Suchergebnisse

La planificación participativa, no es una retórica o una exigencia legal y/o institucional para cumplir con "un requisito"; es un proceso donde el principal protagonista no es el sujeto social como tal, ni siquiera el sujeto técnico, sino el "sujetos en redes de actores y conjuntos de acción". La participación en el Ecuador dentro del proceso de planificación en los territorios, implica cambios en las viejas estructuras del estado, de forma que aseguren la participación democrática en la toma de decisiones de los distintos ámbitos y espacios de los diferentes niveles de gobiernos, mediante la planificación participativa, he ahí la importancia de incorporar la participación en la formulación de los Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial; que consideren la participación ciudadana, como una acción que ocupa un espacio, como construcción social y política, que se desarrolla a través de mecanismos de profundización democrática. Las reflexiones locales sobre las experiencias actuales de participación en el caso del Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del cantón Cuenca, analizan y describen la forma en que se enfrenta los procesos de ordenamiento territorial con una efectiva participación de los actores involucrados, mediante la evaluación del proceso participativo y aplicación de metodologías que incorporen criterios relacionados a la calidad del proceso participativo, y los criterios que detectan una buena práctica participativa, para determinar los elementos así como los aspectos relevantes y aspectos críticos del proceso. La participación ciudadana precisa de corresponsabilidad de los actores implicados, ello implica que los sujetos en redes asuman funciones activas en la implementación y seguimiento de lo planificado. Para lograr esa implicación activa, al momento de diseñar y ejecutar un proceso participativo que este en sintonía con la planificación territorial, surgen varios aspectos que deben tenerse presentes: a) Aspectos relevantes de la participación ciudadana • La participación requiere de ciudadanos organizados y no organizados. • La participación tiene como objetivoel ejercicio del control ciudadano. • La base de un proceso participativo en un PDOT, es el grado de involucramiento de los actores. • La conducción del proceso debe asegurar la implicación de las instancias técnicas, sociales y políticas. b) Aspectos críticos de la participación ciudadana • Los ejes a considerar en el diseño del proceso participativo están relacionados a: ¿Quién participa?, ¿Sobre qué se participa?, ¿Cómo se participa?, Coordinación del proceso y consecuencias del proceso. • La sistematicidad, en la planificación del proceso, considera la previsión e incorporación de la participación ciudadana en todas las fases del proceso. • La implementación de resultados y la legitimidad aseguran efectos positivos: reglas claras de juego; capacidad de consenso; uso de metodologías participativas; diferentes tipos de liderazgoque se involucran. • Una de las finalidades de todo proceso participativo es añadir legitimidad a las decisiones públicas. Finalmente, la tesis plantea una propuesta metodológica operativa para el proceso de participación considerando las etapas y actividades que aseguren legitimidad, pertinencia y eficiencia a los procesos de planificación participativa. ; Participatory planning is not rhetoric neither a simple institutional requirement to be fulfill, it is a process where the main character is not the social subject not even the technical subject, instead it is a process where any subject is immerse in a network of stakeholders and actions. In Ecuador, participation in planning processes implies several changes in old state structures, changes that must ensure democratic participation in decision making at any level/context within government. It is important to include the citizenship participation in the formulation of development plans and land planning considering this as a space of social and political construction in which coexist mechanisms of democratic consolidation and management tools. It is important to evaluate the participation process in the "Plan de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial del canton Cuenca" (Development and Land Planning of Cuenca) focusing in the quality of the participation and in the criteria related to good practices, always considering relevant and critical aspects. Citizenship participation requires co-responsibility of stakeholders, which behave in networks acquiring active functions for the implementation and evaluation of the expected results of the plan. In order to succeed in a participatory land planning it is important to study: a) Relevant aspects • Organization of citizenship • Citizenship control • Degree of involvement of stakeholders • Degree of involvement of technical, social and political instances • Capacity to foresee economical, organizational and time costs. b) Critical aspects • Main axes: Who participates? What is the subject? How to participate? • System: participation in all phases of the process • Implementation: clear rules, consensus, tools, mechanisms, spaces, leadership (political, technical, social, communication). • Legitimacy of public decisions Finally, this thesis proposes an operational methodology for the participatory process considering several phases and fundamental activities that pursues legitimacy, pertinence and efficiency of participatory planning. ; Magíster en Ordenación Territorial ; Cuenca

