from the time James Hayes joined the Administrative Grade of the Hong Kong Civil Service in the 1950s to his retirement in the 1980s, thirty-two years later. Spending practically his whole career in departments rather than in the central Secretariat, serving in posts that brought him into direct contact with the public, we follow him as a young cadet fresh from language school to his first posting in the District Administration, New Territories, through all of his varied assignments to his final post between 1985-87, when he again served in a very changed New Territories in charge of an equally altered District Administration ; published_or_final_version ; Foreword ; Preface and Acknowledgements ; Chronology ; Abbreviations ; Glossary p311 ; Index p315 ; Ch. 1 Starting Out; Hong Kong in the 1950s p1 ; Ch. 2 The Shek Pik Reservoir p31 ; Ch. 3 The Resettlement Department p57 ; Ch. 4 The Secretariat for Chinese Affairs p85 ; Ch. 5 Back to SCA: The 1967 Disturbances and the City District Officer Scheme p109 ; Ch. 6 Tsuen Wan and Its People in Stirring Times p137 ; Ch. 7 Tsuen Wan: The District Office and Its Involvement with Festivals and Religion p163 ; Ch. 8 The Government and People Relationship in Town and Country (up to 1977) p189 ; Ch. 9 The Labour and Mines Department p219 ; Ch. 10 The New Territories 1985-87 p245 ; Ch. 11 The Government and People Relationship in Town and Country (1977-87) p277 ; App Village Representatives, Rural Committees and the New Territories Heung Yee Kuk p307

The diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) was examined at a site in north Queensland by extensive observation of individuals from 10 glider groups. The diet was assessed in four seasons over 12 months by collating large numbers of qualitative feeding observations and by analysis of faeces. Data were also collected on flowering and bark shedding in the forest. Sap feeding accounted for more than 80% of the feeding observations throughout the year. Nectar and pollen of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and banksias (Banksia spp.) accounted for much of the remainder of the diet although arthropods and honeydew were present in spring and summer. Faecal analysis was based on much smaller sample sizes but confirmed the qualitative result obtained from direct observations. It also revealed the presence of a wide variety of pollen types. Many of these could be attributed to incidental ingestion but at least six rain forest genera were moderately common in faeces, which is consistent with observations of brief and infrequent visits by gliders to these trees. Examination of eucalypt, banksia and other pollen types showed that 60-70% of pollen was devoid of cell contents, supporting earlier suggestions that gliders obtained protein from pollen digestion, but at this site also from harvesting arthropods. This study confirms the dependence of the yellow-bellied glider in north Queensland on the sap of the red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) and that conservation of the yellow-bellied glider is intimately associated with the management of this tree species. The use of various species for nectar and pollen suggests that the yellow-bellied glider may be an important pollinator in these forests. Moreover, sap from the wounds created by gliders is used by a range of other animal species. These observations suggest that the yellow-bellied glider is likely to be a keystone species in the open-forest ecosystems of north Queensland and that it deserves special emphasis in management.

Health status assessment and disease surveillance are essential to identify and priorize health issues, to evaluate intervention programs and to plan to meet future needs for health services. Canadians currently benefit by having among the highest life expectancies at birth in the world (81 for females, 74 for males). Disability‐free life expectancies for females and males, respectively, were 10.1 and 11.3 years lower for the lowest income quintile compared to the highest. Canada's infant mortality rate in 1990 (7/1000 live births) was one of the lowest in the world but within Canada, the rate in the lowest income quintile (10.5/1000 live births) was almost double that in the highest income quintile (5.8/1000 live births). Fair or poor health was reported by 36% of adult Canadians in the lowest income category in 1990 compared to only 5% in the highest income group. The leading causes of premature death for females in 1991 were breast cancer, coronary heart disease, lung cancer, car crashes, birth defects and suicide; those for males were coronary heart disease, suicide, car crashes, lung cancer, birth defects, and AIDS. Lowest income quintile males had mortality rates at least double those for the highest income quintile for alcohol‐related conditions, violence, injuries and emphysema. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, musculoskeletal diseases, injuries and respiratory diseases imposed the highest direct and indirect economic costs in Canada in 1986. For all of these conditions, improved prevention is possible. For example, the forecasted tobacco‐related deaths before age 70 among current male smokers age 15 will far exceed those due to car crashes, suicide, murder, AIDS, and drug abuse combined. Population aging will aggravate trends for many chronic conditions especially those with increasing incidence rates; there will be large increases in the numbers of persons with aging‐related cancers, dementias and other conditions. There is an urgent need for Canadian health jurisdictions to ensure that rational priorities, goals/objectives, strategies, and programs are in place to enhance prevention and disease control.

