Suchergebnisse

The author received the Fishery Research Award (Fiskeriforskningsprisen) at the University of Tromsø 2009, for this doctoral thesis. The papers of the thesis are not available in Munin (mainly) due to publishers' restrictions: 1. Nielsen, Kåre Nolde, and Petter Holm: 'The TAC Machine: On the Institutionalization of Sustainable Fisheries Resource Management' (manuscript) 2. Nielsen, Kåre Nolde and Petter Holm (2007): 'A brief catalogue of failures: Framing evaluation and learning in fisheries resource management', Marine Policy 31: 669-680 (Elevier - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2007.03.014 3. Schwach, V., D. Bailly, A.-S. Christensen, A. Delaney, P. Degnbol, W. van Densen, P. Holm, H.A. McLay, K.N. Nielsen, M.A. Pastoors, S.A. Reeves, and D.C. Wilson (2007): 'Policy and knowledge in fisheries management: a policy brief', ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 798-803 (Oxford University Press - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm020 4. Nielsen, Kåre Nolde: 'Risking Precaution: Framing Uncertainty in Fisheries Advice' (manuscript) 5. Hauge, K.H., K.N. Nielsen, and K. Korsbrekke (2007): 'Limits to transparency— exploring conceptual and operational aspects of the ICES framework for providing precautionary fisheries management advice', ICES Journal of Marine Science 64: 738-743 (Oxford University Press - publisher's restrictions). Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm058 6. Holm, Petter and Kåre Nielsen (2007): 'Framing fish, making markets: the construction of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs)', in 'Market Devices' edited by Michel Callon, Yuval Millo and Fabian Muniesa (Blackwell - publisher's restrictions). Check availability ; What is the relationship between science and politics? What should it be? How are their respective roles conceived and acted out in practice? Should science and politics be clearly separated? How? Are there cases in which they can be usefully mixed? What cases are those, and are there some ways of mixing that are better than others? This project explores such questions by examining relationships between ICES fisheries advice and decision-making in fisheries management. While traditional conceptions portray science as a rather autonomous entity, this case examines a context in which such conceptions are particularly prone to be challenged. First, scientific advice that forms direct inputs into policy-making is better characterized as 'research' or 'mode-2 science' than as autonomous science. Second, advisory science on fisheries management is 'post-normal' insofar as its knowledge claims are uncertain, values disputed and decisions urgent. Here, fact and values easily become entangled, which in turn challenges conceptions of autonomous science. How is the science-politics boundary constructed here? Since ICES advice constitutes the formal and highly important link between science and politics in fisheries, it offers a concrete location for studying boundary dynamics. Although this project mainly mobilizes Science and Technology Studies theory (in particular Actor Network Theory) it not only seeks to contribute to this literature, but considers how insights generated from such perspectives may contribute to the ongoing discourses on fisheries science and management. The thesis demonstrates that a comprehensive understanding of the construction, maintenance and transgression of the boundary between fisheries advisory science and management cannot be limited to studies of 'boundary work' as discursive practices; it also requires examinations of practices in scientific knowledge production, the material embodiment of this knowledge, its use in policy-making, and conditions on which its stability depends. Forms of uncertainty in ICES fisheries advice are explored and are demonstrated to challenge conceptions of a clear-cut science-politics boundary. The thesis proposes ways in which the science and politics of fisheries can be reconsidered by the development of a framework for enabling evaluations of fisheries management systems. This is expected to enhance communication across disciplines concerned with fisheries management, and to promote systemic learning. ; Hva er forholdet mellom politikk og vitenskap? Med et utgangspunkt i Science and Technology Studies teori (primært ANT), undersøker jeg dette forhold i en case, nemlig forholdet mellom det Internasjonale Havforskningsråds (ICES) fiskerirådgivning og fiskeriforvaltning, der forestillingen om en uavhengig vitenskap er særlig utfordret. ICES vitenskap er 'post normal' for så vidt at kunnskapsgrunnlaget er usikkert, verdiene diskutable og beslutningene haster – en situasjon der verdier og fakta fort sammenfiltres. Jeg viser at en grundig forståelse av grenselinjene mellom rådgivende fiskeriforskning og politisk forvaltning krever en undersøkelse av vitenskapens metoder, hvordan de former politiske beslutningsprosesser, og hvilke antagelser de bygger på. Forskjellige former for usikkerhet i ICES rådgivning undersøkes og vises at utfordre forestillingen om en klar grense mellom politikk og vitenskap. Avhandlingen inviterer til refleksjon over politikk og vitenskap gjennom utviklingen av et rammeverk, som kan muliggjøre en systematisk evaluering av fiskeriforvaltningssystemer, og stimulere systematisk læring.

Vor dem Hintergrund eines zunehmenden globalen Energiebedarfs und der Gefahr einer anthropogenen Störung des Klimasystems durch die Emission von Treibhausgasen gilt es, tragfähige Strategien und Perspektiven für eine nachhaltige Energieversorgung zu entwickeln. Der verstärkten Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien wird dabei vielfach eine Schlüsselrolle zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen zugesprochen. Einer weit verbreiteten Ausschöpfung der auch in Deutschland in großem Maße verfügbaren Potenzialen an regenerativen Energieträgern stehen jedoch häufig noch die damit verbundenen hohen Kosten im Vergleich zu fossilen Energieträgern entgegen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher zu untersuchen, welchen Beitrag erneuerbare Energieträger in einem wettbewerblichen Marktumfeld langfristig zur Energieversorgung leisten können und in welchem Umfang erneuerbare Energieträger durch die Internalisierung der Treibhausgasvermeidungskosten in den Energiepreisen profitieren können. Zur Bewertung der Rolle erneuerbarer Energieträger sind mit Blick auf das Gesamtenergiesystem Interdependenzen zwischen der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energieträger und den übrigen Sektoren des Energiesystems zu berücksichtigen. Neben der Vernetzung des Energiesystems in horizontaler Richtung durch Prozessketten über Sektoren hinweg und in vertikaler Richtung durch die Konkurrenz regenerativer mit fossilen Energietechnologien sind dabei auch Kopplungen über Energiepreise, deren Höhe über die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer regenerativen Energietechnologie entscheidet, sowie die energie- und preisseitigen Effekte durch Einführung energiepolitischer Instrumente zu beachten. Aufgrund dieser Systemzusammenhänge wird daher ein auf dem Ansatz der linearen Programmierung basierendes intertemporales Energiesystemmodell verwendet, in dem die Energiewirtschaft Deutschlands von der Primär- bis zur Nutzenergie technologisch detailliert abgebildet und hinsichtlich der Systemkosten optimiert wird. Um die Wechselwirkungen innerhalb des Energiesystems aufzuzeigen, werden sich z. T. ergänzende methodische Verfahren entwickelt und eingesetzt. Neben einem Bilanzierungsmodell zur Ermittlung von die Prozessvorketten berücksichtigender Indikatoren zählen hierzu ein auf der Dualitätstheorie beruhendes Verfahren zur Dekomposition der Energie- und Zertifikatspreise, Methoden der Sensitivitätsanalyse zur Ermittlung der fundamentalen preisbestimmenden Faktoren und Techniken der parametrischen Programmierung, um neben Variationen der Modelleingangsdaten Treibhausgasvermeidungskostenkurven und Angebotskurven regenerativ erzeugten Stroms unter Berücksichtigung der systemaren Zusammenhänge im Energiesektor abzuleiten. Mit Hilfe des entwickelten Energiesystemmodells und der Analysemethoden werden die zukünftigen Entwicklungsperspektiven erneuerbarer Energien im deutschen Energiesystem bis zum Jahr 2050 szenariogestützt untersucht. In den Szenarien werden einerseits die mit einer Quote erneuerbarer Energien in der Stromerzeugung verbundenen energie-, kosten- und emissionsseitigen Auswirkungen betrachtet und andererseits der Beitrag erneuerbarer Energien in Konkurrenz mit alternativen Minderungsoptionen zur Erreichung von Treibhausgasminderungszielen dargestellt. Weiterhin werden in simultanen Variationen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen beiden Instrumenten und ihre Auswirkungen speziell auf die Stromerzeugungsstruktur und die Strompreise beleuchtet. ; Against the background of an increasing global energy demand and the danger of an anthropogenic disturbance of the climate system by the emission of greenhouse gases, it is necessary to develop sustainable strategies and perspectives for the future energy system. The increased usage of renewable sources is identified from many sides as a key element in strategies to overcome these challenges. However, a widely utilisation of the also in Germany large existing potentials of renewable energy carriers is currently still opposed by the associated high costs relative to fossil energy sources. The intention of the submitted thesis is to analyse the contribution of renewable energy sources in the long-run under competitive market conditions to the energy supply and to study the extent to which renewable energy sources can benefit from the internalisation of greenhouse gas abatement costs in the energy prices. To assess the role of renewable energy sources in the context of the entire energy system, interdependencies between the utilisation of renewable energy sources with other aspects and sectors of the energy system have to be taken into account. In addition to the interconnectedness of the energy system in the horizontal direction by process chains across sectors and in the vertical direction by the competition of renewable with conventional fossil technologies also the linkage by energy prices, which serve as benchmark for the competitiveness of a renewable energy technology, and the energy and price related effects caused by the introduction of policy instruments have to be considered. Due to these interactions within the system, a linear programming based dynamic energy system model is used, which depicts technologically detailed the German energy sector from the primary energy supply to the end-use energy demand side and optimises the energy system with respect to its total costs. In order to reveal the interactions and dependencies within the energy system, several partially complementary methodologies have been developed and applied to the model. Apart from a balance model that allows the calculation of specific indicators under consideration of previous process chains, the methodology comprises a method for decomposing energy and certificate prices based on the duality theory, the method of sensitivity analysis to identify the fundamental price-determining activities and parametric programming techniques to derive greenhouse gas abatement cost curves and renewable electricity supply cost curves. With the help of the developed energy system model and analysis tools, the future development perspectives of renewable energy in the German energy system until the year 2050 are studied in various scenarios. In these scenarios, on the one side the energy-, cost- and emission related effects associated with a quota for the electricity production from renewable sources are studied, on the other side the contribution of renewable energy sources to given greenhouse gas abatement targets in competition with alternative abatement measures is examined. Furthermore the interdependencies between these two policy instruments on each other and their effects on the structure of the electricity sector and on the electricity prices are highlighted.

