Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- Network analysis brief glossary -- Introduction -- Cooperation and early modern trading networks -- Simon Ruiz (1525/6-1597), a representative case study -- Sources -- Structure -- 1 A model for the study of historic business cooperation -- Cooperation: mechanisms and conditions for emergence -- Self-organization: a concept for the better understanding of trading networks -- Methodological option: social network analysis -- 2 The evolution of the Simon Ruiz network and partner choice criteria -- The initial years -- The first expansion period: 1560-4 -- An unstable stability (1565-8) -- Difficult years (1569-73) -- The crisis opportunity (1574-80) -- Europe in conflict (1588-90) -- The end of a generation (1595-97) -- Evolution and resilience in the Simon Ruiz trading network -- 3 The proximity to power -- Before 1574: power and trade -- Finance and power interactions -- Proximity to power, business networks and cooperation -- 4 Endogamy in early modern trade: a necessity? The case of the Simon Ruiz network -- Kin endogamy: the case of the Ruiz family -- Confessional endogamy -- National endogamy -- Homophily vs diversity in early modern trading networks -- 5 Mechanisms of economic cooperation and competition between Simon Ruiz and his agents in Portugal, 1557-80 -- Communication relations and the circulation of information -- Collaboration ties -- Non-cooperative behaviour -- 6 Informal promoters of merchant cooperation: the power of trust, gossip and reputation -- Trust-building in early modern merchant networks -- Reputation and rumour -- Reputation and norms: punishment and signalling -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index

"At present, Bhutan's old-age security still is mostly based on an extended family network. Formal old-age provision mainly is for civil servants, providing, however, only lump-sum payments. This paper analyses the present conditions and obvious deficits of the existing arrangements and outlines possibilities for introducing a pension scheme which provides regular (monetary) income in old age. Income in old age could be increased and costs could be reduced by transforming the existing Provident Fund totally or partially into a pension scheme. This can be combined with pay-as-you-go and funded elements." (author's abstract)

The Family Hope Program is a program initiated by the government of the Ministry of Social Affairs, where this program provides conditional non-cash assistance to Beneficiary Families. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the Family Hope Program (PKH) in North Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency. Collecting data in this study interviews and documentation. data were analyzed using qualitative analysis. The results showed that the effectiveness of the Family Hope Program in North Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency using 3 indicators of the effectiveness approach proposed by Martani and Lubis, namely the source approach, process approach and target approach. From some of these approaches, the results of the study show that it is less effective because the Integrated Data on Social Welfare (DTKS) of social assistance programs for the family of hope still uses old data, socialization and coordination of village officials and related parties are still lacking and in verifying commitment criteria Social welfare components are vulnerable. quite a long time, namely once a year. It is hoped that there will be an update of the Integrated Social Welfare Data a maximum of once every six months, there needs to be socialization and coordination between the Kelurahan apparatus and related parties as well as in verifying the commitment to the criteria for the PKH social welfare component, which is vulnerable every three months in order to find out the latest condition of the Beneficiary Family). Lack of socialization and coordination with village officials and related parties as well as in verifying the commitment of the criteria. The social welfare component has a relatively long time span, which is once a year. It is hoped that there will be an update of the Integrated Social Welfare Data a maximum of once every six months, there needs to be socialization and coordination between the Kelurahan apparatus and related parties as well as in verifying the commitment to the criteria for the PKH social welfare component, which is vulnerable every three months in order to find out the latest condition of the Beneficiary Family (KPM). lack of socialization and coordination with village officials and related parties as well as in verifying the commitment of the criteria. The social welfare component has a fairly long time span, which is once a year. It is hoped that there will be an update of the Integrated Social Welfare Data a maximum of every six months, there needs to be socialization and coordination between the Kelurahan apparatus and related parties as well as in verifying the commitment to the criteria for the social welfare component of PKH, which is vulnerable every three months in order to find out the current condition of the Beneficiary Families (KPM).