Data from inhalation studies in which AF/HAN rats were exposed to nine different types of asbestos dusts (in 13 separate experiments) are employed in a statistical analysis to determine if a measure of asbestos exposure (expressed as concentrations of structures with defined sizes, shapes and mineralogy) can be identified that satisfactorily predicts the observed lung tumor or mesothelioma incidence in the experiments. Due to limitations in the characterization of asbestos structures in the original studies, new exposure measures were developed from samples of the original dusts that were re‐generated and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy using a direct transfer technique. This analysis provided detailed information on the mineralogy (i.e., chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite or tremolite), type (i.e., fiber, bundle, cluster, or matrix), size (length and width) and complexity (i.e., number of identifiable components of a cluster or matrix) of each individual structure. No univariate measure of exposure was found to provide an adequate description of the lung tumor responses observed among the inhalation studies, although the measure most highly correlated with tumor incidence is the concentration of structures >20 μm in length. Multivariate measures of exposure were identified that do adequately describe the lung tumor responses. Structures contributing to lung tumor risk appear to be long (>5 μm) thin (0.4 μm) fibers and bundles, with a possible contribution by long and very thick (>5 μm) complex clusters and matrices. Potency appears to increase with increasing length, with structures longer than 40 um being about 500 times more potent than structures between 5 and 40 um in length. Structures <5 μm in length do not appear to make any contribution to lung tumor risk. This analysis did not find a difference in the potency of chrysotile and amphibole toward the induction of lung tumors. However, mineralogy appears to be important in the induction of mesothelioma with chrysotile being less potent than amphibole.

The National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC) hosted a medical/scientific workshop focused on possible asthma/air toxics relationships, with the results of the NUATRC's first research contract with the University of Cincinnati as the point of discussion. The workshop was held at the Texas Medical Center on 4 February 1994 and featured presentations by distinguished academic, government, and industry scientists. This one-day session explored the impact of various environmental factors, including air toxics, on asthma incidence and exacerbation; an emphasis was placed on future research directions to be pursued in the asthma/air toxics area. A key research presentation on the association of air toxics and asthma, based on the study sponsored by NUATRC, was given by Dr. George Leikauf of the University of Cincinnati Medical Center. Additional presentations were made by H. A. Boushey, Jr., Cardiovascular Research Institute/University of California at San Francisco, who spoke on of the Basic Mechanisms of Asthma; K. Sexton, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, who spoke on hazardous air pollutants: science/policy interface; and D. V. Bates, Department of Health Care and Epidemiology at the University of British Columbia, who spoke on asthma epidemiology. H. Koren, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and M. Yeung, of the Respiratory Division/University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, discussed occupational health impacts on asthma. Doyle Pendleton, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, reviewed air quality measurements in Texas. The information presented at the workshop suggested a possible association of asthma exacerbations with ozone and particulate matter (PM10); however, direct relationships between worsening asthma and air toxic ambient levels were not established. Possible respiratory health effects associated with air toxics will require considerably more investigation, especially in the area of human exposure assessment. Two major recommendations for future research ...

