Suchergebnisse

We present an endogenous growth model to study the growth effects of the composition of government expenditure and the associated tax burden. When we use data from a set of 23 OECD countries during 1970-2000, our econometric results support the predictions of the theory. The share of productive government expenditure is associated with higher growth, and this result is more robust when we use effective average tax rates and statutory tax rates as measures of the tax burden. With respect to the tax burden, different tax rates have different growth effects. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier B.V.]

A time for change -- The N. Ireland economy since the Belfast agreement -- The limited progress towards an all-Ireland economy -- Brexit and the Belfast agreement: fragmenting a fragile political bargain -- Brexit, the withdrawal agreement and the northern Ireland protocol -- The economics of Irish unity -- The imperative of an all-Ireland economy.

In this review, I provide an overview of the literature investigating the social psychology of economic inequality, focusing on individuals' understandings, perceptions, and reactions to inequality. I begin by describing different ways of measuring perceptions of inequality, and conclude that absolute measures—which ask respondents to estimate inequality in more concrete terms—tend to be more useful and accurate than relative measures. I then describe how people understand inequality, highlighting the roles of cognitive heuristics, accessibility of information, self-interest, and context and culture. I review the evidence regarding how people react to inequality, suggesting that inequality is associated with higher well-being in developing nations but lower well-being in developed nations, mostly because of hopes or fears for the future. The evidence from developed nations suggests that inequality increases individuals' concerns about status and economic resources, increases their perception that the social world is competitive and individualistic, and erodes their faith in others, political systems, and democracy in general.

The paper develops a measure for the weight of essential goods and services in different spheres of economic activity. The first measure is concerned with the sphere of production, which makes use of World Input-Output Tables to construct net-product subsystems so as to estimate the total (direct and indirect) share of essentials. The second measure approaches the same question from the consumption side and relies on Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development data. The results lie roughly in the interval of 45–70 percent and 60–85 percent in the spheres of production and consumption, respectively, with significant variation across countries. Other than certain patterns captured in cross-country group comparisons, evidence is found for the aggregate-level counterpart of Engel's Law on the production side. The results have important implications when read in the context of the literature on the welfare state, de(commodification), universal basic income, and the imperative to adjust consumption and production in response to the looming ecological crisis.

This book provides an empirical analysis of economic and political structures impacting the CFA franc zone. Concise and practical chapters explore the history of the CFA franc zone, challenges to development, geopolitical issues, the importance of flexible exchanges rates, growth trends, and the impact of the Covid crisis. Policy reform is examined to detail economic approaches that could reduce poverty and increase the quality of life within the area. This book aims to present a macroeconomic and exchange rate framework to promote development and post-Covid recovery within the CFA franc zone. It will be of interest to students, researchers, and policymakers involved in African economics, the political economy, and development economics.

While competition is good for consumers and economies, competition rules alone cannot necessarily produce adequate outcomes for all circumstances. Other norms, particularly regulatory norms, are also often likely to be relevant. The current legal and policy debates about 'disruptive innovation' highlight the need for a healthy mixture of competition and regulation. This paper offers a series of reflections arising from the challenges posed by disruptive products, services and business models. These reflections cover matters such as the capacity of legal procedures to keep pace with rapidly changing market environments. Competition advocacy can help regulators decide controversial points. The paper discusses several sectors, such as the car-riding and overnight sleeping sectors, in which different interests must simultaneously be accommodated within the boundaries of national tradition and European Union law. As discussed, some of these matters have now been adjudicated by the EU Courts. The related subjects of the acquisition of data as well as the requirements of privacy and data protection principles are also considered. The paper reflects on the role of network effects and on the difficult choices to be made with regard to the wisdom of relying on competition law or on the nature of innovation itself to deliver appropriate responses to the growth of network-based economic power; and the paper notes but does not suggest a remedy for the problem of delay as inimical to effective judicial review.

Quebec in its modern period evolved into a secular society with a nationalist political, social, and educational agenda. Education was considered as an important instrument in the redistribution of social and economic reward in the society. The Quebec government introduced the policy of intercultural education with the goal of integrating minorities into francophone culture. In educational policies, stress was increasingly laid on the linguistic and cultural assimilation ofminorities. By law, minorities were directed to French-only schools. The assimilationist interpretation of intercultural education has created racial antagonism in schools and minority students feel their rights have been endangered. The paper discusses educational policies and their impact on minorities. RÉSUMÉ Le Québec moderne est devenu une société séculière dotée d'un programme politique, social et éducatif d'obédience nationaliste. L'éducation est perçue comme un instrument important de la redistribution des richesses socio-économiques au sein de la société. Le gouvernement du Québec a adopté une politique d'éducation interculturelle en vue d'intégrer les minorités dans la culture francophone. Dans les politiques scolaires, on attache beaucoup d'imponance à l'assimilation linguistique et culturelle des minorités. Les enfants des minorités sont obligés de s'inscrire à l'école francophone. Le côté assimilateur de l'éducation interculturelle a abouti à un antagonisme racial dans les écoles et les étudiants des minorités estiment que leurs droits ont été bafoués. L'auteur de cet article analyse les politiques éducatives et leur impact sur les minorités.

