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Zimbabwe's politics continues to be driven by a generation that defines itself in terms of its contribution to the liberation war and remains committed to defending that legacy.

International audience ; Pressed by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, renewable energy sources are already replacing fossil fuels. Temporary drops in the spot price of electricity now occur in Europe when peak solar and wind output coincides with slack demand. Management of intermittent energy sources and energy storage are consequently crucial issues for the medium term. Two possible routes are of particular importance: on the one hand, funding of generating capacity – via a market instrument yet to be devised – to cover only periods of peak demand and intermittent supply; on the other temporary demand-side management of end-users. These two routes have been studied in detail by energy actors and encouraged by public-sector sponsorship of research. But they have so far made no allowance for local authorities, resident groups and intermediate bodies, despite the fact that they are playing an increasingly important part in deploying renewables and achieving greater energy efficiency. Being more complex than commercial transactions, the relations between the various actors have given rise to sharply divergent analysis by different disciplines. The socio-technical approach – a current of thought in the social sciences – has largely demonstrated the links between technology and society: the effect of institutional regulation on energy governance (Poupeau, 2013) and the deployment of technical systems (Berkhout et al, 2004; Geels and Schot, 2007); the organization of large technical networks and its subsequent dependence paths (Coutard, 2002); the enmeshing of town planning and networks (Dupuy et al, 2008; Rutherford and Coutard, 2014). Our purpose is not to discuss their findings, simply to illustrate the various forms of interdependency between the political, urban, organizational and technological dimensions of energy in a manner accessible to decision-makers and the general public. To achieve this, we propose four scenarios for coordinating energy in an urban environment between now and 2040. The scenarios are based on research carried out as part of the Ecoquartier Nexus Energie project, funded by Ademe and involving a dozen Grenoble researchers specializing in planning, economics, sociology, management and technology. We present here the broad lines of the Ecoquartier Nexus Energie research action and the method used to script and summarize the four scenarios, centring on four pivotal actors: - Large companies, supplying urban energy systems; - Local authorities, steering territorial planning;- The State, acting as the central power framing rules and regulations; and- Cooperative actors, collectives seeking to regain control over housing and energy.

International audience ; Pressed by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, renewable energy sources are already replacing fossil fuels. Temporary drops in the spot price of electricity now occur in Europe when peak solar and wind output coincides with slack demand. Management of intermittent energy sources and energy storage are consequently crucial issues for the medium term. Two possible routes are of particular importance: on the one hand, funding of generating capacity – via a market instrument yet to be devised – to cover only periods of peak demand and intermittent supply; on the other temporary demand-side management of end-users. These two routes have been studied in detail by energy actors and encouraged by public-sector sponsorship of research. But they have so far made no allowance for local authorities, resident groups and intermediate bodies, despite the fact that they are playing an increasingly important part in deploying renewables and achieving greater energy efficiency. Being more complex than commercial transactions, the relations between the various actors have given rise to sharply divergent analysis by different disciplines. The socio-technical approach – a current of thought in the social sciences – has largely demonstrated the links between technology and society: the effect of institutional regulation on energy governance (Poupeau, 2013) and the deployment of technical systems (Berkhout et al, 2004; Geels and Schot, 2007); the organization of large technical networks and its subsequent dependence paths (Coutard, 2002); the enmeshing of town planning and networks (Dupuy et al, 2008; Rutherford and Coutard, 2014). Our purpose is not to discuss their findings, simply to illustrate the various forms of interdependency between the political, urban, organizational and technological dimensions of energy in a manner accessible to decision-makers and the general public. To achieve this, we propose four scenarios for coordinating energy in an urban environment between now and 2040. The ...