The phenomenon of the world's refugees and internally displaced persons is among the most complicated issues facing the international community today. The situation in Africa is particularly grave. Despite some positive developments in the protection of refugees over the past few years which have resulted in thousands of refugees returning home, the continent continues to face a major crisis. Africa carries the largest proportion of refugees and has since the 1980s hosted some of the longest standing refugee populations in the world. Of the world's estimated 20 million refugees, more than 30 % are found in Africa, and more than 75% of these are women and children. Over half of these African refugees are found in Eastern and Central Africa, a region that hosts more than one quarter of the total refugee population in Africa. Kenya currently hosts an estimated 235,000 refugees. In Kenya, programmes of assistance to refugees have concentrated mainly on emergency and relief supplies in camps. Refugees in the camps have been forced to settle on marginal, harsh, inadequately-serviced sites. In many instances they survive in conditions of squalor often worse than the situations from which they fled. The most affected are women, who are forced by circumstances to take on new roles but without access to the requisite resources. Apart from displacement, they also face numerous hurdles and problems. Given the above scenario, there is need for solutions to the refugee problem which are conceived within a framework that encompasses a shift from emergency response towards self-reliance and one that respects the abilities and rights of women. Such an approach would help refugees, particularly women, in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of their lives. It is against this background that this research project has been conceived. This study sought to generate data that would be essential in understanding the economics of displacement and the changing gender roles and relations and their impacts on the empowerment and livelihood of women refugees. The study also examined resource-related and gender-based violence, the entrepreneurial skills and coping mechanisms of women refugees, and explored ways in which women can become catalysts of the improvement of economic activities within refugee settlement area. It also examined the possible lasting solutions to the refugee problem. Turning to Africa, we observe that women have occupied a central role in the economy being the main producers and suppliers of welfare services. Likewise in commerce and trade, African women have always demonstrated entrepreneurial skills, yet women in asylum no longer have access to resources to enable them carry out these functions despite the heavy responsibilities that they are expected to bear. Despite constituting a majority of most refugee populations, women and girls do not always feature in proposed solutions. A combination of lack of information and popular assumptions that what suits men also suits women have resulted in the establishment of programmes and projects without due regard to differing gender requirements. Hence, the questions we may ask are: What happens to women in asylum? How does displacement impact their roles? What hurdles do they encounter as they adjust to the new roles? What coping mechanisms do they employ to overcome them? What is the main source of their livelihood? How sustainable are they? What economic activities do they engage in? What opportunities are available for them to improve, nurture and acquire new skills? A critical analysis of the above questions would go a long way in countering the disadvantages women refugees face. The study aims to highlight key issues regarding refugee livelihood, changing gender roles, relations and their impact on empowerment of refugee women, causes of gender based violence in the camps, entrepreneurial initiatives of refugees and make recommendations towards proper management of refugees in general and women refugees in particular. Field surveys were conducted in both Dadaab and Kakuma refugee camps. Kakuma refugee camp is situated in Kakuma division, Turkana District, North Rift region of Kenya. Dadaab camp is situated in Dadaab division, Garisa District, North Eastern Province of Kenya. Both camps are situated in the semi-arid parts of the country and they were set up by the government of Kenya in conjunction with UNHCR in the early 1990s. Several categories of respondents for the study were identified and sampled, including refugees, UNHCR officials, and officials from UNHCR partner agencies. Government and church officials were also sampled and interviewed where necessary.

Brussels Ii Conference On 'supporting The Future Of Syria And The Region': Co-chairs Declaration ; Council of the EU PRESS EN PRESS RELEASE 219/18 25/04/2018 Brussels II Conference on 'Supporting the future of Syria and the region': co-chairs declaration 1. The Second Brussels Conference on "Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region" took place on 24-25 April 2018. It was hosted by the European Union and co-chaired by the United Nations. 2. One year after Brussels I, and following the previous three pledging conferences in Kuwait as well as the London Conference in 2016, the Conference renewed and strengthened the political, humanitarian and financial commitment of the international community to support the Syrian people, the neighbouring countries, and the communities most affected by the conflict. Brussels II brought together 86 delegations including 57 States, 10 representatives of regional organisations and International Financial Institutions (IFIs) as well as 19 UN agencies. More than 250 Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) were also associated throughout the preparations and the two days of the Conference. 3. The former co-chairs of Brussels I: Germany, Kuwait, Norway, Qatar and the United Kingdom (UK) brought substantial input to the preparations and the proceedings of the Conference. Jordan and Lebanon were closely associated, in a spirit of partnership and in full acknowledgement of their tremendous efforts since the beginning of the Syrian conflict. Turkey also provided important contributions, both as the country hosting the largest number of Syrian refugees and as a key regional actor. 4. Civil society and NGOs were very closely and substantially associated to Brussels II and its preparations, including through extensive consultations with NGOs implementing humanitarian and resilience programmes in the region. The first day of the Conference was devoted to a high-level dialogue with representatives from 164 NGOs, including 15 from Syria and 72 from the three main refugee-hosting countries. 5. In addition, Syrian Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) from across Syria and neighbouring countries discussed their role in the future of Syria in a closed-door side event undertaken by the EU and the Office for the Special Envoy for Syria. The CSOs' views were further presented during the ministerial plenary on 25 April. The international community, and the EU in particular, will continue to work with Syrian civil society as essential stakeholders towards reaching a peaceful solution to the conflict and in its legitimate aspirations to contribute to the country's future. 6. Syria's artistic community was also given prominence through a string of cultural events, including a Syrian art space, "Tourab", that ran for ten days in central Brussels around the dates of the Conference. These events were meant as a tribute to the remarkable individual efforts of the Syrians since the start of the conflict. 7. The Conference reaffirmed that only an inclusive, comprehensive and genuine political solution in accordance with UNSCR 2254 and the Geneva Communiqué, that meets the legitimate aspirations of the Syrian people for dignity and freedom will ensure a sustainable end to the Syrian conflict, prevent regional escalation and a return of ISIL/Da'esh, and guarantee a peaceful and prosperous future for Syria and the region. It reiterated the international community's commitment to Syria's sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity, and safety and security for all citizens. Participants stressed the importance of women's engagement in the political process, including through their adequate representation within the delegations of parties to the conflict. 8. The humanitarian and resilience needs of people inside Syria and in the region remain enormous. Current UN appeals are severely underfunded. In 2018, the UN-coordinated appeal for Syria requests to cover assistance and protection needs inside Syria amounts to US$ 3.51 billion. In addition, through the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), an appeal of US$ 5.6 billion, inclusive of US$ 1.2 billion already committed, is required to support refugee and host community humanitarian and resilience related assistance in Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Egypt. 9. The Conference acknowledged the continuing generosity of neighbouring host countries and their communities in providing refuge to millions of displaced people. Participants pledged, for both Syria and the region, $ 4.4 billion (€ 3.5 billion) for 2018, as well as multi-year pledges of $ 3.4 billion (€ 2.7 billion) for 2019-2020. In addition, some international financial institutions and donors announced around $ 21.2 billion (€17.2 billion) in loans, of which elements are on concessional terms. The Conference noted that pledges made at Brussels I in 2017 had been largely fulfilled, and in some cases exceeded. Co-chairs and main donors agreed to widen the resource base and ensure greater predictability, coherence and effectiveness of the aid. The attached fundraising annex sets out the pledges made at this Conference. Political 10. The Conference expressed its strong support for the work of the UN Special Envoy for Syria in his mandate to facilitate the political process, with a view to a lasting political settlement based on the Geneva Communiqué and the full implementation of relevant UNSC Resolutions, including UNSCR 2254 (2015). It welcomed the twelve "Living Intra-Syrian essential principles" developed as commonalities in the Geneva process, offering a perspective of a vision of a future Syria that can be shared by all. It also welcomed the parameters on the constitutional and electoral baskets and the importance of a safe, calm and neutral environment, as outlined by the UN Special Envoy for Syria in his Security Council Briefing on 19 December 2017. Participants gave their full support to the Special Envoy's efforts to facilitate, in consultation with all concerned, the implementation of the Sochi Final Statement (as circulated to the Security Council on 14 February 2018) for the establishment of a Constitutional Committee for Syria in Geneva, under UN auspices and in accordance with UNSCR 2254 (2015). 11. The Conference reiterated the importance of preventing and combating terrorism in Syria in accordance with relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions. They took note of considerable progress in military operations to combat ISIL/Da'esh since the last Brussels Conference, while underscoring the continuing need to combat terrorism in accordance with international law. Efforts to combat terrorism do not supersede other obligations under international law 12. The co-chairs expressed their strong condemnation of the use of chemical weapons by any party to the conflict and under any circumstances. Their use is abhorrent and a clear violation of international law. It is very important that any alleged use be followed by an impartial, independent and effective investigation. Ensuring accountability for the use of chemical weapons is our responsibility, not least to the victims of such attacks. Co-chairs called upon all participants to use their influence to prevent any further use of chemical weapons. Humanitarian 13. Violence and human suffering have increased in Syria, with military escalation by parties to the conflict further increasing to an alarming extent in 2018. The civilian population has continued to endure the bulk of the suffering caused by the conflict, including severe, constant and blatant violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and human rights law, in particular: deliberate and indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure, reported and ongoing use of chemical weapons, forced displacement, arbitrary detention, enforced disappearances, and torture, including sexual exploitation and abuse and gender-based violence. More than 12 million people have now been displaced, including more than 5.6 million refugees hosted in neighbouring countries and 6.6 million displaced inside Syria. Nearly 13.1 million people, almost half of whom are children, urgently need humanitarian assistance and protection inside the country. 