Abstract
The importance of nutrition as a research topic is linked not only to healthy eating and different types of medical conditions, such as obesity, allergies, malnutrition, but also to the relationship between nutrition and physical activity, to state's and large food companies' commercial activities, as well as to the sustainability of food production. On that basis, numerous studies have analyzed media content related to food and nutrition, their basic assumption being that (new and old) media have the ability to change the audience's perceptions, behaviors and attitudes towards various values which are accepted in contemporary societies. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of the way in which Romanian and German media cover the topic of nutrition. The research method used was the content analysis, applied to a sample of articles published on online media from the two countries between 2014 and 2016. Having as research objective the identification of the most relevant aspects regarding the content and shape of nutrition's coverage in media, this article discusses the similarities and differences recorded in the online press of the two countries on the topic of interest. According to the findings, the similarities are mainly related to some topics and subjects addressed, as well as to the ways of covering them, in particular through analysis articles, while the differences could instead be ascertained regarding the content of the articles, including the ways in which the journalists assume social roles in approaching, informing, debating, and educating concerning issues of public interest.

L'étude d'impact de la loi du 8 août 2016 relative au travail, à la modernisation du dialogue social et à la sécurisation des parcours professionnels qui a élargi le champ d'application du compte personnel de formation (CPF), témoignait déjà d'une vocation universelle : « En plus de couvrir les salariés, le compte personnel d'activité sera applicable aux indépendants et aux conjoints collaborateurs ainsi qu'aux volontaires du service civique. Ce faisant, la loi permet au principe d'universalité du CPF de prendre corps et de sécuriser les parcours professionnels tout au long de la vie […] ». Le projet de loi « pour la liberté de choisir son avenir professionnel » adopté définitivement par l'Assemblée nationale le 1 er août 2018 inscrit « le CPF rénové » dans la même perspective. Il en va de même du conseil en évolution professionnelle (CEP) ainsi que de la réforme de l'assurance chômage dont l'étude d'impact souligne l'ambition « universaliste ». Celle-ci se heurte cependant à un obstacle juridique majeur, qui se manifeste lorsque le processus a un objectif professionnel. C'est le cas pour les travailleurs salariés, subordonnés à leurs employeurs et par conséquent soumis au pouvoir de ce dernier sur le choix et les modalités de la formation. La transformation de cet outil en un véritable droit universel à la formation dépend donc des conditions réelles de son utilisation et de l'effectivité du dispositif. Il convient alors de mesurer l'opposabilité des droits attachés aux individus et leur justiciabilité, ainsi que la capacité réelle du modèle à garantir un accès universel à la formation tout au long de la vie.

The mobilization of solicitors around the appeal courts followed the establishment in June 2007, the Attali and Darrois commissions to prepare a 'modernization' of the judicial institutions in which envisaged the removal of their monopoly in the courts of second instance, causing the disappearance of their profession. In June 2008, announcement is made by the Attorney General of the Fillon government of a bill that endorses this proposal by presenting it as 'progressive' and in line with the interests of litigants. As in previous legislation to other officers, the bill has not generated significant media and political turmoil because of a political consensus among leftist parties holding anti-democratic access to this profession often 'inherited' and conditioned by a numerus clausus system and an entrepreneurial and liberal right seeking to open up to competition the market for legal cases. The bill has yet been a mobilization on the part of those public officers for nearly two years around a main demand: the maintenance of their protective status away from areas more competitive market legal and judicial services. Faced with a cause that seems immediately disavowed, this article aims to understand the social and political conditions of possibility of mobilization initiated by solicitors and understand how modes of action they used allowed, despite the turmoil has been able to know the protest movement, to maintain the occupation itself and maintain its mobilization ... at least until the decision of the Government to abolish the profession. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; As long as the relationships that anthropologists establish on the field enable them to work, they do not often interrogate all of the fortuitous contingencies that determine the particular dynamic of their fieldwork. But, how can we consider an ethnographic situation in which it is simply impossible for the anthropologist to cope with the role his hosts have assigned her? Many years after the "failure" of my first fieldwork in Lebanon, I reconsider the conditions that led me into a problematic relationship. I attempt to make sense of this experience by analyzing, in terms of domination and factionalism, the different dimensions of the relations, not only between me and my hosts, but also between the different protagonists in this sort of family drama behind closed doors. ; Toute enquête ethnographique est soumise à un ensemble de contingences qui sont rarement objectivées en tant que telles quand les relations construites entre l'ethnologue et ses hôtes lui permettent de « travailler ». Que faire d'une situation ethnographique dans laquelle le rôle assigné à l'ethnologue s'avère impossible à tenir ? Bien des années après l'« échec » d'un premier terrain libanais, je reviens sur les conditions qui m'ont amenée à m'installer avec un couple de jeunes mariés. Je tente de donner un sens à cette expérience en analysant, en termes de domination et de clivages politiques, les différents niveaux de la relation établie entre mes hôtes et moi, mais encore entre les protagonistes de cette sorte de huis clos familial.

