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Background There is evidence to suggest that medically supervised drug consumption rooms (DCRs) may form part of responses to reduce drug-related harm. Although DCRs have been established globally, they are perceived by some to be a controversial approach in the UK, and Government has repeatedly rejected proposals to establish one in Glasgow, Scotland. As public support is an important component of policy development and enactment, we sought to investigate the effects of different types of message framing on public support for DCR. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional online study with a randomised design, conducted with a nationally representative sample. Participants were randomised to one of six message conditions comprising combinations of four components. All conditions included i) a basic description of a DCR, and conditions included combinations of ii) factual information; iii) preemptive refutation of common public concerns about DCR; and/or iv) a sympathetic narrative describing a mother whose son died from a heroin overdose. After reading each message, participants completed a bespoke measure assessing support for DCR. Data were analysed using ANCOVA. Results Complete data were obtained from 1591 participants (50.3% Female; mean age 44.9 ± 16.1 years). Compared to reading a basic description of DCR alone, there was greater support for DCR in participants receiving the refutation (p < .001); sympathetic + factual (p < .05); and sympathetic + factual + refutation (p < .001) message conditions. Presenting factual or sympathetic messages alone were not associated with increased support. Conclusion Our findings suggest that public support for DCRs is not improved through communication of factual statements outlining potential benefits of the intervention alone. Advocates seeking to foster public support, and thus influence policy making, should also consider communication campaigns that address common concerns that the public might have about DCRs, and present the intervention in relation to potential benefits that they hold for people indirectly affected by drug-related harm.

Introduction: Diarrhea has significant morbidity and mortality in children <5 years of age. Reducing risk factors and improving healthcare measures can decrease diarrheal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with diarrhea and outcome measures such as morbidity and mortality in infants presenting in the Pediatrics ward of Mayo Hospital Lahore. Study Design: Analytical Cross-Sectional, Study Duration and Place: The study was conducted for a 3-month duration in Community Medicine Department, KEMU Lahore. Subjects and Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at the Pediatrics department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. 78 children were selected based laid down inclusion criteria. Data was collected through a pretested questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 23. Results: 55% of the parents reported an episode of diarrhea in the child within 2 weeks before questioning. Among the children, 49% were being breastfed exclusively. 95% of parents affirmed a positive relationship between hygiene and diarrhea. The most commonly reported response to diarrhea was taking a child to a doctor (55%), followed by giving ORS and/or meshed foods (42%). Recent weight loss was reported in 53% of the patients, with a significant correlation between weight loss and history of diarrhea. There were 53% confirmed cases who had received Rotavirus vaccination. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there is a significant relation between diarrheal disease in infants <1 year of age and morbidities such as weight loss and lack of proper growth. The major risk factors for the development of diarrhea, including poor hygiene, low vaccination coverage, and poor nutrition need to be considered more seriously. Measures such as supplying ORS at homes and teaching parents how to utilize ORS; vigorous efforts for Rotavirus vaccination and promotion of exclusive breastfeeding should be encouraged by the government and health authorities. Keywords: Diarrhea, Rotavirus, ORS, Breastfeeding.

Among the priority issues that need to be addressed is the issue of quality training of civil servants. Since most developed European countries have significant positive experience in training specialists in public administration and civil service, it is worth paying attention to the peculiarities of vocational training in countries where the key role of the state in effective organization of professional development of government personnel has led to successful socio-economic development. Peculiarities of the formation and functioning of the civil service in countries of different state systems and practices of training civil servants are largely determined by the special development of these states. It is established that the French public service is one of the most stable and organized in the world, and therefore is a benchmark for the organization and implementation of civil service relations for the modern state. The system of public administration of the Republic of Poland is formed on the example of the public service of France, in addition, Poland is one of the closest neighbors of Ukraine, and also became an example in the decentralization reform for our country. After analyzing the foreign experience of training qualified civil servants, we came to the conclusion that it can be grouped into three concepts: 1) the concept of specialized training; 2) the concept of multidisciplinary learning; 3) a concept that is focused on the individual. Analyzing research and international practices, we agree with theorists who define three dominant models: English (a combination of business and public administration), German (based on legal education, which is complemented by training and education in the system of advanced training for civil servants lower levels) and French (provides for a state-centralized system of training a small highly qualified elite, provided by the National School of Public Administration).