This report describes results of a techno-economic model optimizing a potential electricity generation system in the EUMENA region for the year 2050. In 32 scenarios, cost optimal systems for electricity generation, transmission and storage are calculated. The optimization goal is minimization of total system cost for annualized investment, operation and maintenance costs as well as fuel costs for the complete system. This includes cost elements for power plants, transmission networks and large-scale hydro as well as thermal storage. Costs for the national distribution grid are not included in this model. The optimized systems must satisfy a strict CO2 reduction goal of 95 % compared specific emissions (gCO2/kWhel) in the year 1990. In some scenarios, this requirement is replaced by a fixed CO2 price that increases costs for use of fossil fuels (Coal, Gas). All solutions are compared by contribution of energy resources to electricity generation and by the resulting cost of electricity. Cost optimality together with the goal to reduce greenhouse gas emission renders the optimal solution in the Base scenario a mix of all available renewable energy sources, with an emphasis on onshore wind power. Major contributors are offshore wind, photovoltaic, concentrating solar power, biomass and hydro power; remaining fluctuations are regulated using combined cycle power plants fueled by natural gas, as far as the CO2 reduction goal allows. The possibility to connect EU and MENA is exploited in order to balance the power input of fluctuating renewable sources. In scenario Base, more than 25 % of European electricity demand is imported from MENA countries. The interconnectors between the two regions have a summed capacity of 188 GW and annual full load hours from 3100 to 7100. These values are significantly higher than other transport lines that have mean full load hours of 2200. Annual total system cost – excluding national distribution – in the base scenario are as high as 324 B€, corresponding to electricity costs of 73.0 €/MWh consumed. This means 5 % lower system costs compared to disconnected EU and MENA systems (scenario 03). Approximately 77 % of the costs are dedicated to generation. Only 9 % are for transport network (neglecting the distribution grids) and 14 % for storage. These shares are quite stable for all investigated scenarios. For comparison, in the cheapest simulated scenario 22 (without restriction on CO2 emissions and no CO2 price), total system cost are as low as 243 B€ or 25 % below base scenario. Wind power is dominating source for electricity production with a share on overall electricity production of around 50 % in all main scenarios. PV accounts for another 10-15 %, whereas the share of CSP is about 3-10 % in main scenarios. The remaining electricity is provided through hydro, biomass and gas fired power plants. Wind power is dominating because of its comparatively low investment costs as well as very good balancing of wind power between regions in a huge and connected power system. Existing hydro storage capacities in European countries, in total 206 TWh from pumped storage and dam lakes, are sufficient to create feasible solutions in all scenarios; flexible CSP is thus used to a relatively small amount, indicating only a minor need for additional 10 storage capacities. In disconnected systems however, more CSP is used for stabilizing the local energy balance in MENA. A sensitivity analysis shows major changes in the optimized system configuration. Changed investment costs for renewable energy technologies increase or decrease their share in the optimal electricity generation mix. Consequently, onshore wind exhibits the biggest absolute changes in the electricity generation. Availability of nuclear power dominates the electricity generation in all countries. CCS has only minor impact on the optimal solution. In scenarios without CO2 limits and low CO2 prices (0, 50 €/t), coal fired power plants provide major shares of electricity, while high CO2 prices (100, 150 €/t) lead to solutions comparable to the base scenario with CO2 limit. The first four main scenarios investigate the influence of high and low future electricity demand and compare a connected EUMENA system with two separated systems in Europe and North African/Middle East countries without interconnections. The remaining 28 scenarios are about sensitivities to changed input parameters. In chapter 2, the model is briefly described. Chapter 3 describes all modeled scenarios. In chapter 4, results of the four main scenarios are discussed in detail. Chapter 5 then highlights the key changes in the system caused by the parameter changes in the remaining scenarios, grouped by scenario types: these are cost variations for technologies (wind onshore and offshore, PV, CSP), availability of technology (nuclear power and CCS), economic parameters (WACC) and political restrictions (grid restrictions, autarky). Parameters and data sources are presented in chapter 6.