14. The co-chairs, together with all participants, reiterated their appreciation for Kuwait's and Sweden's efforts in drafting UNSC Resolution 2401 (2018) and called for its immediate and full implementation, as well as all other relevant resolutions on Syria. They urged all parties to the conflict to strictly adhere to their obligations under IHL. Attacks against civilians, humanitarian workers as well as any civilian infrastructure, particularly health facilities and schools, violate the most basic human rights, may amount to war crimes under international law, and must stop without delay. They also requested that humanitarian mine action programming be accelerated as a matter of urgency. 15. The Conference reconfirmed the importance of delivering needs-based humanitarian assistance to all civilians, in line with humanitarian principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence. Participants stressed the critical link between protection and access. They called for unconditional, unimpeded and sustained humanitarian access through the most direct routes, including to the 2.3 million people still living in besieged and hard-to-reach areas across Syria through all aid modalities: cross-line, cross-border and regular programme, in line with UNSC Resolution 2393 (2017). 16. Particular concerns were noted over the escalation of fighting and dramatic humanitarian situation still faced by civilians in many parts of Syria. The Conference stressed the need to ensure that any evacuation of civilians must be safe, informed, temporary, voluntary in nature and a solution of last resort including the destination of their choice, the right to return and the choice to stay, as per IHL. All efforts should be made to ensure the unconditional medical evacuation of those in need of urgent medical treatment. Denials of medical supplies and of access to healthcare are violations of international law and should be stopped at once. The systematic removal of life-saving medical items from humanitarian convoys is unacceptable and needs to be addressed once and for all. 17. Participants agreed that present conditions are not conducive for voluntary repatriation in safety and dignity. Significant risks remain for civilians across the country as the situation remains characterised by continued fighting and displacement, with 2.6 million people displaced in 2017 alone. Conditions for returns, as defined by the UNHCR and according to international refugee law standards, are not yet fulfilled. Any organised return should be voluntary and in safety and dignity. Regional/development 18. The international community acknowledged and commended the huge efforts made by the neighbouring countries and their citizens, in particular Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey, as well as Iraq and Egypt, in hosting millions of refugees from Syria. Participants recognised the deepening vulnerability of Syrian refugees, Palestinian refugees from Syria and host communities, which should be addressed through sustained humanitarian and resilience support. 19. Participants committed to remaining fully engaged, in a spirit of partnership, in supporting neighbouring countries to address the challenges they face. Substantial progress has been made by governments, donors and the UN in implementing the commitments undertaken in London in 2016 and in Brussels in 2017, including through the EU Compacts with Jordan and Lebanon. However, more should be done to ensure the continued and effective protection of refugees against risks of forced evictions and returns and improvement of their legal residency status. 20. While the countries of the region continue to face enormous humanitarian challenges, the Conference agreed that increased focus is required to support reform and longer-term development in a sustainable manner. It remains critical to support health and education, economic development, job creation and integration into labour markets, for both host communities and refugees, especially vulnerable groups such as women and youth. The Conference underlined the essential need to reach all children and young people, who will one day have a key role in the recovery and rebuilding of the region, with quality education and skills training. It expressed support for targeted resilience programming and an increase in allocations to women and girls. Extremely vulnerable refugees and host communities will continue to require support through cash assistance and enhanced social protection mechanisms. Resettlement was recognised as an essential protection tool for refugees with heightened protection risks and its importance was highlighted, together with other legal pathways, in offering safe and dignified access to safety beyond the immediate region. 21. The Conference welcomed the Lebanese Government's Vision for Stabilisation, Growth and Employment including the Capital Investment Programme together with its commitment to establish a timetable for reforms that were presented in Paris on 6 April 2018, whose implementation and follow-up with the support of the international community is critical. The Conference also welcomed the Rome II ministerial meeting in support of Lebanon's armed and internal security forces that was held on 15 March 2018. 22. The Conference equally welcomed the fiscal and structural reforms that are being implemented by the Jordanian Government in a difficult economic environment, with a view to ensuring fiscal sustainability and improving the investment climate in line with the "Jordan 2025" vision document and with the Economic Growth Plan for 2018-22. The Conference also welcomed the UK's intention to host an international Conference with Jordan in London later this year to showcase Jordan's economic reform plans, its aspiration to build/enable a thriving private sector, and mobilise support from international investors and donors. 23. The Conference commended the Turkish Government for its generous and large-scale efforts in hosting millions of Syrian refugees and integrating them into national services, including health, education, employment and other municipal and social services. Joint frameworks have been established with the international community under programmes such as the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey and the UN Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan 2017-2018. Addressing the protracted refugee situation will require continued co-operation along those lines. 24. Participants committed to supporting further investments to foster inclusive economic growth and social development in Lebanon and Jordan, including through concessional financing, blending of grants with loans and the use of the EU External Investment Plan in cooperation with the support of European Financial Institutions and the private sector. They commended the efforts made by host countries to open access to education, water and sanitation and health services and encouraged further progress. Investment in infrastructure and in human capital is necessary to improve the quality of services and will continue to be supported. Participants also noted the importance of vocational training for refugees and host communities, closely aligned with private sector labour needs. Protection measures, in particular the provision of legal residency, should be reinforced. 25. Inside Syria, support to inclusive and accountable service delivery and to livelihood opportunities for the affected populations, particularly women and youth, should continue while ensuring that it does not condone, or indirectly entrench, social and demographic engineering as a result of forced displacement and intentional creation of obstacles to return. Work will address needs related to safe and equal access to civil documentation, housing and property rights to ensure that the rights of Syrians are protected and that those displaced are provided the basic conditions to be able to return to their homes in a dignified, safe and voluntary way when conditions allow. It is also important to support Syrian civil society, social cohesion/dialogue and seek to promote accountability and transitional justice. Funding decisions shall be conflict-sensitive and shall in no way benefit or assist parties who have allegedly committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. The UN reiterated that its Parameters and Principles for UN assistance in Syria will guide UN assistance beyond emergency life-saving aid in Syria. Future steps 26. The EU and the UN committed to tracking the commitments made during the Conference and reporting regularly on their delivery, including through reviews at key international events during the year. 27. Donor countries present at the Conference reiterated that reconstruction and international support for its implementation will only be possible once a credible political solution, consistent with UNSCR 2254 and the Geneva Communiqué, is firmly underway. A successful reconstruction process also requires minimal conditions for stability and inclusiveness, a democratic and inclusive government, an agreed development strategy, reliable and legitimate interlocutors as well as guarantees in terms of funding accountability. None of these conditions are fulfilled in Syria. In the meantime, participants agreed to regularly review post-agreement plans, including those produced by the UN-led post-agreement planning process initiated by the 2016 London Conference on Syria. 28. Participants also called upon all parties to release all persons who are arbitrarily detained, in line with UNSC Resolutions 2254 (2015) and 2268 (2016). Access to all detention facilities should be granted to independent monitors and information provided on cases of forced disappearances. Ongoing work on the release of detainees and abductees by all parties is valuable and can help build confidence between them. Participants expressed support to the UN proposal for a Standing Secretariat under UN auspices, recently proposed to support the working group formed by the Astana guarantors. 29. Finally, participants recalled that transitional justice and accountability are required for sustainable peace and an inherent part in any meaningful process of reconciliation. War crimes and violations of international humanitarian law and human rights abuses need to be investigated. Any entities and individuals guilty of such violations, including the use of chemical weapons, must be held accountable. The co-chairs commended the role of the Commission of Inquiry and welcomed progress in the work of the International Independent and Impartial Mechanism (IIIM) and called for continuous efforts to ensure the necessary means for its functioning. They called for the situation in Syria to be referred to the ICC. Annex - Fundraising - Supporting the future of Syria and the region Annex - Situation inside Syria Annex - Jordan partnership paper Annex - Lebanon partnership paper Annex - Turkey partnership paper Press office - General Secretariat of the Council Rue de la Loi 175 - B-1048 BRUSSELS - Tel.: +32 (0)2 281 6319 press.office@consilium.europa.eu - www.consilium.europa.eu/press