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router ; History: received 2020-06-25, accepted 2020-09-16, registration 2020-09-17, online 2020-10-01, pub-electronic 2020-10-01, pub-print 2020-12 ; Publication status: Published ; Funder: Liverpool John Moores University ; Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is an extraordinary global emergency that has led to the implementation of unprecedented measures in order to stem the spread of the infection. Internationally, governments are enforcing measures such as travel bans, quarantine, isolation, and social distancing leading to an extended period of time at home. This has resulted in reductions in physical activity and changes in dietary intakes that have the potential to accelerate sarcopenia, a deterioration of muscle mass and function (more likely in older populations), as well as increases in body fat. These changes in body composition are associated with a number of chronic, lifestyle diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, osteoporosis, frailty, cognitive decline, and depression. Furthermore, CVD, diabetes, and elevated body fat are associated with greater risk of COVID-19 infection and more severe symptomology, underscoring the importance of avoiding the development of such morbidities. Here we review mechanisms of sarcopenia and their relation to the current data on the effects of COVID-19 confinement on physical activity, dietary habits, sleep, and stress as well as extended bed rest due to COVID-19 hospitalization. The potential of these factors to lead to an increased likelihood of muscle loss and chronic disease will be discussed. By offering a number of home-based strategies including resistance exercise, higher protein intakes and supplementation, we can potentially guide public health authorities to avoid a lifestyle disease and rehabilitation crisis post-COVID-19. Such strategies may also serve as useful preventative measures for reducing the likelihood of sarcopenia in general and in the event of future periods of isolation.

The article examines the concepts of "crisis", "crisis state", "economic crisis", the main characteristics of the crisis, considers the possible options for the behavior of the subject in a crisis state, namely constructive and destructive. The course of the 2008 economic crisis, which manifested itself in a massive drop in production, a drop in demand and prices for raw materials, an increase in unemployment, and a spread to the monetary, fiscal, and social areas, has worsened the social welfare and expectations of businesses and ordinary citizens have been analyzed. The crisis affected not only the economic structures but also all branches of Ukrainian society, social groups, and almost everyone, which significantly affected social relations and the psychological state of people.It should be noted that the crises of economic, political, and social nature inevitably affect public health. Especially strongly such processes determine the emotional and stress response of a person, which is the basis for the formation of pathological processes and in particular diseases associated with mental disorders. Therefore, to avoid negative personal reactions due to the economic crisis, it is important to be able to adapt to a crisis state, to control one's emotions, to have a balanced mental state, a sufficient level of resilience, to use constructive strategies of coping behavior to resist psychological stress without negative consequences and this requires the implementation of specific government programs.It is determined that under the conditions of long-term military aggression, deepening and expansion of negative trends in the economy, low level of confidence in the system of public administration, weak financial discipline, high corruption, unsatisfactory attractiveness of investments, and excessive debt burden, the current economic dynamics of Ukraine are extremely weak, that demonstrates the high risk of crisis recurrence. Therefore, overcoming the risks of new crisis trends, ensuring long-term macroeconomic ...