Das Verständis der Komplexität der gegenwärtigen Lage von Kleinbauern stellt eine große Herausforderung dar, nicht nur, weil sie mit mehrfachen Problemen konfrontiert sind, sondern eine klare öffentliche Politik fehlt, die Lösungsansätze für diese Probleme aufzeigt. Dies ist eine gemeinsame Charakteristik in vielen Entwicklungsländern. Andererseits würden präzisere Diagnosen der Lage von Kleinbauern zweifellos erheblich zur Verbesserung der Eingriffe der öffentlichen Hand hinsichtlich der Gestaltung neuer und der Anpassung existierender Politikinstrumente beitragen.Diese Froschungsarbeit konzentriert sich auf die Produktionskapazität von Kleinbauern, wobei sie Wichtigkeit weiterer Faktoren neben der Erzeugung landwirtschaftlicher Güter, wie z.B. Kultur, Werte, Armut oder soziale Netzwerke, anerkennt. Die Arbeit untersucht die mehrfachen Faktoren, die die Produktion von Kleinbauern beeinflussen können. Im Speziellen werden die Auswirkungen des formellen Kreditmarktes, des außer-landwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsmarkets und der Produktionsdiversifizierung auf die landwirtschaftliche Erzeugung. Für die Analyse wird eine landesweite Stichprobe von Kleinbauern herangezogen, die 2004 von INDAP, einer öffentlichen Institution in Chile, die Kredite und Beratung an Kleinbauern bereitstellt, gesammelt wurde. Die ökonometrische Untersuchung berücksichtigt verschiedene Gruppen von Erzeugern, die entweder spezialisiert und nichtspezialisiert sind. Die Methoden der Stochastic Frontier Analysis und der Switching Regressions Models werden zur Analyse der 835 Kleinbauern der Stichprobe basierend auf Haushaltsmodellen benutzt. Außerdem werden in den ökonometrischen Schätzungen die Heterogenität unter den Landwirten und Endogenitätsprobleme in Verbindung mit dem Auswahlprozeß berücksichtigt.Die Hauptergebnisse dieser Forschungsarbeit zeigen die Existenz verschiedener Produktionsstrukturen in den analysierten Produktionssektoren. Der formelle Kreditmarkt spielt eine Rolle hinsichtlich der Erklärung von Unterschieden in Produktionsniveaus von Kleinbauern sowohl relativ (Effizienzanalyse) als auch absolut (Regimeänderungsanalyse). Weiterhin konnten basierend auf einem theoretischen Rahmen keine Anhaltspunkte für die Hypothese eines Liquiditätseffektes in den berücksichtigen Gruppen von Kleinbauern gefunden werden. Andererseits kommt die Analyse zu dem Schluß, daß sowohl die Diversifizierung landwirtschaftlicher Produktion als auch die Teilnahme in außer-landwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten von nichtspezialisierten Landwirten die Produktionseffizienz aller Kleinbauern reduziert. Außerdem wird festgestellt, daß im Allgemeinen das Eingreifen der öffentlichen Hand nicht zu den erwarteten Ergebnissen hinsichtlich der Erzeugung geführt hat. Die Beratungspraktiken haben unabhängig von der Finanzierungsquelle (privat oder öffentlich) nicht in eine Erhöhung des Produktionsniveaus gemündet. Faktoren, die verbunden sind mit der Lage, der Bewässerung, demographischen Charakteristika und direkten Entscheidungen der Landwirte hinsichtlich der Betriebsverwaltung, der Teilnahme an außer-landwirtscahftlichen Tätigkeiten, des Spezialierungsgrades des Betriebes und der Abhängigkeit des landwirtschafltichen Einkommens vom Gesamteinkommen sind Schlüsselelemente für das Verständis der betrieblichen Effizienzniveaus.Diese Ergebisse zeigen, daß analytische Methoden existieren, die die Verbesserung der Diagnose der Lage von Kleinabuern ermöglichen. Die Herausforderung besteht in der Überzeugung von privaten und öffentlichen Institutionen, diese zu benutzen, um ihre Politiken und Handlungsrichtlinien zu verbessern. Schlußendlich erscheint es angemessen, den