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ABSTRACTAcross the social sciences, growing concerns about research transparency have led to calls for pre-analysis plans (PAPs) that specify in advance how researchers intend to analyze the data they are about to gather. PAPs promote transparency and credibility by helping readers distinguish between exploratory and confirmatory analyses. However, PAPs are time-consuming to write and may fail to anticipate contingencies that arise in the course of data collection. This article proposes the use of "standard operating procedures" (SOPs)—default practices to guide decisions when issues arise that were not anticipated in the PAP. We offer an example of an SOP that can be adapted by other researchers seeking a safety net to support their PAPs.

Social co-governance of food safety is an advocacy model to deal with current global food safety risks. Food safety co-governance involves the collaboration and partnership of government, industry, and society. The success of this collaboration is dependent on the construct of positive psychological capital. This paper discusses the concept of psychological capital and its four elements of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resiliency in line with co-governance in food safety. Accordingly, the paper proposes that great success in food safety co-governance would be realized if the government, industry, and society nurture positive psychological capital. Psychological capital can help corporates to instill organizational commitment on employees, thus promote food safety. Furthermore, positive psychological capital can help the government to appeal to the emotions of food companies and social actors to ensure self-efficacy toward food safety. The government can inspire hope by setting food safety goals and plans to achieve them, and a reward program will motivate food companies and promote self-efficacy in co-governance efforts. The government can also reinforce the efforts of companies in leveraging the elements of PsyCap in food safety, since the production of high-quality food is also dependent on the behaviors and attitudes of the workforce. Furthermore, the government can utilize social persuasion to improve the engagement of social actors in food safety regulations.

Food safety is an important topic as large number of consumers has become victim of consuming adulterated foods. As the food safety laws, administration and inspection in Bangladesh do not include monitoring the chain of production and comply the recommendation by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement, and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) System, the government is encouraging the private sector to put the food processing and marketing into the context of standard, cost effectiveness, public health issues and global trade. Recommendations came up for strengthening collaboration between Ministries and stakeholders. Since the public health service cannot combat alone the complex situation, the governmental agencies and academic institutions must work together to delineate many of the problems in food safety, consumers protection and zoonoses. In this paper the profiling force linking safety and quality of foods of animal origin in Bangladesh is highlighted.

published_or_final_version ; abstract ; Public Administration ; Master ; Master of Public Administration

In September 2015, the Swinburne Institute for Social Research commenced a two - year research project on safety and wellbeing as they relate to communication technologies, in remote Aboriginal communities and towns. This report provides an overview of findi ngs from the first phase of the project. A final report will be available in mid 2017. Telstra is funding the project as an action within the 'Connection and Capability' priority focus area of its Reconciliation Action Plan 2015 - 18. The research has been i nitiated for the benefit of Indigenous people and is being conducted to inform Telstra's strategy regarding cyber safety for this particular consumer group. It is also intended to inform social and community obligations related to Telstra's recent partners hip with the Northern Territory Government to extend mobile phone reception to remote areas, including Indigenous communities. The first , needs - analysis phase of the project, conducted from September 2015 to June 2016, involved seeking feedback on these is sues from a cross - section of Northern Territory (NT) Aboriginal people living in a regional centre, a larger community and a smaller settlement, with different histories of exposure to I nformation and C ommunication T echnology (ICT). As described in this re port, we found that there are particular mobile phone practices and internet uses occurring among remote Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory leading to identifiable cyber safety problems. Some of these practices, and the resulting issues, appear to be different from those experienced by other segments of the Australian population

The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of risk in developmental toxicology has been discussed in several recent publications.(1–3) A number of issues still are to be resolved in this area. The qualitative evaluation and interpretation of end points in developmental toxicology depends on an understanding of the biological events leading to the end points observed, the relationships among end points, and their relationship to dose and to maternal toxicity. The interpretation of these end points is also affected by the statistical power of the experiments used for detecting the various end points observed. The quantitative risk assessment attempts to estimate human risk for developmental toxicity as a function of dose. The current approach is to apply safety (uncertainty) factors to die no observed effect level (NOEL). An alternative presented and discussed here is to model the experimental data and apply a safety factor to an estimated risk level to achieve an "acceptable" level of risk. In cases where the dose‐response curves upward, this approach provides a conservative estimate of risk. This procedure does not preclude the existence of a threshold dose. More research is needed to develop appropriate dose‐response models that can provide better estimates for low‐dose extrapolation of developmental effects.

Current theory on safety hazards and the origin of safety risk is often unstructured, misleading and ambiguous. Essentially, it is ambiguous, as definitions and descriptions refrain from stating a formal common basis upon which one can rely to fundamentally and rightfully conclude what a safety hazard is. As a result, it is quite an effort to set a scientifically valid base for precisely what safety hazards are. The objective of this study was to outline the questionable bases of current views on safety hazards and identify the real nature of safety hazards. The characteristics of safety hazards inform the verification of the scientific nature of the different perspectives on safety hazards. Through a quantitative survey, an assessment was performed regarding the cognisance of South African small business owners and managers related to safety hazards. This study found that safety hazards need to unambiguously remain safety hazards under all circumstances in life. Small business owners and managers require further education to develop their cognisance of safety hazards in order to manage the related safety risk. This research has indicated that not all small business owners or managers are compliant with this legal responsibility and that assistance should be provided to small business owners or managers to assist them in realising the importance of safety hazards in the workplace. Proper cognisance of safety hazards leads to enhanced compliance with legislative requirements.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- 1. Introduction: Global Arrangements and the Australian Polity -- Australia in the international system -- The natural environment as a policy arena -- I. Australia and International Environmental Order -- 2. International Institutions: The Environment and Foreign Policy -- Australian diplomacy in the United Nations system -- The OECD and environmental policy -- Non-governmental conservation networks -- Environmental institutions in Australian foreign policy -- 3. The Politics of Conservation: Wildlife, Ecosystems and Heritage -- The international politics of the wildlife trade -- Migratory species and habitats conservation -- World heritage sites and the Tasmanian dam -- Australia and international conservation policy -- 4. The International Regulation of Pollution -- Australia and the UNCLOS III negotiations -- International marine pollution conventions -- The western industrialized nations and toxic chemicals -- Pollution as an international issue -- 5. Australia, Antarctica and the Southern Ocean -- Sovereignty and policy in Antarctica -- Environmental protection under the Antarctica Treaty -- The conservation of marine living resources -- Antarctic ecosystems and Australian policy -- II. Charting the Policy Process -- 6. Institution-building and Cooperative Federalism -- The Australian states as environmental actors -- Policy process at the Commonwealth level -- The politics and mechanics of federal-state collaboration -- Cooperative federalism and the environment -- 7. Federal-state Diplomacy and International Institutions -- The states, the Commonwealth and international institutions -- The political economy of chemicals regulation -- Towards a National Conservation Strategy -- Institution-building at the international level.