The article considers the system of relations that arise in the process of implementing tax policy in the Russian Federation, and identifies the features of its implementation in the conditions of digitalization of the economy. The goals of the state tax policy are defined and systematized. The activity of the tax authorities of the Russian Federation for 2015-2019 is analyzed. The issues of changing the tax system of the Russian Federation and the tax control system under the influence of digital technologies (introduction of a tax on professional income, introduction of a national system of traceability of imported goods) are studied. Electronic government services in the field of taxation are considered, and the prospects and directions for further development and expansion of the electronic services used for taxpayers and tax authorities are determined. The role of digital technologies and their impact on the implementation of the tax policy of the Russian Federation is defined. A logical result of the study was the conclusion that digitalization of tax policy will ensure transparency, uniformity, efficiency of taxation and increase the investment attractiveness of the state. ; Рассмотрена система отношений, возникающая в процессе осуществления налоговой политики в РФ, выявлены особенности ее проведения в условиях цифровизации экономики. Определены и систематизированы цели государственной налоговой политики. Проанализирована деятельность налоговых органов РФ за 2015–2019 гг. Исследованы вопросы изменения налоговой системы Российской Федерации, системы налогового контроля под влиянием цифровых технологий (введение налога на профессиональный доход, внедрение национальной системы прослеживаемости импортных товаров). Рассмотрены электронные государственные услуги в сфере налогообложения, а также определены перспективы и направления дальнейшего развития и расширения применяемых электронных сервисов для налогоплательщиков и налоговых органов. Определена роль цифровых технологий и их влияние на реализацию налоговой политики РФ. Закономерным итогом исследования явился вывод о том, что цифровизация налоговой политики позволит обеспечить прозрачность, единообразие, оперативность налогообложения и повысить инвестиционную привлекательность государства.

Annotation: In the submitted article the features of the concept of the Kingdom of God are considered, as it is expressed in the works of one of the leading theologians of the 20th century, Jurgen Moltmann. The categories of "new" and "coming" are indicated and analyzed as key components (attributes) of the concept, clarifying the process of integrating the Kingdom into the world. The idea of two aeons (centuries), coming and passing, is revealed, the interaction of which creates the apocalypticeschatological antagonism of the Kingdom in the present. The idea of "freedom" as the quintessence of the Kingdom is disclosed, which helps to understand the principles and nature of God's government better. In the context of the polemic with Gnosticism, the ecumenical scales of the Kingdom are described, including the entire totality of the transfigured being. Studying the concept, the author comes to the conclusion that it is relevant for a (post)secular society, open to new influences and transformations, which exactly bears the coming Kingdom. At the end of the article, we examine the relevance of Moltman's theological ideas in relation to the coronavirus. ; В представленной статье рассматриваются особенности концепта Царства Бога, как он выражен в работах одного из ведущих теологов XX века Юргена Мольтмана. Указываются и анализируютсякатегории "нового" и "грядущего", как ключевые составляющие (атрибуты) концепта, проясняющие процесс интеграции Царства в мир. Выявлена идея двух эонов (веков), грядущего и преходящего,взаимодействие которых создает апокалиптически-эсхатологический антагонизм Царства в настоящем. Раскрыта идея "свободы" как квинтэссенции Царства, что помогает лучше понимать принципы и характер Божьего правления. В контексте полемики с гностицизмом описаны вселенские масштабы Царства, включающего всю совокупность преображенного бытия. Исследуя концепт, автор приходит к выводу о егорелевантности для (пост)секулярного общества, открытого новым влияниям и преобразованиям, что как раз и несет в себе грядущее Царство. В конце статьи рассматривается релевантность теологических идей Мольтмана в связи с коронавирусом