As the Washington State Environmental Policy Act of 1971 (SEPA)'approaches its fourteenth birthday, the time is ripe for an assessment of its recent history and foreseeable future. Several SEPA milestones have come and gone in the last several months, and a period of stability is in order. Reported Washington decisions citing SEPA now number close to one hundred; more than fifty of these are decisions of the Washington Supreme Court. The books are closed on the two-year efforts of the Washington Commission on Environmental Policy (the SEPA Commission), whose work culminated in a report to the 1983 Legislature. There was a legislative response, albeit one more noteworthy for what it did not do than for what it did; the 1983 Amendments to SEPA are decidedly a job of fine tuning rather than crude wrecking. As directed by the 1983 Amendments, the Department of Ecology has finished work on the SEPA Rules. Known popularly as the Green Book, these rules will serve as the principal reference on SEPA for thousands of public officials across the state in the decade ahead. Differences between the federal National Environmental Policy and SEPA are clearly discernible, and will be presented in the course of a discussion organized around the issues of: (1) threshold applicability of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) requirements; (2) statement adequacy or content; (3) SEPA substance; and (4) responsibility for statement preparation.

On the African continent, education and the arts offer multiple, mutually clarifying lenses through which to examine and understand issues of poverty and empowerment. Much of the scholarly education literature tends to confine its focus to methodology and content in the classroom, and while it may include issues related to arts curricula, it has largely ignored their social role in economic empowerment. At the same time, even social-scientific studies of the arts have overwhelmingly emphasized critique, heritage preservation, and cultural appreciation. As such, issues relating to arts and

This book is a much-needed account, with numerous detailed examples, of the role of housing in economic growth and development by an author in a unique position to understand its importance and the practical measures for delivering that growth.While the linkages between housing and the macroeconomic environment in developed countries has been studied, the case of developing and transitional countries has been mostly overlooked. The author establishes these linkages with great clarity, supported by detailed case studies chosen to reflect regional diversity as well as differences in socio-econom

Einhorn and Logue analyze the political, economic, and social challenges facing five small, affluent, and advanced industrial democracies in Scandinavia: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.

In recent years, several experiments have shown individuals exhibit authentic reciprocal behaviour in anonymous one-shot interactions. As reciprocity has been shown to be relevant in several economic fields, there have also been several attempts to model reciprocal bahaviour. I review the intention-based models of reciprocity and present an example of teacher management in the public sector in which the government offers an incentive scheme to implement a program. The incentive scheme has a prisoner´s dilemma structure. In both simultaneous and sequential games, equilibrium results may differ from those predicted by standard theory.

The article represents the first attempt at a comprehensive analysis of the economic journalism in A.S. Suvorin's newspaper Novoye Vremya in the 1880s. It was a period when after heated discussions about the role of private and state capital in the economy, the public sentiment and government policy increasingly shifted in favor of the necessity of state ownership in such strategically important areas of the national economy as railways, mining plants and forests. After A.S. Suvorin acquired ownership of the Novoye Vremya in 1876, the newspaper took on a noticeable national-democratic slant, which became increasingly more conspicuous over the years. Despite the editor's allegiance to the authorities, his contemporaries deservedly saw him as an independent figure. The influence of Suvorin's newspaper was so significant that the famous parlor general E.V. Bogdanovich tried (not always successfully) to use it to his advantage. Bogdanovich, who initially advocated the "concession" nature of the Siberian Railway, later supported its construction at the expense of the treasury. A.S. Suvorin himself, as well as such regular newspaper contributors as V.K. Petersen and K.A. Skalkovsky were also initially supporters of private capital, concerning it an active creative force. At the same time, Novoye Vremya assessed the German experience of "state socialism" quite positively, but pointed out its inapplicability to Russian conditions and the lack of a suffcient number of active and incorruptible officials in the country. In 1883 K.A. Skalkovsky engaged in polemics with M.N. Katkov, criticizing his project to create state-owned grain elevators. However, from the mid-1880s the editors of Novoye Vremya were forced to support "statist" tendencies in the economic life of the country. In general, the economic policy of that time was not as dogmatic as in the subsequent socialist era. Subject to political interests, it was rather instrumental, practical and situational in its orientation, and the ambiguity of the position of the publicists of Suvorin's periodical largely resulted from the latter circumstance.