Dan Cassara (CEGA Project Manager, Financial Inclusion) and Ariana Zapanta (IPA Research Manager, Financial Inclusion) introduce a new synthesis on the relationship between the digitization of credit and development. Explore the full report or a condensed summary.The first digital credit loan was made in Kenya in 2012 [1]. By 2019, these loans had spread across the globe, with billions of dollars of credit disbursed to consumers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [2]. Though the proliferation of quick and easy loans made demand for these products clear, their impact on consumers was uncertain.While proponents hailed digital credit as a transformative development with the potential to drive financial inclusion and reduce poverty, reports of fraud, exploitation, and over-indebtedness led to concerns that many digital credit users suffered financial harm. Until now, a shortage of rigorous evidence has made it difficult to answer questions about the true impacts of the first wave of digital loans. Even as a sufficient body of evidence has formed to evaluate early digital credit products, rapid evolution in the market and the digitization of new credit products over the past decade has further complicated the challenge of fully understanding the impacts of digital credit today. Insights from early evaluations should be applied to critically assess newer forms of digital credit and focus future support on more productive and impactful products.A New SynthesisSupported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Mobile Instant Credit: Impacts, Challenges, and Lessons for Consumer Protection is a collaborative report from the Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA) and Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) that contributes to a shared vocabulary, reference base, and conceptual framework to advance discussion on the relationship between the digitization of credit and development. The report draws on evidence mainly from CEGA's Digital Credit Observatory (DCO) and IPA's Consumer Protection Research Initiative (CPRI). Both initiatives have supported extensive research on digital credit and approaches to better protect consumers and support their financial health.This new report should temper both the fears of critics and optimism of proponents. The current evidence on digital credit suggests the average consumer has not benefited economically, but did see modest improvements in subjective well-being. Causal studies did not find that recipients were harmed by digital loans, but descriptive evidence showed a rise in problems such as debt stress, price shrouding, overcharging, and predatory collection practices. When considered alongside the proliferation of digital credit, these challenges necessitate new consumer protections.A small-business owner can be seen serving patrons in her restaurant in Nkhoma, Malawi. | Credit: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation/Barbara KinneyKey EvidenceThe report focuses on studies investigating the welfare impacts of digital credit, the forms of misconduct associated with digital credit, and the effectiveness of consumer protection tools. It emphasizes the narrower topic of Mobile Instant Credit (MIC) — small digital loans that are primarily marketed and used for consumption — and airtime loans, which together comprised the first wave of credit digitization. As digital credit continues to evolve with new products like Buy-Now Pay-Later, overdraft facilities, and Pay-As-You-Go schemes, this report synthesizes research on MIC to generate insights that can inform digital credit-related policy more broadly.The report's main findings include:The current evidence on MIC and airtime loans reveals modest improvements in subjective well-being for the average consumer. Most loans are small — the average loan was less than US$3 in half of the studies on the welfare effects of digital loans — which may limit how large the impacts can be. Although the majority of evidence indicates MIC has not affected financial outcomes, including resilience, consumption, and financial health, studies that examined subjective well-being found a positive impact. One research team speculated — with the caveat that more evidence is needed — that the ability to access resources in times of need can relax constraints that damage mental health, consistent with prior studies [3, 4].The absence of negative impacts contrasts with robust descriptive evidence on the diverse consumer harms associated with rapidly digitizing credit, including rising debt stress, price shrouding and overcharging, predatory collections, and fraud. The rapid digitization of finance in many regions of the world has revealed new and growing consumer protection risks. While digital credit does not appear, on average, to harm consumers' financial health, ability to save, or overall spending, descriptive evidence from digital finance and mobile money, which underlies MIC and digital credit, reveals misconduct and other risks.Upgrading consumer protection regimes is imperative given the increasing digitization of finance and credit. Fortunately, there are promising approaches to improve market monitoring and empower consumers. Despite existing challenges, a handful of causal studies and pilot interventions confirm the effectiveness and feasibility of interventions to address consumer protection concerns. New data sources and collection methods, along with advanced data analytics, suggest that a next-generation approach to market monitoring would enable regulators to move towards preventative interventions. Further, several interventions directly targeting consumer and provider behavior have empowered consumers in early evaluations, and may be effective if scaled up.Policy InsightsDigital credit is growing and evolving rapidly, with providers increasingly using digital lending to offer more than just small consumer loans and targeting a wider array of sectors, from agricultural finance to e-commerce. The digital credit model has the potential to enable growth as reduced costs, faster underwriting, and better information on prospective borrowers may lead to more suitable and sustainable products, particularly in more productive parts of the economy. Evidence on Mobile Instant Credit and airtime loans is particularly informative for emergent forms of consumer-oriented digital credit, such as Buy-Now Pay-Later and overdraft products. However, the effectiveness of many forms of digital credit, particularly those focused on productive activities, remains unexplored, and regulatory frameworks are still being developed in many countries, leaving consumers at risk. More research is needed to understand who benefits from digital credit, and why.There are also clear dangers to maintaining the status quo in unregulated or underregulated markets. Although causal studies have not found clear negative impacts of MIC and airtime loans, decision-makers should consider a broader set of evidence. Robust descriptive studies highlight diverse consumer protection challenges associated with digitizing credit, and there is evidence that the most vulnerable people are more susceptible to fraud and exploitation as they enter the formal financial system via digital credit. Though risks have grown, initial research on new market monitoring techniques and interventions to directly support consumers have shown promise, and could pave the road to more proactive regulatory approaches.Despite what remains unknown, there are reasons for optimism. Digitization has catalyzed rapid growth in financial inclusion, and addressing known policy issues now can be instructive for informing management and regulation of digital credit products more broadly, including the potential movement of digital credit into more productive parts of the economy. Mobile Instant Credit: Impacts, Challenges, and Lessons for Consumer Protection gathers existing evidence on the relationship between the digitization of credit and development, while clarifying the need for further research. Whether the next evolution of digital credit improves upon the first to provide less risky and more transformative solutions will depend on the evolution of commercial product design and public policy to monitor markets and protect consumers.References:[1] Totolo, E. (2018) Kenya's Digital Credit Revolution 5 Years On. FSD Kenya, Blog. https://www.fsdkenya.org/blogs-publications/blog/kenyas-digital-credit-revolution-5-years-on/[2] Cornelli, G., J. Frost, L. Gambacorta, P.R. Rau, R. Wardrop, T. Ziegler, (2023) Fintech and big tech credit: drivers of the growth of digital lending. Journal of Finance and Banking, 148, 106742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106742[3] Haushofer, J., E. Fehr, (2014) On the Psychology of Poverty. Science 344, no. 6186: 862–867. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1232491[4] Banerjee, A., M. Faye, A. Krueger, P. Niehaus, T. Suri, (2020) Effects of a Universal Basic Income during the pandemic. UC San Diego Technical Report.The Promise and Harms of Digital Credit: What Does the Evidence Say? was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

In Kiribati, as in all PICs, a robust and high-quality nursing workforce constitutes the backbone to the country's health service. Nurses require broad skills and abilities, as autonomous practitioners serving on the front lines of health provision, and as members of a multi-disciplinary team. Nurse education is provided by the School of Nursing and Health (SONH) at the Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), mainly under its core Kiribati Diploma of Nursing program. Midwifery education is also provided by SONH and undertaken by Registered Nurses as an 18 month, postgraduate qualification. The curriculum for the Diploma program currently being taught in Kiribati was imported many years ago from New Zealand, and there is recognition that it needs to be updated and contexualised for unique Kiribati needs. The Government of Kiribati receives assistance from New Zealand to examine the relevance and quality of the Diploma of Nursing curriculum in relation to the specific health challenges, needs, plans, identified gaps and workforce requirements in Kiribati. The vision, health goals and targets for Kiribati's health service delivery are outlined in the Kiribati Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2016-2019, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-2019 (KDP) and the Kiribati 20-Year Vision 2020-36 (KV20). This review fits with the Kiribati strategic objective to address gaps in health service delivery and strengthen the pillars of the health system. It also considers opportunities and pathways for Kiribati nurses under the strategic aim of promoting the employability of Kiribati nursing graduates nationally and providing a standard of training that prepares students to enter the international workforce. Wintec was contracted by New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) to carry out the review in 2017. Appropriate supporting documents were made available to provide important contextual information on the special character of Kiribati's situation as a nation, its current health challenges and goals, the healthcare system, the nursing workforce and the current nursing program. During September 2017, a team of three experts from New Zealand and Australia undertook a series of consultative and participatory meetings with relevant people in Kiribati, including from SONH, KIT, Government Ministries, Nursing Council and health sector service providers. A draft report describing their analysis and findings from those meetings was presented to involved stakeholders in Kiribati in November (see Appendix 2 for schedule of meetings), and feedback from those stakeholder meetings has been incorporated into this final version of the report. The reviewers took a holistic approach to the Terms of Reference that went beyond a narrow focus on only the existing Diploma program curriculum to adequately address wider priorities of concern. They identified 28 specific recommendations that are fully detailed in this report; only the most significant findings are outlined in this summary. There is good evidence that the current curriculum prepares graduates with an adequate level of basic nursing skills. However, there are content and teaching and learning process gaps evident, for example in the areas of aged and disability care, critical reflection, legal and ethical reasoning, and evidence informed clinical decision-making. There is evidence of some alignment to the Kiribati Nursing Council (KNC) Competencies for Registered Nursing (RN) Practice within the eleven Clinical Units within the programme. Students currently undertake substantial amounts of clinical placement across a range of clinical settings over the 3 years of the program. These settings include primary health care and community settings, medical, surgical, pediatric and obstetric wards within hospitals, and outer island health centres. Clinical facilitators are used to supervised students and there appear to be links made between student capability across the 3 years and the Standards for nursing practice. Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 4 The KNC has legislative power to set and govern standards of competency for Registered and Enrolled Nurses and to set standards of education for nursing programs and approve education institutions and the nursing curricula they deliver. A necessary and important first step therefore is a review and agreed update of the KNC Competencies for RN Practice. Following on from this a set of education program accreditation standards must be developed, which draw upon relevant available standards for nurse education. These steps need to be undertaken before developing a new curriculum that reflects a contextualized and contemporary graduate profile. Course and subject learning outcomes will be developed throughout the curriculum development process, which would be tightly aligned with a variety of assessment processes to ensure learning outcomes are achieved. A process of external benchmarking of new subjects would enable important feedback to be obtained, and strengthen links with the international and Pacific nurse education communities. The overall aim of the new Diploma curriculum should be to provide a course of study that leads to registration with the KNC and to enable novice nurses to capably function in a broad range of clinical contexts specific to Kiribati needs and priorities. It is important the curriculum incorporates the specific local geographic and demographic elements and reflects the unique i-Kiribati cultural values pertinent to effective local health service delivery. Career extension pathways for specific local health needs, such as midwifery, Public Health and specialized care can be provided as additional local courses, where feasible, or internationally where more appropriate due to budgetary and capability constraints. A stronger focus on Primary Health Care and health promotion is required, which will help address serious concerns over the increasing prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory deseases. To produce a contemporary, locally appropriate curriculum the development must be owned 'in country' and involve all key stakeholders, a process that can be informed and guided by external technical experts and internationally available standards, curricula and resources (such as the WHO global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives). A curriculum review working group with representatives from key stakeholders would lead this process. The international support integrated into this locally owned process would assist program articulation to quality frameworks, such as the Pacific Qualifications Framework (PQF), and ensure any Kiribati Quality or Competency Framework is underpinned by a robust quality assurance system that informs institutional internal quality management systems, accreditation and audits. Doing this will also enhance transfer of credit opportunities to facilitate international opportunities in nursing-related roles elsewhere. This report contains some analysis of nursing workforce trends and potential migrant work opportunities in Fiji, New Zealand and Australia. A refreshed, contemporary curriculum would include maximizing the use of available IT infrastructure to promote blended learning approaches, increase student engagement and improve the student experience. Utilizing practicing RNs as sessional or guest tutors and lecturers would further enhance the relationship between SONH and its clinical partners, provide opportunities for clinicians to share their knowledge and expertise with students, and augment the teaching role of Registered Nurses. The provision by KIT of English language training courses, and re-location of the SONH from its current site to the KIT facility at Betio will realise cost savings through increased usage and consolidation of teaching spaces, administration, IT infrastructure and teaching personnel. Sharing facilities with other KIT programs, developing affordable and sustainable clinical simulation and library facilities and ensuring adequate workforce planning and underpinning support systems are all important processes to consider in association with the Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 5 curriculum review. It is important to note that in 2017, KIT received provisional accreditation from the Educational Quality and Assessment Programme (EQAP) of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and KIT-SONH facility improvement and consolidation will be vital in securing full accreditation with this body. A coordinated approach to achieving these aims is essential, driven by local Kiribati leaders and supported by ongoing technical assistance from donor partners. Improving the quality of health services and the care provided to Kiribati people is at the heart of this review process. The team have listened carefully and sought to accurately capture the voices of the many individuals and groups with whom we have engaged and we trust that this is reflected within this report. We commend this report to you and thank you for the support provided in its development.

Chapter 1 Introduction: Globalization and the Millennial Ascent of Individual Rights; Ino Rossi -- PART I. GLOBALIZATION AS A FIELD OF STUDY: CONCEPTUALIZING AND EXPLORING GLOBALIZATION: Introduction: Chapter 2. The Global Turn; Roland Robertson -- Chapter 3. Global Systemic Anthropology and the Analysis of Globalization; Jonathan Friedman -- Chapter4. Media, Sociocultural Change, and Meta-Culture; York Kautt -- Chapter 5. Globalization and the Challenge of the Anthropocene; Leslie Sklair -- Chapter 6. Conceptual Structures for a Theory of World Society; Rudolf Stichweh -- Chapter 7. Principles of Geo-Political Dynamics; Jonathan H. Turner -- Chapter 8. Transdisciplinarity in Globalization Research: The Global Studies Framework; Manfred B. Steger. PART: GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES: CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL: ON CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION : Chapter 9 Goals, Values, and Endemic Conflicts in the New Global Culture; Martin Albrow -- Chapter 10. The Affectual Landscape of Globalization: New Migration, Generalized Discontent, and Ressentiment; Jörg Dürrschmidt -- Chapter 11. Globalization, Cosmopolitanization, and a New Research Agenda; Joy Zhang.-. PART ON POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION : Chapter 12. Global Transformations in Polity, Policy, and Politics: World Polity, Europe, and the Nation-State; Didem Buhari Gulmez -- Chapter 13. The Politics of the Adjective Global: May's Global Britain and the 'New World'; Sabine Selchow -- Chapter 14. (Postmodern) Populism as a Trope for Contested Glocality; Barrie Axford -- Chapter 15. Globalization and the Rise of the Economic State: PRC and USA in Comparison; Guoguang Wu PART: ON ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: Chapter 16. Trade Globalization and Its Consequences; Michael C. Dreiling -- Chapter 17. The Political Economy of the United States and the Structure of the Millennial World-System; Salvatore Babones -- Chapter 18. Global Inequality and Capitalist World-Economy, 1500—Present: A Critique of Neo-Modernization Theories; Sahan S. Karatasli -- Chapter 19. Mind the Gaps! Clustered Obstacles to Mobility in the Core/Periphery Hierarchy; Marilyn Grell-Brisk and Christopher Chase-Dunn -- Chapter 20. Global Inequality and Global Poverty; Robert Holton. PART: ON ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION: Chapter 21. Reconfiguring Ecology in the Twenty-First–Century. Social Movements as Producers of the Global Age; Geoffrey Pleyers -- Chapter 22. Globalization, Marginalization, and the External Arena; Robert Schaeffer -- Chapter 23. Global Indigenism and the Web of Transnational Social Movements; Christopher Chase-Dunn, James Fenelon, Thomas D. Hall, Ian Breckenridge-Jackson, and Joel Herrera -- PART: GLOBALIZATION IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH: VIEWS FROM THE ASIA-PACIFIC: Globalization and Political Economy Chapter 24. Globalization in Asia or Asian Globalization?; Habibul Haque Khondker -- Chapter 25. China's Global Rise: From Socialist Self-reliance to the Embracement of Economic Globalization; Yin-wah Chu -- Chapter 26. The Newness of the Chinese Developmental State Under Xi's Administration; Falin Zhang -- Chapter 27. India's Transition: A New Complex of Capitalism and Hindu Nationalism; Anjan Chakrabarti, Anup Dhar, and Sayonee Majumdar -- Chapter 28. Socially Sustainable Globalization? The Domestic Politics of Globalization in Australia; Tom Conley. Part: Impact of Globalization on Culture -- Chapter 29. Neoliberalism Without Guarantees: The Glocality of Labor,Education, and Sport in Japan from the 1980s to the 2000s; Koji Kobayashi and Steven J. Jackson -- Chapter 30. "The Impact of Globalization on Chinese Culture and "Glocalized Practices" in China"; Ning Wang -- Chapter 31. Border-Crossing and Interfacing in Asia: Approaches, Patterns, and Consequences; Ming-Chang Tsai -- Chapter 32. Transformations in Kinship Relations in a Globalized India: Interrogating Marriage, Law, and Intimacy; Rukmini Sen Part: Globalization, Law and Democracy -- Chapter 33. The Ascent of Asian Strongmen: Emerging Market Populism and the Revolt Against Liberal Globalization; Richard Javad Heydarian -- Chapter 34. Globalization and Indian Political Modernity; Leïla Choukroune -- Chapter 35. Whose Democracy? Governing Indonesia in a Globalized World; Lena Tan PART: VIEWS FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: Globalization and Political Culture -- Chapter 36. Globalization, Democracy, and Good Governance in Africa; Ngozi Nwogwugwu -- Chapter 37. Political Globalization in an African Perspective: Continuity and Change; Goran Hyden Globalization, Poverty and Economic Development -- Chapter 38. Human Capital Contribution to the Economic Growth of Sub-Saharan Africa: Does Health Status Matter? Evidence from Dynamic Panel Data; Abel Kinyondo and Mwoya Byaro -- Chapter 39. Globalization, Poverty, and Development in Africa: Looking Past to the Future; Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba, Ebenezer Babajide Ishola,and Israel Kehinde Ekanade -- Chapter 40. Africa's Industrialization and Prosperity: Time for Structural Change; David Sseppuuya PART: VIEWS FROM LATIN AMERICA: Globalization and Political Economy -- Chapter 41. Latin America: Between the Promises of Globalization and the Chimera of Nationalism; Ronaldo Munck -- Chapter 42. Globalization and the Transformation of Latin America's Political Economy; William I. Robinson -- Chapter 43. The Caribbean and Global Capitalism: Five Strategic Traits; Jeb Sprague -- Part Impact of Globalization on Culture: Chapter 44. Through Thick and Thin: Globalization and Contested Conceptualizations of the Rule of Law in Latin America; Craig L. Arceneaux -- Chapter 45. Indigenous People in Pluricultural Nations of Latin America; June Nash PART: DESIGNS FOR A FUTURE WORLD ORDER: Introduction: TOWARD A DEMOCRATIC GLOBALIZATION Chapter 46. Re-embracing the Masses Economically by Financialization; Jürgen Schraten -- Chapter 47. A Manifesto for Good Globalization: Or, the Manifesto as Method; Paul James -- Chapter 48. Forging a Diagonal Instrument for the Global Left: The Vessel; Rebecca Álvarez and Christopher Chase-Dunn -- Chapter 49. Alternatives to Neoliberal Globalization; Vishwas Satgar PART: ALTERNATIVE CIVILIZATIONAL DESIGNS: Chapter 50. Global Mobilization in the Name of Islam: the Global Imaginary of Political Islam; Amentahru Wahlrab and Rebecca A. Otis -- Chapter 51. Tian Xia: A Confucian Model of State Identity and Global Governance; Tongdong Bai -- Chapter 52. Russian Civilization and Global Culture: Alternative or Coexistence?; Ilya Ilyin and Olga Leonova -- Chapter 53. (Re)Constructing Neo-Confucianism in a "Glocalized" Context; Ning Wang PART: TOWARD AN INTER-CIVILIZATIONAL AND COSMIC WORLD ORDER: Chapter 54. From Cultural Pluralism and Civilizational Disintegration to a Global Cultural-cum-civilizational System; Alexander N. Chumakov -- Chapter 55. From World Politics to a World Political System; Olga Leonova and Ilya Ilyin -- Chapter 56. The Final Frontier of Global Society and the Evolution of Space Governance; Eytan Tepper -- PART. CONCLUSION: Chapter 57. Toward a New Globalization Paradigm and a UDHR-Based Inter-civilizational World Order - Ino Rossi.