International audience ; Pressed by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, renewable energy sources are already replacing fossil fuels. Temporary drops in the spot price of electricity now occur in Europe when peak solar and wind output coincides with slack demand. Management of intermittent energy sources and energy storage are consequently crucial issues for the medium term. Two possible routes are of particular importance: on the one hand, funding of generating capacity – via a market instrument yet to be devised – to cover only periods of peak demand and intermittent supply; on the other temporary demand-side management of end-users. These two routes have been studied in detail by energy actors and encouraged by public-sector sponsorship of research. But they have so far made no allowance for local authorities, resident groups and intermediate bodies, despite the fact that they are playing an increasingly important part in deploying renewables and achieving greater energy efficiency. Being more complex than commercial transactions, the relations between the various actors have given rise to sharply divergent analysis by different disciplines. The socio-technical approach – a current of thought in the social sciences – has largely demonstrated the links between technology and society: the effect of institutional regulation on energy governance (Poupeau, 2013) and the deployment of technical systems (Berkhout et al, 2004; Geels and Schot, 2007); the organization of large technical networks and its subsequent dependence paths (Coutard, 2002); the enmeshing of town planning and networks (Dupuy et al, 2008; Rutherford and Coutard, 2014). Our purpose is not to discuss their findings, simply to illustrate the various forms of interdependency between the political, urban, organizational and technological dimensions of energy in a manner accessible to decision-makers and the general public. To achieve this, we propose four scenarios for coordinating energy in an urban environment between now and 2040. The scenarios are based on research carried out as part of the Ecoquartier Nexus Energie project, funded by Ademe and involving a dozen Grenoble researchers specializing in planning, economics, sociology, management and technology. We present here the broad lines of the Ecoquartier Nexus Energie research action and the method used to script and summarize the four scenarios, centring on four pivotal actors: - Large companies, supplying urban energy systems; - Local authorities, steering territorial planning;- The State, acting as the central power framing rules and regulations; and- Cooperative actors, collectives seeking to regain control over housing and energy.

