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Purpose This paper examines how accounting concepts were utilised in domestic waste collection services in Ireland over the past two decades or so. In comparison to other former 'free' services in the Irish context, the prevalence of accounting concepts has been greater, and delivered a more successful outcome. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the concepts of calculation, the 'economic' and economization, events around domestic waste policy in Ireland are examined and the increasing prevalence of concepts such as price, cost and profitability in these processes are a focal point. Publicly available documents such as government policy documents, parliamentary records and media reports are utilised to draw out these concepts. The period of analysis is 1996 to 2018. Findings The findings reveal the role of accounting concepts in the economization of domestic waste policy in Ireland. The result of the economization process was a fully privatised, profit-oriented, price monitored system. Research limitation/implications This research provides a broad view of accounting concepts in the management of domestic waste. It highlights how waste policy in Ireland travelled through instances of being political and economic over time. The research is limited by its use of secondary data. Originality/value This study highlights how accounting concepts were used in varying ways to bring about a satisfactory solution to domestic waste disposal in Ireland, namely the privatisation of waste services.

A central issue in the study of sustainable development is the interplay of growth and sacrifice in a dynamic economy. This paper investigates the relationship among current consumption, sacrifice, and sustainability improvement in a general context and in two canonical, stylized economies. We argue that the maximin value of utility measures what is sustainable and provides the limit to growth. Maximin value is interpreted as a dynamic environmental-economic carrying capacity and current utility as an environmental-economic footprint. The time derivative of maximin value is interpreted as net investment in sustainability improvement. It is called durable savings to distinguish it from genuine savings, usually computed with discounted-utilitarian prices.

As a socio-economic category, knowledge presupposes an analysis from the perspective of different scientific fields and disciplines. The applicable methods and procedures, as well as the terminology which results in the continuous development of the content and depth of knowledge, are specific. In line with this development is the diversity of classifications of knowledge that is increasingly expressed not only in its socio-psychological and pedagogical, but also economical aspects and essence. This, precisely, means that as the presuppositions for comprehensive technological civilizational trends and changes, knowledge is not only a social, but also an economic resource that defines the competitiveness and the overall progress of countries and their national economies.

The impact of India's economic reforms on economic performance has been the subject of much academic study and public debate in India, but the focus has been largely on the performance of the economy as a whole or of individual sectors. The performance of individual states in the post-reforms period has not received comparable attention and yet there are very good reasons why such an analysis should be of special interest. The study focuses on the issue of inter-state disparities of the 14 major states in the post-reform period beginning from the 1991-92 to 1998-99 and further from 2000-01 to 2005-06.

Many evaluations of the economic impacts of investment in agricultural research have been carried out over the past three decades. This article reviews certain aspects of this literature. Instead of focusing on details of the evaluation approaches or findings of individual studies, the extent of the coverage of agricultural research is assessed. It is found that the work in this area is limited in several ways: Agricultural research evaluations have been mostly ex post in nature, evaluations have focused on production oriented research, and a single measure of worth related to economic efficiency is the end product of most evaluations. Implications for the use of research evaluations in research decision making are discussed in a concluding section.

Many Indians are solving their economic problems by turning to off-reservation wage work in industry and business. However, most Indians continue to live on reservations where, for a number of reasons, agricultural in come must be supplemented with wages from seasonal and periodic off-reservation wage work. The result is an income for Indian families generally lower than among neighboring non-Indians, with some localities suffering severe economic depression. The Indian attachment to reservation life is strong and hinders the normal absorption of Indians into the general population. Federal assistance programs include both an effort to develop reservation resources and to encourage Indians to relocate in industrial centers.

ABSTRACTOil and gas producing industry, which is extractive in nature, involves activities related to acquisition of minerals interests in properties, exploration, development and production of oil and gas. Oil and gas companies consist of many types of activities before it starts its operation in the field. It involves bidding procedure, acquiring mining lease, petroleum exploration license (PEL). It consists of high risk and uncertainties which may cause financial distress for a company. The aforesaid activities are collectively referred to an upstream operation and form the 'Upstream Petroleum industry'. The industry is commonly referred to as the E&P industry.In order to assure the receipt of fair market value for oil and gas asset economic evaluation is performed. Economic evaluation consists of the assessment of oil and gas resources the valuation of resources in the market and the use of evaluation in considering the bid, exchange offer or other action. Full development of all three components of economic evaluation is essential if it is to be successful evaluation. Evaluation process embraces a range of procedures which, when applied to available data leads to an estimation of the right's and property's value. So to quantify the risk and uncertainties a good economic evaluation process is needed. There are many economic evaluation processes. Among the existing economic evaluation processes, which one is the best, is the main motto of our study.The study discusses different method of economic evaluation like Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), discounted payback period, etc. This report also consist some example on various methods. These methods does not account for risk and uncertainties. A trivial change in predictions alters the whole calculation of profit and loss and may compel the company to be great loser. Now to analyze the risk and uncertainties, Risk analysis is necessary. In this report we have included Sensitive analysis, Decision Tree and Monte Carlo simulation. At the end of the report analysis is broadly given in support of the best method of economic. Key Words: Simulation, Economic Evaluation, Sensitive