Introduction. Recent trends in the sphere of internationalisation of higher education expand theoretical insights into the dialectical nature of correlation between pedagogical science and educational practice, as well as the relationship between the general direc tions of the development of higher education, its national and regional specifics. An analysis of the experience of internationalisation of universities is required for the development of various models to modernise higher education, including legal education, and to substantiate practical recommendations for reforming the Russian higher education system. To date, an understanding has been reached of the need to internationalise higher education in the context of globalization to increase the competitiveness of the Russian higher education system, as evidenced by the Federal project to maximise the competitive position of Russian universities among the world's leading scientific and educational centres (The Russian Academic Excellence Project 5-100). Internationalisation, being the key to optimising the export potential of Russian higher education, is essential for the modernisation of legal education.Aim. The research aimed to evaluate the productivity of actual instruments of international cooperation between universities and to outline optimal approaches to the usage of successful practices of international and Russian educational space to enhance the attractiveness of Russian legal education, and, as a consequence, the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage of a higher education institution.Methodology and research methods. Complex, interdisciplinary goals and tasks of the present research predetermined the application of gnoseological and synergetic approaches to the selection of research tools. The gnoseological approach facilitated a more profound analysis of the nature of internationalisation and integration of education in the current international processes. The synergetic approach resulted in the integration of pedagogical and legal research methods to define an optimal internationalisation strategy for the training of multiskilled legal professionals.Results. The authors assessed the effectiveness of the existing ways of internationalization of Russian legal education according to foreign student demand. A comprehensive analysis of the legal, political and social aspects of the current state of attractiveness of the Russian market of educational services and the need to identify the specifics of the internationalization of higher legal education was carried out. The experience monitoring of inter-university international cooperation allowed the authors to determine the conditions for the effectiveness of joint legal programmes (creation of an innovative educational environment, project activities and a flexible management system); to analyse modern pedagogical technologies applicable to legal disciplines; to determine the best schemes used by Russian and European universities for external mobility of students and teachers; to develop the proposals for the introduction of disciplines (for Russian students) provided in foreign languages by Russian and foreign teachers; to propose measures to improve the state policy in the field of interest, aimed at stimulating Russian universities to develop international joint educational programmes.Scientific novelty. The article presented the analysis of positive and negative experiences of Russian universities in application of internationalisation key tools in legal higher education. The acknowledged internationalisation methods of higher education were systematised in general. The additional ways for the integration of Russian legal education, in particular, to the international educational space, were identified.Practical significance consists in the approbation of new methods based on competency and practice-oriented approaches. The authors developed the guidelines for the implementation of internationalisation to enhance university competitive advantage and to increase the demand for graduates in labour market. ; Введение. Изучение последних тенденций в области интернационализации высшего образования расширяет теоретические представления о диалектическом характере взаимосвязи педагогической науки и образовательной практики, а также о соотношении общих направлений развития высшего образования, его национальной и региональной специфик. Анализ опыта интернационализации университетов необходим для выработки различных моделей модернизации высшего образования, включая юридическое, и для обоснования практических рекомендаций по реформированию российской системы высшего образования. К настоящему моменту достигнуто понимание необходимости интернационализации высшего образования в условиях глобализации для повышения конкурентоспособности российской системы высшего образования, о чем свидетельствует, в частности, Федеральный проект повышения конкурентоспособности российских университетов среди ведущих мировых научно-образовательных центров (проект 5–100). Интернационализация, будучи залогом оптимизации экспортного потенциала российского высшего образования, крайне необходима для модернизации юридического образования.Целью исследования являлась оценка продуктивности существующих инструментов международного сотрудничества вузов и формулировка оптимальных подходов к использованию успешных практик мирового и отечественного образовательного пространства для повышения привлекательности российского юридического образования и, как следствие, конкурентоспособности вуза в целом.Методология, методы и методики. Комплексные, междисциплинарные цели и задачи настоящего обзора предопределили использование сочетания гносеологического и синергетического подходов к подбору его инструментария: первый способствовал углубленному анализу сущности интернационализации и интеграции образования в современные международные процессы, а синергетический подход позволил объединить методы педагогического и правового исследования ради определения оптимальной стратегии интернационализации в подготовке юридических кадров широкого профиля.Результаты. В статье проведена оценка эффективности имеющихся способов интернационализации российского юридического образования с точки зрения его востребованности среди иностранных студентов; осуществлен комплексный анализ правовых, политических и социальных аспектов актуального состояния привлекательности российского рынка образовательных услуг и необходимости выявления специфики интернационализации высшего юридического образования. Мониторинг опыта межуниверситетского международного сотрудничества позволил определить условия эффективности совместных программ по юриспруденции (создания инновационной образовательной среды, проектной деятельности и гибкой системы управления); проанализировать современные педагогические технологии, применимые к юридическим дисциплинам; определить наиболее оптимальные схемы, используемые российскими и европейскими университетами при осуществлении внешней мобильности студентов и преподавателей; выработать предложения по внедрению в образовательный процесс для российских студентов дисциплин, преподаваемых на иностранных языках как российскими, так и зарубежными преподавателями; предложить меры по совершенствованию государственной политики в искомой сфере, направленные на стимулирование российских университетов развивать международные совместные образовательные программы.Научная новизна. В статье проанализирован как положительный, так и отрицательный опыт российских университетов по внедрению ключевых инструментов интернационализации высшего юридического образования, систематизированы признанные способы интернационализации высшего образования в целом и сформулированы дополнительные инструменты интеграции, в частности, российского юридического образования в мировое образовательное пространство.Практическая значимость. Апробированы новые методики, основанные на компетентностном и практико-ориентированном подходах. Разработаны методические инструкции для реализации интернационализации высшего юридического образования с целью повышения конкурентоспособности учебного заведения и востребованности выпускников на рынке труда.