In der politikwissenschaftlichen Transformationsforschung ist Polen ein beliebtes Auswahlland in vergleichenden Untersuchungen oder Einzelfallstudien. Sehr viel seltener wird es Gegenstand von Migrationsstudien. Das liegt darin begründet, dass die polnische Migrationsforschung noch relativ am Beginn steht, die Quellen- und Datenlage zu Migrationsbewegungen und zur Migrationspolitik noch nicht sehr umfassend ist und das Thema "Einwanderung und Asyl" in Polen, wie auch in anderen mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern (MOE), erst seit wenigen Jahren in der Öffentlichkeit diskutiert wird. In der Transformationsforschung sind demgegenüber Wanderungsbewegungen bislang nur von untergeordneter Bedeutung. Die Forschung richtet sich überwiegend auf die Institutionen, Akteure und Akteurinnen von politischen Systemen sowie die Zivilgesellschaft. Eingewanderte werden in aller Regel nicht dazu gezählt, und das Feld der Migrationspolitik wird nicht zur Kenntnis genommen. In der Europaforschung werden die Auswirkungen des Integrationsprozesses auf den Handlungs- und Entscheidungsspielraum von Akteuren und Akteurinnen – auch in der Migrationspolitik – sowie auf Organe der politischen Systeme der EU-Mitglieder ebenso intensiv untersucht wie die Folgen des Beitritts zum Acqui Communautaire für Beitrittsstaaten. Ein Desiderat der Forschung ist nach wie vor, die Auswirkungen der europäischen Integration auf die Politik und das politische System von Transformationsländern zu analysieren. Mit der Studie "Migration und Migrationspolitik im Zuge des Transformationsprozesses seit 1989 – am Beispiel Polen" liegt eine Untersuchung vor, die erstmals verschiedene Stränge aus der Migrations-, Transformations- und Europaforschung zusammenführt. Es wird gefragt, ob sich in Polen nach dem Zusammenbruch des staatssozialistischen Systems ein eigenständiges Migrationssystem und eine eigenständige Migrationspolitik entwickeln konnten, oder ob der Beitrittsprozess und dann der Beitritt zur EU im Jahr 2004 die Entwicklung des Migrationssystems maßgeblich beeinflusst haben. Die Auswahl Polens als Untersuchungsland ist gut begründet. Denn Polen grenzt an die Ukraine und Weißrussland, von denen Wanderungsbewegungen ausgehen oder die Transitländer für Migranten und Migrantinnen aus Russland einschließlich Tschetschenien, dem Kaukasus oder der MENA-Region und Süd- und Südostasien sind. Polen steht zudem vor dem Problem, die EU-Außengrenzen nach Dublin II absichern zu müssen. Die Studie rekonstruiert die Entwicklung des polnischen Migrationssystems für den Zeitraum von 1989 bis 2007 mit Hilfe einer Inhaltsanalyse von Dokumenten nationaler und internationaler Institutionen, beispielsweise der polnischen Regierung, der EU-Kommission, des UNHCR sowie von insgesamt 34 Interviews mit Experten und Expertinnen, durch die sowohl Betriebs- als auch Erfahrungswissen über den Aufbau des Migrationssystems erfasst wurden. Es wurden Expertinnen und Experten interviewt, die in Ministerien, Gewerkschaften, NGO's oder an Universitäten arbeiten und direkt in den Prozess eingebunden waren oder als Organisation von diesem betroffen sind. Die Ergebnisse aus diesem empirischen Material wurden trianguliert. Sie waren dann auch Grundlage für das Phasenmodell zur Entwicklung der Migrationspolitik und ihrer Institutionen, das im vierten Kapitel aufgezeigt wird. Der Schwerpunkt der Studie liegt in der rechtspolitischen und strukturpolitischen Rekonstruktion, die dann kontextualisiert wird: in das Migrationsgeschehen, den Transformationsprozess und den europäischen Integrationsprozess. Im Fazit wird die Bedeutung der staatlichen Organe, des Transformationsprozesses, der EU als Akteurin, der innen- und außenpolitischen Interessen Polens sowie der Erfahrungen mit Migrationsprozessen gegeneinander ab gewogen. Mit der vorliegenden Studie ist eine Grundlage für weiterführende Migrationsforschung gelegt. ; In political science Poland is a popular choice for transformation research, either in comparative investigations or individual case studies. It is far less usual for the country to be employed as a subject of migration studies. The reasons for this are that Polish migration research is still a relatively new sphere; the sources and extent of data about migration movements and migration policies are not yet very comprehensive; and the subject of immigration and asylum in Poland – as in other Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries – has only been discussed in public for a few years. On the other hand, up to now migratory movements have only been of subsidiary significance in transformation research, which is predominantly directed at institutions and active individuals in political systems, and at civil society. As a rule, immigrants are not counted here, and the field of immigration policy is not taken into account. In European studies the consequences of the integration process on potential for action and decision-making on the part of active individuals – in migration policy as well – and on organs of the political systems of EU members is investigated as intensively as the consequences of accepting the Acqui Communautaire for the countries that have done so. It remains a research desideratum to analyze the consequences of European integration on the policies and the political system of transformation countries. The study Migration and Migration Policy in the Course of the Transformation Process since 1989 – the Example of Poland is a work of research which, for the first time, combines various strands of migration, transformation and European studies. It deals with the question of whether it was possible for an independent migration system and an independent migration policy to be developed in Poland after the collapse of the state socialist system, and whether the application procedure and subsequent entry into the EU in the year 2004 significantly influenced the development of the migration system. The choice of Poland as the subject for this investigation is well founded, for Poland borders on countries such as Ukraine and Belarus from which migratory movements begin; these countries are also transit areas for migrants from Russia (including Chechnya), the Caucasus, the MENA region and South and South-East Asia. In addition, there is the problem of having to secure the external borders of the EU after Dublin II. The study reconstructs the development of the Polish migration system for the period from 1989 to 2007 by analyzing documents originating in national and international institutions – such as the Polish government, the EU commission, and the UNHCR – as well as a total of 34 expert interviews; in this way practical experience and expertise about the construction of the migration system can be examined. The experts who have been interviewed are people who work in ministries, trade unions, NGOs or universities and are directly involved in the process, or have been affected by it in their organizations. The results of this empirical analysis have then been triangulated. This formed the basis for the phase model of the development of the migration policy and its institutions, which are presented in Chapter 4. The focus of the study is on legal and structural political reconstruction, which is then contextualized: on the events of migration, the transformation process and the process of European integration. Finally, the significance of the state organs, the transformation process, the EU as an active agent, the domestic and foreign policy interests of Poland and the experiences with migration processes are weighed against each other. The present study thus constitutes the basis for further migration research.

International audience ; Pressed by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, renewable energy sources are already replacing fossil fuels. Temporary drops in the spot price of electricity now occur in Europe when peak solar and wind output coincides with slack demand. Management of intermittent energy sources and energy storage are consequently crucial issues for the medium term. Two possible routes are of particular importance: on the one hand, funding of generating capacity – via a market instrument yet to be devised – to cover only periods of peak demand and intermittent supply; on the other temporary demand-side management of end-users. These two routes have been studied in detail by energy actors and encouraged by public-sector sponsorship of research. But they have so far made no allowance for local authorities, resident groups and intermediate bodies, despite the fact that they are playing an increasingly important part in deploying renewables and achieving greater energy efficiency. Being more complex than commercial transactions, the relations between the various actors have given rise to sharply divergent analysis by different disciplines. The socio-technical approach – a current of thought in the social sciences – has largely demonstrated the links between technology and society: the effect of institutional regulation on energy governance (Poupeau, 2013) and the deployment of technical systems (Berkhout et al, 2004; Geels and Schot, 2007); the organization of large technical networks and its subsequent dependence paths (Coutard, 2002); the enmeshing of town planning and networks (Dupuy et al, 2008; Rutherford and Coutard, 2014). Our purpose is not to discuss their findings, simply to illustrate the various forms of interdependency between the political, urban, organizational and technological dimensions of energy in a manner accessible to decision-makers and the general public. To achieve this, we propose four scenarios for coordinating energy in an urban environment between now and 2040. The ...