by So Ying-lun. ; Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-91). ; ABSTRACT --- p.ii ; TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii ; Chapter ; Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Focus of the Study ; Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of the Study ; Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Definitions --- p.5 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Illegal or Unethical? --- p.6 ; Chapter 2.1.2 --- Public Sector vs. Private Sector Corruption --- p.8 ; Chapter 2.1.3 --- What are 'Private' Gains? --- p.10 ; Chapter 2.1.4 --- Defining Corruption for This Study --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Extent of the Problem of Corruption in the PRC --- p.12 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Official Figures on Corruption --- p.13 ; Chapter 2.2.2 --- Perceptions of the Seriousness of Corruption in the PRC --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.2.3 --- Open Admission of Direct Experience of Corruption in China --- p.16 ; Chapter 2.2.4 --- Extent of the Problem in Terms of the Amount of Briber Taken --- p.17 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Causes of the Problem in China --- p.18 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Characteristics of Corruption in the PRC --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.4.1 --- Generalizations about the Details of Corruption in the PRC --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.4.2 --- Factors Affecting Frequency of Corruption Encountered --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Different Considerations Relating to How Graft is Handled --- p.23 ; Chapter 2.5.1 --- Ethical Issues --- p.24 ; Chapter 2.5.2 --- Legal Considerations --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.5.3 --- Political Considerations --- p.36 ; Chapter 2.5.4 --- Pressures of the Marketplace --- p.38 ; Chapter 2.6 --- Coping with Corruption --- p.39 ; Chapter 2.7 --- Research Questions --- p.43 ; Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.45 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Research Approach --- p.45 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Data Collection --- p.46 ; Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sampling --- p.46 ; Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Interview --- p.47 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.50 ; Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.52 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Informants' Perception of the Extent ...

The urban area of Bamako is the result of a mixture of Mandingues (West Africa) origins, western thought, hierarchical and colonial thinking, and hygienist environmental management. Directly emanating from the latter logic, the Western anti-leaning institution helped to classify and separate men but also to bring them closer together. Djikoroni replenishes us in the mandingual universe, but does not depart from the modernity of the environment and the confrontation of cultures that the disease has amplified. Analysis of the representations of the disease reveals values of contact (of transmission), of the person and of his or her borders different from the western ones. The notion of "disorder", "adhesive", mediating and/or disruptive value is fundamental; it shall mark: the idea of disease in general and its summum represented by 'the major disease', lethal; the means of treatment; the chronic patient subject to the itinerary and his/her reported social functions. Through the 'Sickness/Lèpre' event and its chronic, serious and stigmatising nature, these differences in cultures, time, places and people combined to enable the injured individual, who is a member of a community, to gain a place within the 'global' society, but the rigidity of the French institutional order and its conjunction with an African society on the move have had and still have a direct impact on health care businesses. ; International audience ; The urban area of Bamako is the result of a mixture of Mandingues (West Africa) origins, western thought, hierarchical and colonial thinking, and hygienist environmental management. Directly emanating from the latter logic, the Western anti-leaning institution helped to classify and separate men but also to bring them closer together. Djikoroni replenishes us in the mandingual universe, but does not depart from the modernity of the environment and the confrontation of cultures that the disease has amplified. Analysis of the representations of the disease reveals values of contact (of transmission), ...