Einfluß von Politikmaßnahmen und landwirtscahftlicher Beratung auf die Produktivität basierend auf einer systematischeren und ausführlicheren Datengrundlage zu untersuchen, was in der gegenwärtigen chilenischen institutionellen Landschaft von INDAP federführend durchgeführt werden sollte in den kommenden Jahren. ; Understanding how complex the small farmers situation is today is a great challenge, because not only do they face multiple problems, but also there is not a clear public policy concerning how those problems can be solved in the near future, a common characteristic in most developing countries. On the other hand, there is no doubt that more precise diagnosis of the small farmers situation would significantly contribute to improve the public intervention in both the design of new instruments and the adjustment of existing ones.This research focuses on the small farmer s production capacity, recognizing that there are other factors as important as production such as culture, values, poverty, and social networks. We analyzed the multiple factors that can affect small farmers production. In particular, we studied the effects of the formal credit market, the off-farm labor market and production diversification on the agricultural production. To do that, we used a country-wide sample of small farmers collected in 2004 by INDAP, a public institution that provides credit and extension services to small farmers, and we studied different groups of producers, specialized and non-specialized, by conducting econometric analyses. The techniques of Stochastic Frontier Analysis and Switching Regressions Models were the methodological frameworks used to analyze a sample of 835 farmers, and the analyses were carried out based on household models. Additionally, the econometric results took into account the heterogeneity among farmers, and the endogeneity associated with selectivity processes.The main results of this research show that there are different production structures among the production sectors analyzed. The formal credit market plays a role in explaining differences in production levels among farmers both in relative (efficiency analysis) and absolute (regime change analysis) terms. In addition, based on a theoretical framework, we could not find evidence to support the hypothesis of Liquidity in the farmer groups analyzed. On the other hand, in the case of non-specialized farmers, we found that both on-farm production diversification and participation in off-farm activities decrease efficiency among small farmers. Moreover, the results would suggest that, in general, the intervention of public policy has not produced the expected outcomes in terms of production, and the practices of extension, independently of who finances them (publicly or privately), have not been successful in producing changes in production levels. Factors related to localization, irrigation, demographical characteristics and direct decisions of farmers with regard to management on-farm, participation in off-farm activities, specialization on farm, and dependence of on-farm income on total income are key elements to understanding what is going on at the efficiency level.From those results, it has been shown that analytical tools are available to advance towards better diagnosis in small farmers. The challenge is to encourage public and private institutions to use them in order to improve their policies. Finally, it would seem pertinent to investigate in more detail the impact of public policy and extension services on productivity, based on a more systematic and detailed database, a task that in the current institutional-political structure should be led by INDAP in the next few years.