During COVID-19, early-childhood school closings led to higher levels of stress in parents when compared to childless adults. In addition, lack of time to prepare, as well as mental-health problems, worry, and stress in parenting, may have hampered parents' ability to support their children's educational needs. The research aims to solve the problem of early childhood parenting during learning from home and improve the quality of early childhood parenting. The research method uses the research and development stage of the Borg & Gall model. Participants are mothers who have children aged 5-6 years. The data collection technique was done through expert validation and effectiveness testing with a quasi-experimental design. The data analysis used paired t-test statistical analysis. The findings show that the validity of the results of the material expert's test is 96%, and the media expert's test is 94% in the very good category. The effectiveness test based on the pre-test and post-test results showed that Sig. (2-tailed) <0,05 (α), which means that the parenting e-book media significantly increases mothers' understanding of parenting well-being practices in early childhood. The implications of this multimedia-based anyflip e-book can be downloaded via gadgets, android, laptop, practical, easy to read and repeated to accompany childcare activities from home. Keywords: Anyflip E-book, Early Childhood, Parenting References Banerjee, A., Hanna, R., Kyle, J., Olken, B. A., & Sumarto, S. (2019). Private Outsourcing and Competition: Subsidized Food Distribution in Indonesia. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 101–137. https://doi.org/10.1086/700734 Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (2007). Educational Research an Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bacon Publishing. Bruni, O., Sette, S., Fontanesi, L., Baiocco, R., Laghi, F., & Baumgartner, E. (2015). Technology Use and Sleep Quality in Preadolescence and Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 11(12), 1433–1441. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.5282 de Jong, E., Visscher, T., HiraSing, R., Heymans, M., Seidell, J., & Renders, C. (2013). Association between TV viewing, computer use and overweight, determinants and competing activities of screen time in 4- to 13-year-old children. International Journal of Obesity, 7. Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children's online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents' beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 Ebert, S. (2020). Theory of mind, language, and reading: Developmental relations from early childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 191, 104739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104739 Evans, M. A., Nowak, S., Burek, B., & Willoughby, D. (2017). The effect of alphabet eBooks and paper books on preschoolers' behavior: An analysis over repeated readings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 40, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.02.002 Fry, A. (2020). Use patterns for ebooks: The effects of subject, age and availability on rate of use. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 46(3), 102150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102150 Gerber, L. A., Guggenheim, M., Pang, Y. C., Ross, T., Mayevskaya, Y., Jacobs, S., & Pecora, P. J. (2020). Understanding the effects of an interdisciplinary approach to parental representation in child welfare. Children and Youth Services Review, 116, 105163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105163 Lau, E. Y. H., & Lee, K. (2020). Parents' Views on Young Children's Distance Learning and Screen Time During COVID-19 Class Suspensio. Early Education and Development, 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2020.1843925 Lee, S. J., Ward, K. P., Chang, O. D., & Downing, K. M. (2021). Parenting activities and the transition to home-based education during the COVID-19 pandemic. 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Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.04.007 Rosen, L. D., Felice, K. T., & Walsh, T. (2020). Whole health learning: The revolutionary child of integrative health and education. EXPLORE, 16(4), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.003 Thomas, V., De Backer, F., Peeters, J., & Lombaerts, K. (2019). Parental involvement and adolescent school achievement: The mediational role of self-regulated learning. Learning Environments Research, 22(3), 345–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09278-x Tran, T., Hoang, A.-D., Nguyen, Y.-C., Nguyen, L.-C., Ta, N.-T., Pham, Q.-H., Pham, C.-X., Le, Q.-A., Dinh, V.-H., & Nguyen, T.-T. (2020). Toward Sustainable Learning during School Suspension: Socioeconomic, Occupational Aspirations, and Learning Behavior of Vietnamese Students during COVID-19. Sustainability, 12(10), 4195. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104195 Troseth, G. L., & Strouse, G. A. (2017). Designing and using digital books for learning: The informative case of young children and video. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 12, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2016.12.002 UNESCO, U. (2020). COVID-19 impact on education. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://en. unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse Webster, E. K., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Fundamental motor skills, screen-time, and physical activity in preschoolers. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.006

The research carried out concerned the relationships between the development of technologies and the history of Matera's cultural landscape. Key elements are the concepts of " cultural landscape " understood as a space in continuous construction that changes with the changing of the individual, collective, social and cultural relationships of the inhabitants of the territory, of "cultural inhabitant", that is a citizen producing culture more than a user, and vision of " future as an open place " in the sense of maximum usability and sharing of all human, material and immaterial productions through the use of technologies. In the light of the investigation it was found that Matera, a territory with a predominantly agricultural vocation, historically the site of complex social relations, has created a traditional rural society in which the concept of neighborhood as well as a spatial connotation also had the symbolic connotation of sharing knowledge and practices, relationships, but most of the inclusivity and sustainability. The use of 5G technology, of which Matera is the site of experimentation, is generating important cultural transformations; what in the past was in Matera the neighborhood community, now becomes a virtual community, where the sharing of knowledge and practices, beliefs and values, including the use and management of cultural heritage, takes place through the network with the use of applications that promote accessibility and sustainability. For future scenarios it can be assumed, according to this historical anthropological forecast, that in technology, with its extreme pervasiveness, will facilitate an even easier access to historic sites and pa cultural heritage, in harmony with the preservation of cultural heritage and to encourage the dissemination of cultural content for one of their own wider fruition. Matera, as well as Basilicata and many Mediterranean areas has got a wide agricultural landscape which is deeply linked to its culture and inhabitants. So the focus of this research is also the employment of digital technologies for sustainable agriculture. In agricultural field it is necessary to link the increasing of production to sustainability and environmental protection policies – according to the protection of the natural heritage by reducing fertilizers, pesticides, fuel, as well as protecting forest resources from further tillage - without forgetting the dangerous phenomenon of depopulation of rural areas and management criticalities resulting from sudden climate change. The strong spatial and temporal variability that characterizes any agro-ecosystem has determined the need to identify new tools and strategies to achieve an efficient and effective management of agricultural lands. To do this it is necessary to have techniques and technologies capable of detecting the lack of homogeneity and, later, of applying the cultural inputs within the plot in a variable way. The innovations connected to the world of agriculture so can be traced back to 3 fundamental themes • Information collection and management • Analysis of information in a decision-making perspective • Operations automation All of these fields can be better developed thanks to the most important technological trend of the moment, the 5G systems. They are born from the possibility of connecting objects and devices, even the most "unthinkable" ones. From sensors to monitor crop characteristics, to automatic guides, to drones useful for different purposes, from defense to land mapping. With the technological endowment, available nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) realizes the connection between the physical objects, sensors and actuators and the connecting roads represented by the Internet. So according to the continuous technological evolution, associated to the new EU and national regulations it has been developed a new management and business system: Precision Agriculture. In the most modern conformations, in perfect correspondence with the various emerging needs, the AdP is closely linked to geo-referencing systems, a process that allows you to permanently associate geographic coordinates with geometric-spatial information of various kinds and to new technologies as GIS, remote sensing and GPS. Even modern agricultural machines are equipped with digital technology and are able to recognize the environment in which they operate. Thanks to the monitoring by means of proximal and remote sensors, satellites, sensors on the machines, we are able to equip ourselves with software tools for storing geolocalized and vectored data, which allow us to have a spatial and punctual knowledge of the situation in the field. The Variable rateo, for exemple, based on maps and sensors can manage the variability generated by the environment in which the cultivation takes place applying chemical, mechanical and biological inputs in a strategic and diversified way combined to different methodologies with variable distribution (or variable rate). Today the use of drones (UAVS) is also gaining more and more space and importance in the field of agriculture at all stages of production. The drone is therefore a device capable of mechanizing every stage of cultivation, eliminating the cost of human error and helping to maximize earnings and return on investment. GIS technology is also a fundamental technology useful to characterize the specific environment of development of the plant and its vegetative state and it is the common denominator of other components related to geospatial technologies, such as remote sensing and GPS. The GIS Technologies give us the opportunity to manage a considerable amount of data related to the territory by placing them in relation to each other in order to allow to detect phenomena that otherwise could not be highlighted. WebGIS for exemple, is a platform that is also characterized by the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) but whose functionalities are based on network technologies (WEB/Internet). The Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software is used to process and analyze hyperspectral and/or infrared geospatial images. It is used for remote sensing and for analyzing images. ENVI brings together a series of scientific algorithms for image processing, many of which are contained in an automated wizard-based approach that guide users through complex tasks. The use of different spectral acquisition bands can be employed to identify more the types of soil or in general the substance or chemical element of interest or to detect their characteristic spectral signature discriminating it from the others.