International audience ; As long as the relationships that anthropologists establish on the field enable them to work, they do not often interrogate all of the fortuitous contingencies that determine the particular dynamic of their fieldwork. But, how can we consider an ethnographic situation in which it is simply impossible for the anthropologist to cope with the role his hosts have assigned her? Many years after the "failure" of my first fieldwork in Lebanon, I reconsider the conditions that led me into a problematic relationship. I attempt to make sense of this experience by analyzing, in terms of domination and factionalism, the different dimensions of the relations, not only between me and my hosts, but also between the different protagonists in this sort of family drama behind closed doors. ; Toute enquête ethnographique est soumise à un ensemble de contingences qui sont rarement objectivées en tant que telles quand les relations construites entre l'ethnologue et ses hôtes lui permettent de « travailler ». Que faire d'une situation ethnographique dans laquelle le rôle assigné à l'ethnologue s'avère impossible à tenir ? Bien des années après l'« échec » d'un premier terrain libanais, je reviens sur les conditions qui m'ont amenée à m'installer avec un couple de jeunes mariés. Je tente de donner un sens à cette expérience en analysant, en termes de domination et de clivages politiques, les différents niveaux de la relation établie entre mes hôtes et moi, mais encore entre les protagonistes de cette sorte de huis clos familial.

International audience ; As long as the relationships that anthropologists establish on the field enable them to work, they do not often interrogate all of the fortuitous contingencies that determine the particular dynamic of their fieldwork. But, how can we consider an ethnographic situation in which it is simply impossible for the anthropologist to cope with the role his hosts have assigned her? Many years after the "failure" of my first fieldwork in Lebanon, I reconsider the conditions that led me into a problematic relationship. I attempt to make sense of this experience by analyzing, in terms of domination and factionalism, the different dimensions of the relations, not only between me and my hosts, but also between the different protagonists in this sort of family drama behind closed doors. ; Toute enquête ethnographique est soumise à un ensemble de contingences qui sont rarement objectivées en tant que telles quand les relations construites entre l'ethnologue et ses hôtes lui permettent de « travailler ». Que faire d'une situation ethnographique dans laquelle le rôle assigné à l'ethnologue s'avère impossible à tenir ? Bien des années après l'« échec » d'un premier terrain libanais, je reviens sur les conditions qui m'ont amenée à m'installer avec un couple de jeunes mariés. Je tente de donner un sens à cette expérience en analysant, en termes de domination et de clivages politiques, les différents niveaux de la relation établie entre mes hôtes et moi, mais encore entre les protagonistes de cette sorte de huis clos familial.

This research is titled the role of Muhammadiyah in the social Change Malay Society of Tanjung Sakti Kabupaten Lahat Province of South Sumatera 1930-2015. This research aims to analyze the condition of Tanjung Sakti community before Muhammadiyah stands, growth and development of Muhammadiyah, the role of Muhammadiyah on social change Tanjung Sakti, as well as the driving and inhibiting factors. This research was conducted through library research using primary and secondary data collected through literature searches and interviews. The data analysis uses descriptive qualitative, while the theories used are: theories of roles, influences, and social change. In 1930, most of the Tanjung sakti people were SinkritisMuslim, a small percentage were Catholics. And they were still underdeveloped in the fields of religion, education and social society. Based on these conditions In 1936, local merchants founded Muhammadiyah, which was engaged in the field of Islamic extermination and renewal in the field of education and social society. Until now, the movement was quite good, and the role on social change of the local community. The movement is supported by the Awakening of Religious Passion and Economic, the Openness of the Community, the Leadership System, the Human Resources and the Infrastructure as well as the Openness of Financial Management. On the other hand, this movement faces obstacles, such as the Antipathy Attitudes of the old community, the closed Attitudes of the traditional community, the Inequality Government Regulations, the Weakness of Financial Resources, and the Lack of Leaders and Ulamas.