Poor ecological state of the land fund in Cherkasy region is caused, in the first place, by the unreasonable system and practices of land utilization that are not scientifically based. Such factors of land degradation as erosion, anthropogenic pollution, secondary alkalinization, flooding, and landslides are gaining considerable momentum. Excessive level of plowing of agricultural lands, including slopes, considerable expansion of lands under hoed crops, practically complete stopping of soil protection measures, violation of a soil tillage system and other factors have led to the deterioration of lands.The soil of Cherkasy region is some of the most fertile in Ukraine. Chernozem prevails in soil cover, its share makes over 70% of all arable lands square. By mechanical structure, the soil cover of Cherkasy region is practically equally divided into soft-loam, middle-loam and hard-loam soils. The soft-loam soil prevails in the Left-bank part of the region and Dnipro area. The centre of Cherkasy region has a middle-loam soil, and western regions have hard-loam ones.Neglect of the optimal structure of cultivated lands that manifests in the violation of science-based succession of crops in crop rotation presents quite a serious problem. An overall result of the irrational usage of land leads to reducing soil fertility. Excessive part of the tilled area in the structure of cultivated land under the condition of practical stopping of soil protection measures results in the degradation of land recourses that creates a considerable threat to economic security in Cherkasy region.There is a certain relation between the rational usage of land resources and the level of profitability of agricultural enterprises. Since the main aim of enterprise performance lies in obtaining a profit, they are not interested in the deterioration of the properties of land resources as their main means of production. This necessitates protection and careful use of lands under cultivation.Effective government control over land usage is very ...

Covid-19 is a threat, but it also creates opportunities for serious thought about the future. Given deep structural problems which have enabled populism to become embedded in England, there is a need to think of a longer-term transformation: not whether but how and where the state comes back in, and how relations between state, markets and planning, city-regions, innovation and universities are reconfigured.Historically, the two major populist movements in the advanced world (American in the late C19th and Germany et al in the 1930s) occurred as a consequence of massive technological changes; the movements were not primarily located in the big cities, and they involved those in previously established but now declining occupations. Populism only disappeared as those populations reduced in size and as those areas changed function or declined much further. Responding to the ICT revolution, populism in England (the subject of this paper) locates today in Rodriguez-Pose's 'places that don't matter' (PDMs), and is reinforced by the deep educational/residential segregation of contemporary society with 50% higher education participation and graduate-intensive big cities. But England seems stuck here and major 'pathologies' in the neo-liberal framework are responsible. These include higher education as a competitive market, the separation of cycles and growth in macroeconomic policy, and the reliance on markets with arms-length regulation and de facto absence of government from a shareholder-value maximising private sector. Policy is still short-term and largely made in Westminster despite city-regions. A long-term policy transformation is necessary to restart the 'transmission belt' of the ICT revolution. We need developing long-term plans based on city-regional agglomerations, into which core city networks linking knowledge-based companies, research universities and city-regional administrations are integrated; with expanding travel-to-work areas incorporating the 'places that don't matter'; and supported by a ...

This article analyzes relations between Latin American countries and Israel over the past decades (2000-2019) and argues that Israel's strengthened image as a technological leader. The authors paid special attention to clarifying the technologies of Israel's foreign policy in the Latin American direction, determining the specifics of their implementation and the results of their application. Latin American countries to start viewing Israel as a new and intriguing source for technology. This trend is almost across the board and irrespective of the political situation in the Middle East and the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.In recent years, parallel to the political crises and regime changes in Latin America, there has been a significant improvement in countries on the continent towards Israel. The first diplomatic visits of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to Latin American countries contributed to the signing of a number of bilateral agreements in various fields.The potential of economic growth in emerging markets such as Latin America makes it an attractive destination for Israeli investors. The region is projected to expand in the next few years despite continued economic uncertainty. The Israeli government is currently endorsing long-term investment channels in Latin America to take advantage of these developments. ; Аналізуються відносини між Ізраїлем та країнами Латинської Америки за останні десятиліття (2000-2019 роки), і стверджується, що зміцнившийся імідж Ізраїлю як технологічного лідера, грає ключову роль у цьому. Автори приділили особливу увагу з'ясуванню технологій зовнішньої політики Ізраїлю на латиноамериканському напрямку, визначенню особливостей їх реалізації та результатів застосування. Країни Латинської Америки стали розглядати Ізраїль як джерело технологій. Тенденція спостерігається практично повсюдно і незалежно від політичної ситуації на Близькому Сході та триваючого ізраїльсько-палестинського конфлікту. В останні роки, паралельно з політичними кризами та зміною режиму у Латинській Америці, у країнах континенту відбулися значні поліпшення у напрямку Ізраїлю. Перші дипломатичні візити прем'єр-міністра Ізраїлю Бен'яміна Нетан'яху до латиноамериканських країн сприяли підписанню низки двосторонніх угод у різних сферах.