Although the regional competitiveness is essentially related to its economic activity, there is an increasing consensus that competitiveness is best assessed in the context of regional business environment assets such as human capital, innovative capacity, local infrastructure quality, etc. (Huggins, Izushi, Prokop, Thopson, 2014). Thus, the regional competitiveness is not only economic indicators, it is increasingly based on creativity, knowledge and environmental conditions. Competitiveness is a multidimensional term, so soft variables need to be taken into account in order to understand, assess and strengthen regional activity and development. Therefore the purpose of this article is to determine the role of the social model to the increase of the regional competitiveness (Borozan, 2008).The aim of the article is to determine the role of the social model in increasing the competitiveness of the region. In order to achieve the goal, the following objectives are formulated: to analyze social models by identifying their characteristics; to assess the suitability of selected social models for the increase of regional competitiveness; to analyze and evaluate the regional policy in Lithuania. The main methods used are scientific literature analysis, statistical analysis, expert evaluation, descriptive analytical and comparative analysis. The first typology of welfare states models was presented by English political scientist R.Titmuss, who distinguishes three models – marginal (residual) model, which is found in United States and means that the main function of welfare providers lies with the market and family; industrial achievement performance model in Germany based on the level of industry in a country, where the welfare depends and is closely linked to work and productivity; and the institutional-redistributive model usually applied in Scandinavian countries, in which the provision of welfare depends on needs.Subsequently, Danish sociologist G.Esping-Andersen adjusted the classification of social models develop ed by R.Titmuss by adapting it more to the political science, thus identifying three welfare state regimes (models) - liberal, conservative-corporate and social-democratic (redistributive) (Aidukaitė, 2010).These three models differ in the aspects of the organization of social policy, their dependence on the market conditions, their ideology, priorities, the impact on the country's stratification system, which means the division of society into social strata and the degree of decommodification, defining the person's liberation from the need to work while maintaining the basic standards of life (material life conditions).Some states quite clearly reflect the typology of G. Esping-Andersen. For example, Germany is an example of a conservative-corporate model, Norway or Sweden is a social-democratic model, while a liberal model is typically found in Anglo-Saxon states. However, there are many states with certain characteristics that are inherent different kind of welfare systems (models). Therefore, in different scientific research the place in the typology of some countries differs because researchers tend to emphasize a particular feature or characteristic that determines the assignment of a state to different types.This article proves, that in order to review the diversity of the whole world, three models are not enough. Given that none of these models do not exist in a pure form. Taking this into account, the main attempts to extend or to adjust the essentially considered as traditional typology by E. Esping-Andersen are presented in this article. Most of such attempts are limited to extending the typology by inserting a fourth or several additional types (models), for example, southern model, Latin region model, European Union model, post-communist states model, etc.As mentioned before, there is a large variety of social models in the world, although only three are considered as main models – liberal (in Anglo-Saxon countries), conservative (in Scandinavian countries) and social-democratic (originating from Germany).In order to determine which one of these three models may be the most competitive in the globalized economy Regional Competitiveness Index published by the European Commission has been analyzed. Regional competitiveness is understood as the ability of a region to offer an attractive and sustainable environment for firms and residents to live and work. The Regional Competitiveness Index consists of eleven indicators (pillars), divided into three groups (dimensions): basic dimension, efficiency dimension and innovation dimension. The Global Competitiveness Report, published by the World Economic Forum, was also detailed analyzed.The countries representing different social models were studied: United States and United Kingdom representing the liberal model, Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway) representing the social-democratic model and Germany representing the conservative model. The research has shown that countries with a liberal social model, compared with other models, have achieved better results in assessing their competitiveness.The particular attention is paid to the case of Lithuania – the social model as well as the development of regional policy in Lithuania have been analyzed with special focus on the decision to divide Lithuania into two regions.Having assessed all the circumstances, it is not yet clear whether the solution of division of Lithuania into two regions can be justified. Such decision was made without proper modeling of socio-economic consequences of the corresponding process. The division of Lithuania into two regions would inevitably mean greater concentration of the population in one, in economic and social sense stronger, more business-intensive and more innovative region. Therefore, the chosen decision of the division of the two regions into Lithuania can not be scientifically considered as unquestionable, consequently more detailed research is needed in order to model the consequences of such an administrative division. ; Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti socialinio modelio įtaką regionų konkurencingumui, pateikiama detali socialinių modelių analizė, išskiriami jiems būdingi bruožai. Identifikuota, kad, nepaisant didelės socialinių modelių įvairovės, pagrindiniais laikytini trys – liberalus, konservatyvus ir socialdemokratinis – modeliai. Siekiant nustatyti, kuris iš minėtų trijų modelių gali būti tinkamiausias regionų konkurencingumui didinti, išanalizuotas Europos Komisijos skelbiamas Europos Sąjungos regionų konkurencingumo indeksas ir Pasaulio ekonomikos forumo sudaroma Pasaulio konkurencingumo ataskaita. Buvo tiriamos skirtingus socialinius modelius turinčios valstybės (valstybes sudarantys regionai): Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos ir Jungtinė Karalystė. kurioms būdingas liberalus socialinis modelis, Skandinavijos valstybės, kurioms būdingas socialdemokratinis modelis, ir Vokietija, kuriai būdingas konservatyvus socialinis modelis. Atlikus analizę buvo nustatyta, kad konkurencingiausi regionai yra tie, kuriuose taikomas liberalus socialinis modelis. Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojamas Lietuvos atvejis – įvertinama Lietuvos regioninė politika ir sprendimas perskirti Lietuvą į du regionus.

BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The particular exploration of new ways of interactions between society and Information Communication Technologies (ICT) with a focus on the Humanities has the potential to become a key success factor for the values and competitiveness of the Nordic region, having in mind recent EU and regional political discussions in the field of Digital Humanities (European Commission, 2016; Vetenskapsrådet's Rådet för forskningens infrastrukturer, 2014). Digital Humanities (DH) is a diverse and still emerging field that lies at the intersection of ICT and Humanities, which is being continually formulated by scholars and practitioners in a range of disciplines (see, for example, Svensson & Goldberg, 2015; Gardiner & Musto, 2015; Schreibman, Siemens, & Unsworth, 2016). The following are examples of current areas of fields and topics: text-analytic techniques, categorization, data mining; Social Network Analysis (SNA) and bibliometrics; metadata and tagging; Geographic Information Systems (GIS); multimedia and interactive games; visualisation; media. DARIAH-EU (http://dariah.eu), is Europe's largest initiative on DH, comprising over 300 researchers in 18 countries, thereby opening up opportunities for international collaboration and projects. Of Nordic countries, Denmark is the full partner with four universities, Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg and University of Southern Denmark. Danish DARIAH activities are facilitated by the national DH Infrastructure DIGHUMLAB, hosted at the DARIAH-DK coordinating institution, Aarhus University. Sweden's first university, Linnaeus University, joined in May 2016 as a collaborative partner. Finland (University of Helsinki) and Norway (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) have taken action to join by the end of 2016 also, as collaborative partners. The idea of forming the Nordic Hub of DARIAH-EU has been recently brought forward by Mike Mertens, the Head of DARIAH-EU. It was met by enthusiasm among the representatives of the listed universities, who would at this panel like to present and discuss possible joint opportunities and challenges in Nordic DH. With its tradition in supporting the Humanities research and development, Nordic countries may serve as a bastion for (Digital) Humanities. The Nordic Hub of DARIAH-EU may pay the way forward towards reaching that aim. CURRENT EFFORTS (PROJECTS, R&D AND EDUCATION) Koraljka Golub and Marcelo Milrad will present and analyse the cross-sector and cross-disciplinary Digital Humanities Initiative at Linnaeus University along the axes of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Their long-term vision is to create a leading education in this field and to establish a leading research regional centre that combines in novel ways already existing expertise from different departments and faculties working in close collaboration and co-creation with people and different organizations (both public and private sector) from the surrounding society. Marianne Ping Huang will present the Danish DIGHUMLAB, with specific focus on the DARIAH-related activities with the national DH research infrastructure, which is now bidding for its second period on the DK road map for research infrastructures. The presentation will include a presentation of the Danish participation for DH and open cross sectorial innovation with DARIAH Humanities at Scale (2015-2017) and how this intersects with Aarhus being European Capital of Culture 2017. Mikko Tolonen and Inés Matres will present the ongoing development at the University of Helsinki (and in Finland) regarding digital humanities. This includes the recently launched Heldig (digital humanities centre https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/helsinki-digital-humanities) and how it can relate to collaboration in Dariah. Matres will also discuss a survey about Finnish needs about networking within Dariah that she has been mapping before Växjö conference. Andreas Bergsland will discuss the role of digital humanities (DH) at NTNU, a technology and science university with an explicit mission of public humanities. He will present several ongoing initiatives: the ARTEC interdisciplinary task force, DH projects in linguistics, print and sound cultures, digital storytelling and performance, archives, and pedagogy. Bergsland will conclude by reflecting on the opportunities and challenges of promoting critical, sustainable, ethical, and interdisciplinary DH at NTNU in partnership with academic and nonacademic actors and local and global networks such as DARIAH. PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES Major opportunities in DH in Nordic countries lie in the collaborative democratic tradition that supports re- combining already existing expertise and resources encompassing 1) different universities, 2) various disciplines, and 3) the wider community through input from related public and private sectors. These points serve to unite and consolidate already existing expertise in order to create new constellations for collaboration leading to new knowledge and products (expertise, education, research, public and relevant commercial services). Possibilities to collaborate across Nordic countries can take place at a number of levels, including joint research and innovation, education efforts, expertise and experience exchange, bringing in international views to address more regional challenges. Ensuing important value for the general public could be a (re)-affirmation of the value of humanities in particular, and academic practices in general. Challenges would be discussed in terms of the emerging job market, the low number of students pursuing carriers in humanities at the Master level (e.g., in Sweden), and the fact that DH as a field is still in its infancy, leading to it being quite difficult to get funding and grants to carry out long-term research that sustain our efforts over time. Not the least, epistemological, conceptual and terminological differences in approaches by the different disciplines and sectors may present further challenges and therefore may require additional resources to reach an understanding. Further, while there is a strong collaborative spirit across Nordic countries, there will certainly be administrative issues with cross-university collaboration as the current working structures are based on individual units. REFERENCES European Commission. (2016). Horizon 2020: Social Sciences & Humanities. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/area/social-sciences-humanities Gardiner, E. and Musto, R. G. (2015). The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Vetenskapsrådet's Rådet för forskningens infrastrukturer. (2014). Områdesöverikt för forskningens infrastrukturer. Available at http://www.vr.se/download/18.2302fa711489c4798d4a35fa/1411461229423/Samtliga+områden+infrastruktur.pdf Schreibman, S., Siemens, R., and Unsworth, J. (2016). A New Companion to Digital Humanities. (2nd ed.). Malden, MA; Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Svensson, P., and Goldberg, D. T. (Eds.). (2015). Between Humanities and the Digital. Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press.

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.