Despite the various efforts made by the Colombian state to guarantee the integral reparations for victims of human rights violations as part of a government social policy, the reality allows to argue that many tasks are pending in regards to the enforcement and realization of these social, collective and individual rights; especially in times when a legal framework of transitional justice is to be built, while the typical conditions of an internal undeclared armed conflict are still reproduced. The social, economic and political context in which enormous efforts are done in order to get a peace agreement with a faction of the conflict armed actors would lead to an approach for building some conditions that will result in the production of transition rules. ; A pesar de que en los últimos años se han adelantado en Colombia diferentes esfuerzos por parte delEstado para garantizar la reparación integral a las víctimas de violaciones a los derechos humanoscomo parte de una política social gubernamental, la realidad permite sostener que aún han quedadomuchas tareas pendientes frente a la exigibilidad y materialización de estas garantías sociales, colectivase individuales, sobre todo en momentos en los que se pretende construir un marco jurídico de justiciatransicional, mientras aún se reproducen las condiciones propias del conflicto armado interno nodeclarado. La realidad social, económica y política en la que se adelantan ingentes esfuerzos por obtenerun acuerdo de paz con una facción de los actores armados del conflicto supone un acercamientoa la construcción de unas condiciones que redundarán en la producción de normas de transición.

The main subject of the present study are the working and living conditions of the trade guilds and the gradual disintegration of this pre-industrial form of life which was a result of the decline of the privileged municipal corporations and of the privileged professions in there. Besides the thesis is about the persistance of corporate ideas and traditions which will form later the ideology of the middle classes. The inner structural change of the trade guilds in the town of Oldenburg between 1731 ("Reichsabschied") and 1861 (freedom of trade in Oldenburg) respectively the mutual effect between the corporate form of life and the forces of modernization is explored by means of an "integrated artisan history". On the one hand it combines the social-economic situation of the guild masters and the travelling journeymen, their social relations, legal controls, social mentality (corporate values and standards), trade policy, the public opinion with the general economic, social and political history. On the other hand "integrated artisan history" brings out general and specific regional developments by comparing the situation in Oldenburg with that in other towns and states. In addition this thesis wants to explore the motives and the course of social change taking Oldenburg as an example. In order to realize regional and local conditions and mentalities as specific forces which had an influence on the social change, the thesis describes both, the structures themselves and their perception and interpretation by the guilds, the local and governmental authorities

This article aims to distinguish periods and stages in the fight against infant mortality (i.m.). How and when have adults' social practices toward the death of children changed? The authors investigate how the social regulation of these practices was implemented, singling out two periods in the study of this phenomenon. The first is characterized by the fight against exogenous causes of i.m. while the second is distinguished by the struggle against indigenous causes. How does this transition operate from a sociological standpoint? Within these two periods, two stages in the decline of i.m. are distinguished. The first concerns the improvement of populations' sanitary conditions; the second relates to the regulation of social practices by public awareness campaigns.L'objectif du texte consiste à distinguer des périodes et des étapes dans la lutte engagée pour contrer la m.i. La question de fond devient: comment et quand ont changé les pratiques sociales des adultes à l'égard de la mort des enfants? Il s'agit de savoir comment s'est effectuée la régulation sociale de ces pratiques. On distinguera deux phases dans le phénomène. La première est caractérisée par la lutte aux causes exogènes de la m.i. alors que la deuxième Test par un combat contre les causes endogènes. Que se joue‐t‐il dans ce passage d'un point de vue sociologique?À l'intérieur de ces deux périodes, on différenciera deux étapes dans le recul de la m.i. La première concerne l'améliora‐tion des conditions sociosanitaires des populations, et la seconde a trait à la régulation des pratiques sociales par des campagnes d'éducation populaire.

Introduction /Ian Keen --The emergence of Australian settler capitalism in the nineteenth century and the disintegration/integration of Aboriginal societies: hybridisation and local evolution within the world market /Christopher Lloyd --The interpretation of Aboriginal 'property' on the Australian colonial frontier /Ian Keen --From island to mainland: Torres Strait Islanders in the Australian labour force /Jeremy Beckett --Exchange and appropriation: the Wurnan economy and Aboriginal land and labour at Karunjie Station, north-western Australia /Anthony Redmond and Fiona Skyring --Dingo scalping and the frontier economy in the north-west of South Australia /Diana Young --Peas, beans and riverbanks: seasonal picking and dependence in the Tuross Valley /John White --'Who you is?' Work and identity in Aboriginal New South Wales /Lorraine Gibson --Sustainable Aboriginal livelihoods and the Pilbara mining boom /Sarah Holcombe --Realities, simulacra and the appropriation of Aboriginality in Kakadu's tourism /Chris Haynes.