Глущевська А. С. Трансформація глобального ланцюга створення вартості автомобільних ТНК ФРН.Стаття присвячена вивченню якісних та кількісних параметрів реконфігурації системи міжнародного виробництва транснаціональних корпорацій автомобільної промисловості Німеччини протягом останніх двадцяти років. Доведено, що глибокі структурні зрушення в автомобільній промисловості позитивно корелюють із сталим економічним зростанням національного господарства ФРН. Проведений структурний аналіз автомобільної галузі Німеччини засвідчив факт її логічної й надорганізованої архітектури та високої конкурентоспроможності кожного окремого елемента у міжнародному вимірі. Автор називає інтернаціоналізацію діяльності ТНК одним із найголовніших факторів посилення внутрікорпораційних функціональних зв'язків та розширення міжнародного виробництва. Економічна глобалізація сприяла становленню такої конфігурації глобального ланцюга створення вартості, що вже у 2010 році виробництво транспортних засобів на теренах приймаючих країн перевищило аналогічний показник національного виробництва Німеччини. Тенденція до переміщення виробничих потужностей за кордон сприяла значній географічній дисперсії автомобільних ТНК ФРН. Так, основними напрямами прямого капіталовкладення транснаціональних корпорацій автомобільної галузі Німеччини стали країни Європейського Союзу, члени зони вільної торгівлі НАФТА, і Китай. Проведений аналіз засвідчив стрімкі темпи зростання потужностей виробництва у таких країнах, як Індія, Мексика та Китай. Дослідивши ретроспективу та динаміку розвитку кластера Volkswagen AG у мексиканському штаті Пуебла, автор приходить до висновку, що всеохоплюючі процеси транснаціоналізації глобальної автомобільної промисловості в цілому та зарубіжна експансія Volkswagen AG в окремому випадку у повній мірі розкриває виробничий потенціал транснаціональних корпорацій та справляє позитивний вплив на економічне зростання приймаючої країни в контексті процесів національного капіталоутворення, передачі технологій та розвитку людських ресурсів.Глущевская А.С. Трансформация глобальной цепочки создания стоимости автомобильных ТНК ФРГ.Статья посвящена изучению качественных и количественных параметров реконфигурации системы международного производства транснациональных корпораций автомобильной промышленности Германии в течение последних двадцати лет. Доказано, что глубокие структурные сдвиги в автомобильной промышленности положительно коррелируют с устойчивым экономическим развитием национального хозяйства ФРГ. Проведенный структурный анализ автомобильной отрасли Германии свидетельствует факт ее логической и надорганизованой архитектуры и высокой конкурентоспособности каждого отдельного элемента в международном измерении. Автор называет интернационализацию деятельности ТНК одним из главных факторов усиления внутрикорпорационных функциональных связей и расширения международного производства. Экономическая глобализация способствовала становлению такой конфигурации глобальной цепочки создания стоимости, что уже в 2010 году производство транспортных средств на территории принимающих стран превысило аналогичный показатель национального производства Германии. Тенденция к перемещению производственных мощностей за границу способствовала значительной географической дисперсии автомобильных ТНК ФРГ. Так, основными направлениями прямого капиталовложения транснациональных корпораций автомобильной отрасли Германии стали страны Европейского Союза, члены зоны свободной торговли НАФТА, и Китай. Проведенный анализ свидетельствует про стремительные темпы роста производственных мощностей в таких странах, как Индия, Мексика и Китай. Исследовав ретроспективу и динамику развития кластера Volkswagen AG в мексиканском штате Пуэбла, автор приходит к выводу, что комплексные процессы транснационализации мировой автомобильной промышленности в целом и зарубежная экспансия Volkswagen AG в частном случае в полной мере раскрывает производственный потенциал транснациональных корпораций и оказывает положительное влияние на экономический рост принимающей страны в контексте процессов национального капиталообразования, передачи технологий и развития человеческих ресурсов.Glushchevska A. Transformation of the global value chain of automobile TNCs of Germany. This article is devoted to the study of qualitative and quantitative parameters of the reconfiguration of the international system of transnational corporations of automotive industry in Germanyduring the last twenty years. It is shown that deep structural changes in the automotive industry are positively correlated with sustainable economic growth of the national economy of Germany. Conducted structural analysis of the automotive industry in Germanyproved the fact of its logical and well organized architecture and a high level of competitiveness of each element in the international context. The author calls the internationalization of TNCs to be one of the major factors that lead to increase of intra-corporate functional relationships and international production. Economic globalization has contributed to the establishment of the configuration of global value chain. In 2010 production of the vehicles in the host country surpassed the level of national production. The trend to move production facilities abroad facilitated the geographic dispersion of German automotive multinationals. Thus, the key areas of direct investment of transnational corporation's automotive industry in Germanywere the European Union, members of the Free Trade NAFTA and China. The analysis has shown rapid growth capacities in countries such as India, Mexicoand China. Exploring the retrospective and the dynamics of the cluster of Volkswagen AG in the Mexican state of Puebla, the author makes a conclusions that a comprehensive process of transnationalisation of the global automotive industry in general and a foreign expansion of Volkswagen AG in the particular case fully expose revealing production capacity of transnational corporations and also has a positive impact on economic growth of the host country in the context of domestic capital formation, technology transfer and human resource development.