International audience ; Pressed by the urgent need to mitigate climate change, renewable energy sources are already replacing fossil fuels. Temporary drops in the spot price of electricity now occur in Europe when peak solar and wind output coincides with slack demand. Management of intermittent energy sources and energy storage are consequently crucial issues for the medium term. Two possible routes are of particular importance: on the one hand, funding of generating capacity – via a market instrument yet to be devised – to cover only periods of peak demand and intermittent supply; on the other temporary demand-side management of end-users. These two routes have been studied in detail by energy actors and encouraged by public-sector sponsorship of research. But they have so far made no allowance for local authorities, resident groups and intermediate bodies, despite the fact that they are playing an increasingly important part in deploying renewables and achieving greater energy efficiency. Being more complex than commercial transactions, the relations between the various actors have given rise to sharply divergent analysis by different disciplines. The socio-technical approach – a current of thought in the social sciences – has largely demonstrated the links between technology and society: the effect of institutional regulation on energy governance (Poupeau, 2013) and the deployment of technical systems (Berkhout et al, 2004; Geels and Schot, 2007); the organization of large technical networks and its subsequent dependence paths (Coutard, 2002); the enmeshing of town planning and networks (Dupuy et al, 2008; Rutherford and Coutard, 2014). Our purpose is not to discuss their findings, simply to illustrate the various forms of interdependency between the political, urban, organizational and technological dimensions of energy in a manner accessible to decision-makers and the general public. To achieve this, we propose four scenarios for coordinating energy in an urban environment between now and 2040. The ...

International audience ; The escape from the 'Malthusian trap' is shown to tend to generate in a rather systematic way quite serious political upheavals. Some demographic structural mechanisms that generate such upheavals have been analyzed, which has made it possible to develop a mathematical model of the respective processes. The forecast of political instability in Sub-Saharan African countries in 2015– 2050 produced on the basis of this model is presented.

International audience ; The escape from the 'Malthusian trap' is shown to tend to generate in a rather systematic way quite serious political upheavals. Some demographic structural mechanisms that generate such upheavals have been analyzed, which has made it possible to develop a mathematical model of the respective processes. The forecast of political instability in Sub-Saharan African countries in 2015– 2050 produced on the basis of this model is presented.

This thesis deals with the context of the accession of Romania to the EU and more widely with thesecond post-communist decade (2000-2010) in which we analyse the evolution of Romanian agricultural structures. In this context, the question of the main factors of structural changes arised as well as the role of supportive public policies. Firstly, the theoretical framework based on development economics and historical institutional economics is built. It then enables in a first partthe analysis of the embeddedness of Romanian agricultural sector within its social context. In thispart, we are also define and characterize so called "agricultural production structures". The role of agriculture as a social buffer is also observed over the period studied, in addition to other forms of regulation which have emerged (national and international migrations). Structural evolutions arethen analysed using different databases. We observed a decrease in smaller units for the benefit of the average farms. Larger farms have also known a decrease in number and in size, which we attribute to restitution and to the end of privatization. The thesis attempts to identify the factors of these evolutions (survival and growth) using an econometric model in two stages. For that purposewe are also compare the evolution of Romanian structures to those of other European countries including Hungary and Slovenia. Finally, a policy evaluation is conducted on a series of measures identified to have restructuring goal. It appears that in general the absorption of funds, the intermediate target, is prefered to rural penetration of these levers, which is the final objective of thepolicy. Thus, while support for average farms seems relevant somes limitations appear in the implementation. Finally, the reorientation of the agricultural population will not be achieved onlyby the measures studied, for they are under-budgeted or because their effects are over-estimated ; La thèse présentée s'inscrit dans le contexte de l'adhésion de la Roumanie à l'UE et ...