The objective of this paper is to define social capital as social infrastructure and to try to include this variable in an economic growth model. Considering social capital in such a way could have an impact on the productivity of production factors. Firstly, I will discuss how institutional variables can affect growth. Secondly, after analyzing several definitions of social capital, I will point out the benefits and problems of each one and will define social capital as social infrastructure, aiming to introduce this variable into an economic growth model. Finally, I will try to open the way for subsequent empirical studies, both in the area of measuring the stock of social infrastructure as well as those comparing economies, with the idea of showing the impact of social infrastructure on economic growth. (Rev Econ Polít/GIGA)

Released today. Continued growth in employment, GDP, based on national trends and outlook from SPGMI (report here). Here's the employment outlook, now compared to November. Figure 1: Wisconsin nonfarm payroll employment (bold black), Economic Outlook forecast from February 2024 (red), from November 2023 (light green), forecasted based on national forecast of Survey of Professional Forecasters […]

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Fiscal Policy for Economic Development: An Overview -- Fiscal Policy, Expenditure Composition, and Growth in Low-Income Countries -- Persistence of Fiscal Adjustments and Expenditure Composition in Low-Income Countries -- Growth, Governance, and Fiscal Policy Transmission Channels in Low-Income Countries -- External Debt, Public Investment, and Growth in Low-Income Countries -- A Framework for Fiscal Debt Sustainability Analysis in Low-Income Countries -- Experience with Budgetary Convergence in the WAEMU -- The Effectiveness of Government Spending on Education and Health Care in Developing and Transition Economies -- Public Spending on Health Care and the Poor -- User Payments for Basic Education in Low-Income Countries -- The Efficiency of Government Expenditure: Experiences from Africa -- Tax Policy in Developing Countries: Some Lessons from the 1990s and Some Challenges Ahead -- Social Impact of a Tax Reform: The Case of Ethiopia -- Foreign Aid and Revenue Response: Does the Composition of Aid Matter? -- More Aid-Making It Work for the Poor -- Aid and Fiscal Management -- Foreign Aid and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Global Food Aid -- Fiscal Consequences of Armed Conflict and Terrorism in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- A Comparison Between Two Public Expenditure Management Systems in Africa.

This study examines the impact of black school board members on educational policies that affect black students. Using data from 82 of the largest urban school districts in the United States, several measures of second-generation educational discrimination are analyzed. Black membership on the school board is associated with more equitable educational policies; this relationship remains in some cases even with controls for black political and economic resources. The implications of these findings for the study of representation are then discussed.

This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC-ND) open access license. This book reviews a variety of approaches to the study of the European Union's foreign policy. Much analysis of EU foreign policy contains theoretical assumptions about the nature of the EU and its member states, their inter-relationships, the international system in which they operate and the nature of European integration. Such assumptions, when not discussed openly, often curtail debate. This book opens up this field of enquiry so students, observers and analysts of EU foreign policy can review a range of tools and theoretical templates from which the development and the trajectory of the EU's foreign policy can be studied.Situated at the interface between European studies and international relations, the book outlines how the EU relates to the rest of the world, explaining its effort towards creating a credible, effective and principled foreign, security and defence policy

This paper aims to provide an overview of the recently introduced demand based innovation policy instrument in Finland - the Strategic Centers for Science, Technology and Innovation (in Finnish - SHOKs). SHOKs are formed to support the innovative activities of existing industries in Finland with emphasis on industrial renewal through innovation. The focus in this paper is on the current state of SHOKs, the role of different actors in their formation process, the organization of SHOKs, the development of strategic long-term research agendas and short-term research programs, the challenges related to intellectual property rights, and co-operation between different SHOKs. The paper compares these dimensions across SHOKs and tries to highlight some potential threats and opportunities that might arise. The underlying interview data shows that, while SHOKs are fairly similar in most of the dimensions, there are differences in partner selection, industry specificity, and formulation of research areas. It should be noted that individual SHOKs are in very different stages of development as some have existed for two years and others are still to be established.