In the framework of Bourbon reforms, various policies were implemented to promote greater moderation and industriousness in society. In this context, the city of Buenos Aires was elevated to viceregal capital after almost two centuries of progressive, albeit marginal, growth in relation to the metropolis (Madrid). In this paper we propose to reflect on the leisure activities that were sanctioned or promoted by different government agents, as well as the disputes and contradictionsthat they implied within the local elite. We will review the practices that were objected to and regulated by political power. Then we will discuss some of the forms of leisure that were promoted by the ruling sectors, in particular bullfighting and theatrical performances, in order to deconstruct the space opened between a set of representations and the socio-urban dynamics of Buenos Aires at the end of the eighteenth century. ; En el marco del reformismo borbónico se ensayaron diversas políticas tendentes a promover sociedades más moderadas e industriosas. En este contexto, la ciudad de Buenos Aires fue elevada a capital virreinal luego de casi dos siglos de un crecimiento progresivo, aunque marginal con respecto a la metrópoli. Nos proponemos reflexionar en torno a las actividades de ocio que fueron sancionadas o promovidas por distintos agentes de gobierno, así como a las disputas y contradicciones que las mismas implicaron al interior de la élite local. Por una parte, realizaremos una revisión de todas aquellas prácticas que fueron objetadas o reguladas por el poder político. Luego abordaremos algunas de las formas de ocio que fueron promovidas por los sectores gobernantes, en particular, el toreo y las representaciones teatrales, con el propósito de deconstruir el espacio abierto entre un conjunto de representaciones y las dinámicas sociourbanas presentes en BuenosAires a finales del XVIII.

Plasmonic excitations, such as surface-plasmonpolaritons (SPPs) and graphene-plasmons (GPs), carry large momenta and are thus able to confine electromagnetic fields to small dimensions. This property makes them ideal platforms for subwavelength optical control and manipulation at the nanoscale. The momenta of these plasmons are even further increased if a scheme of metal-insulator-metal and graphene-insulator-metal are used for SPPs and GPs, respectively. However, with such large momenta, their far-field excitation becomes challenging. In this work, we consider hybrids of graphene and metallic nanostructures and study the physical mechanisms behind the interaction of far-field light with the supported high momenta plasmon modes. While there are some similarities in the properties of GPs and SPPs, since both are of the plasmon-polariton type, their physical properties are also distinctly different. For GPs we find two different physical mechanism related to either GPs confined to isolated cavities or large area collective grating couplers. Strikingly, we find that, although the two systems are conceptually different, under specific conditions, they can behave similarly. By applying the same study to SPPs, we find a different physical behavior, which fundamentally stems from the different dispersion relations of SPPs as compared to GPs. Furthermore, these hybrids produce large field enhancements that can also be electrically tuned and modulated making them the ideal candidates for a variety of plasmonic devices. ; N.M.R. P. and F. H.L.K. acknowledge support from the European Commission through the Project "Graphene-Driven Revolutions in ICT and Beyond" (Ref. No. 881603, CORE 3). N. M.R. P. and T.G.R. acknowledge COMPETE 2020, PORTUGAL 2020, FEDER and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028114. F.H.L.K. acknowledges financial support from the Government of Catalonia through the SGR Grant, and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through ...