This volume presents a state-of-the-science review of the most promising current European research -- and its historic roots of research -- on complex problem solving (CPS) in Europe. It is an attempt to close the knowledge gap among American scholars regarding the European approach to understanding CPS. Although most of the American researchers are well aware of the fact that CPS has been a very active research area in Europe for quite some time, they do not know any specifics about even the most important research. Part of the reason for this lack of knowledge is undoubtedly the fact that European researchers -- for the most part -- have been rather reluctant to publish their work in English-language journals. The book concentrates on European research because the basic approach European scholars have taken to studying CPS is very different from one taken by North American researchers. Traditionally, American scholars have been studying CPS in \"natural\" domains -- physics, reading, writing, and chess playing -- concentrating primarily on exploring novice-expert differences and the acquisition of a complex skill. European scholars, in contrast, have been primarily concerned with problem solving behavior in artificially generated, mostly computerized, complex systems. While the American approach has the advantage of high external validity, the European approach has the advantage of system variables that can be systematically manipulated to reveal the effects of system parameters on CPS behavior. The two approaches are thus best viewed as complementing each other. This volume contains contributions from four European countries -- Sweden, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Germany. As such, it accurately represents the bulk of empirical research on CPS which has been conducted in Europe. An international cooperation started two years ago with the goal of bringing the European research on complex problem solving to the awareness of American scholars. A direct result of that effort, the contributions to this book are ...

Hungary is situated in Central Europe, in the Carpathian basin. It has an area of93,032 km2 and shares its borders with the Slovak Republic to the north, Austria to the west, the former Yugoslavia to the south as well as both Romania and the CIS to the east. The climate is continental, however, it is sometimes subject to maritime and Mediterranean influences. The average temperature in summer is 22-24° C. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of -1.2° C, and the warmest month is July, with an average temperature of 21. 7°C. The annual average temperature is 10.9° C while the annual rainfall is 500 to 1,000 mm. In 1992 the population of Hungary was 10,335,000. The population density was 111 persons per km2. However distribution is uneven, since one fifth of the inhabitants live in the capital, Budapest. Almost 60% of the population live in towns. The largest towns are Budapest, Debrecen, Miskolc, Szeged, Pees, Gyor. Hungary played a key role in the changes that took place in the Eastern European countries region. The transformation from a monolithic structure to a multi-party system took place peacefully, almost according to a national consensus. The level of political openness in the country has significantly increased and this is generating interest in Hungary, which in turn contributes to development of investment and tourism. The geographic layout of the existing transport infrastructure of Hungary is very favourable to tourism. development. At the same time, the quality and quantity of roads, railway lines and rolling stock are below international standards. Connections between Budapest and European cities are provided by 45 direct and 7 international lines. The line between Budapest and Vienna developed rapidly, where Eurocity trains provide quick transport. The country's only airport capable of receiving large aircraft and scheduled air traffic is Budapest Ferihegy Airport. With respect to water transport, the most important routes are through the Danube and Lake Balaton. ; peer-reviewed

Organizational culture encompasses both individual and group-level phenomena. However, to date, the individual-level dynamics of organizational culture have remained relatively neglected. This paper addresses this neglect by focusing on culture's manifestation in individuals' sensemaking structures and processes. Building off the social cognition literature, I propose that organizational culture's influence on individual sensemaking is revealed in the operation of a patterned system of organization-specific schemas. Schemas refer to the cognitive structures in which an individual's knowledge is retained and organized. In addition to being knowledge repositories, schemas also direct information acquisition and processing. They guide answering the questions central to sensemaking efforts: "What or who is it?," "What are its implications; what does it mean?," and "How should I respond?" After a brief review of schema theory, the categories of schema knowledge relevant to understanding sensemaking in organizations and the cultural influences on their emergence are examined. The conscious and unconscious operation of these schemas in the actual process of making sense of organizational stimuli is framed within a schema-directed, intrapsychic, mental dialogue perspective on social cognition. Specifically, I propose that in the social setting of organizations, individuals make sense out of their experiences based in large part on the outcomes of contrived mental dialogues between themselves (e.g., "I think it means this and I would be inclined toward this response") and other contextually-relevant (past or present; real or imagined) individuals or groups (e.g., "What would my boss and peers think about this? What would they want me to do?"). The content of the argument provided for others is guided by the individual's schemas for those others. I close the paper by discussing the ways in which this schema-based perspective enhances our under-standing of the individual experiences of cultural sharing, subcultural boundaries, and psychological attachment.