The effectiveness of reconstruction programs in post-conflict contexts Abstract The thesis aims at assessing the effectiveness of reconstruction programs intended to ensure for the economic recovery of countries emerging from civil war since the end of the Cold War. From the standpoint of the method used, this effectiveness is both evaluated through the relevance of the content and the organization of these programs with regard to the characteristics of the post-conflict economies, and through an assessment of their performances according to recovery indicators which are specific to this context. The economic causes of conflicts and the functioning of a wartime economy are analyzed because they influence the transition to an economy in the context of peace (chapters 1 to 4). An approach in terms of political economy (Stewart, Fitzgerald) comparing both horizontal and vertical inequalities and completed by Amartya Sen's approach contributes to the account of the specific characteristics of this type of context which the neoclassical theory is not enabled to grasp. The approach in terms of sustainable livelihoods (Chambers and Conways), of the vulnerability due to the context and of the institutional economy, provides a coherent theoretical framework in order to identify the economic features of post-conflict societies (chapters 5 to 7) and enables for the identification of the factors which block or slow down the process of economic recovery. The study of the configuration of reconstruction programs reveals the multiplication of actors which have different approaches, a lack of coordination in their work, and the formation of a substitute administration non-aligned to the fragile state (chapter 8). Closer ties between the programs and the observed characteristics enable for the evaluation of their effectiveness (chapter 9). The quantitative evaluation arrives at the conclusion that these programs are relative failures, especially due to their sluggishness. From the data available, the significance of some specific variables is observed (the return of populations, institutions, security). The qualitative analysis of the causes of this ineffectiveness reveals: Perverse effects due to the lack of coordination, analyzed through the transaction costs theory, the contingence theory, and the marginalist theory, more particularly in the labor markets, the administrative capacity, reveals a threshold of institutional capacities; Poor adaptation in the design and the implementation of the programs to the observed characteristics. Between the references towards the Marshall Plan and the absence of any exterior intervention, the analysis of this ineffectiveness concludes that some requirements should be adapted for each context. ; Le but de la thèse est d'apprécier l'efficacité des programmes de reconstruction destinés à assurer le redressement économique de pays sortant de guerre civile depuis la fin de la Guerre froide. Du point de vue de la méthode, cette efficacité est évaluée à la fois par la pertinence du contenu et de l'organisation de ces programmes aux caractéristiques des économies post-conflictuelles, et par une évaluation de leur performance au vu d'indicateurs de redressement spécifiques à ces contextes. Les causes économiques des conflits et le fonctionnement d'une économie de guerre sont analysés dans la mesure ils conditionnent le passage à une économie de paix (chapitres 1 à 4). Une approche en termes d'économie politique (Stewart, Fitzgerald) recoupant inégalités horizontales et verticales et complétée par celle d'Amartya Sen contribue à rendre compte des spécificités de ce type de contexte que la théorie néoclassique ne permet pas d'appréhender. L'approche en termes de moyens d'existence (Chambers et Conway), de vulnérabilité due au contexte (Collinson) et d'économie institutionnelle donnent un cadre théorique cohérent pour cerner les caractéristiques économiques des sociétés post-conflictuelles (chapitres 5 à 7) et permettent d'identifier des facteurs bloquant ou de ralentissement du processus de redressement économique. L'étude de la configuration