The Jewish Community and Antisemitism in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia 1918-1941The Jews in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia made up about 0.5 percent of the total population. The new national framework provided the ability to accept the new state and national idea, but also gave impetus to strengthening their own identity embodied in Jewish nationalism, Zionism. Jews adapted to the new political circumstances relatively quickly and without major turmoil, at least as a whole. A liberal political foundation enabled the Jews to identify relatively easily with the new state. However, over a shorter or longer period, there were earlier national identifications as well. The spread and acceptance of antisemitism in Yugoslavia was affected by different traditions of the attitude towards the Jews in the political culture, political relations in the country and international circumstances. These factors were cumulative, although international circumstances certainly had a crucial impact, especially the coming to power of National Socialists in Germany. The manifestation of antisemitism in Yugoslavia can be divided into three main periods: 1918-1933, from the establishment of the Yugoslav state to the intensification of antisemitic propaganda, 1934-1938, from the intensification of antisemitic propaganda to the start of Jews' conditioned loyalty, and 1939-1941, from the start of Jews' conditioned loyalty to the Axis powers' invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941. Hostility towards Jews was manifested much more strongly in the Habsburg Monarchy than in the Kingdom of Serbia. Therefore, the new state in the former monarchy territories inherited latent and sometimes open antisemitism. The spread of antisemitic propaganda and legislation in Yugoslavia should be associated with the state leaders' attempts to find a modus vivendi with the totalitarian revisionist neighbors, primarily Germany. As a result, in early October 1940 the government adopted two anti-Jewish decrees. The ...

The scope of this research is to explore the relations between energy poverty, quality of life and renewable energy. First, an analysis of concept evolution, economic and social implications and the difficulties in assessing energy poverty was conducted by analyzing the data from Eurostat regarding electricity prices for households and arrears on utility bills between 2009 and 2018 and the solutions for combating energy poverty from the EU. In the next part, a cross-country analysis regarding Granger causality between indicators representing all three dimensions was conducted. The period of the analysis was between 2010 and 2019 for the 28 EU member states. In the final part of the article, the situation of Romania was analyzed. The phenomenon of energy poverty is not marginal but is underestimated and superficially approached. Starting from the dominant discussions on the concepts and tools practiced at international level, this article makes a proposal for a working model for various regions in Romania, taking in consideration the financial potential of the geographic areas and the possibilities of accessing unconventional energies by local communities. Through a case study based on the analysis of relevant energy resource statistics, the article identifies main shortcomings and opportunities for Romania and proposes concrete recommendations of sustainable public policies on the elimination of energy poverty. In some geographic areas where this was not possible, we propose how to diminish the effects of this social phenomenon. Our proposals for the case study focus on supporting populations in areas where access to energy sources is difficult and there is a lack of energy infrastructure, the government programs being an alternative to access green (renewable) energies. Even if this may seem expensive to some specialists in the economy, access to energy sources of any kind brings social advantages by improving quality of life-in this case, a real victory in the fight against energy poverty.

The issue of formation and activity of radical Islamic organizations in West Africa is one of the most relevant for the study of trends in development of the region and the ways of development of the various trends in contemporary Islam. In this context, the study of the genesis, ideological and social base, as well as the main activities of the most numerous and active radical Islamic organizations in the West African region, such as Boko Haram, Ansar al-Din, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and some others are important and demanded. After the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 and because of the revitalization of the Islamic State of Iraq and Sham and al-Qaeda in Africa, the role and influence of the aforementioned organizations in the Sahel-Saharan region has undergone significant changes. The role and influence of local radical groups increased significantly in the context of a weak economic base, ecological problems, low standard of living, a large property polarization of society, systemic corruption, increasing drug trafficking, the presence of unresolved ethnic and religious conflicts, weak inter community relations and, as a consequence, the ineffectiveness of the government and the vacuum of values. Their leaders are using populist slogans of social justice, borrowed from the global Islamic organizations such as al-Qaeda and ISIS. This often means the transfer of global concepts to local soil when the practices of action are borrowed while the ideological component is either lost or exposed to distortion and erroneous interpretations. The research is based on media materials, analytical articles, political reviews in English, French, and Russian. It is also based on the analysis of scientific articles and monographs on the subject of radical Islam in the countries of North and West Africa.