des programmes de reconstruction fait apparaître une prolifération d'acteurs aux logiques différentes, peu coordonnés et formant une administration de substitution non alignée dans un État fragile (chapitre 8). Le rapprochement entre programme et caractéristiques observées permet alors de procéder à l'évaluation de l'efficacité des programmes (chapitre 9). L'évaluation quantitative converge vers le constat d'un échec relatif, notamment du fait de leur lenteur (d'où risque de résurgence du conflit). Une modélisation à partir des données disponibles appuie l'identification effectuée de l'importance de certaines variables spécifiques (retour des populations déplacées, institutions, sécurité). L'analyse qualitative des causes de cette inefficacité fait apparaître : - les effets pervers du manque de coordination, analysée ici à la lumière de la théorie des coûts de transaction, de la théorie contingente et de l'analyse marginaliste, notamment sur le marché du travail et les capacités administratives, ce qui permet de mettre à jour le concept de seuil de capacités institutionnelles ; - l'inadaptation dans la conception et la mise en œuvre des programmes aux spécificités observées. Entre la référence mythifiée au Plan Marshall et l'absence d'intervention extérieure qui mènerait à un état de suffocation économique, l'analyse de cette inefficacité relative débouche sur quelques préconisations adaptables selon les contextes.

The substitution of natural gas by a renewable equivalent is an interesting option to reduce the use of fossil fuels and the accompanying greenhouse gas emissions, as well as from the point of view of security of supply. Green gas is the renewable alternative. It comprises biogas (1st generation biofuel) and SNG (2nd generation biofuel). Being a direct substitute of natural gas, green gas can be injected directly into the gas grid taking advantage of the existing infrastructure. The Dutch government has the ambition of replacing 20% of natural gas by green gas by the year 2030. With an annual consumption of around 1500 PJ, a 20% substitution corresponds to 300 PJ. The potential of biogas in the Netherlands is maximum 60 PJ due to the limited availability of suitable digestible feedstocks. To accomplish the 20% replacement in 2030 an SNG production capacity is required of at least 240 PJ. This process requires the conversion of the solid biomass into gas and the further conditioning of the gas into SNG. This project refers mainly to the development of in-bed methods (primary methods) that are primarily effective for the route biomass-to-SNG in order to increase the overall efficiency of this process. The goal is to optimize the composition of the gas generated from indirect gasification, mainly to increase the methane yield and to convert tars into valuable gases. The different approaches for in-bed measures are proper selection of operating parameters and/or the use of bed additives/catalysts along with gasifier modification. For the purpose of the experimental program a new set-up was designed and built to study the influence of the primary methods on the biomass gasification process. This was a flexible and rather simple system that allowed on-line measurements trough a mass spectrometer. Several methods were analysed along this research: temperature; gas phase residence time; carrier agent (inert, oxygen and water); bed additives like dolomite and olivine; individual biomass components (hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin); mineral matter present in the biomass; torrefaction as pre-treatment for biomass. This work has given insight into the mechanisms of biomass gasification process. Tar cracking reactions are crucial for the production of permanent gases and the main source of methane. CO occurs as the main product from tar conversion but also CH4, C2H4 and H2 are produced. Increasing temperature and residence times the tertiary compounds become an important fraction of tar. Dolomite and related compounds (like magnesite and calcite) adsorb tars into their pores and promote tar cracking reactions. These materials convert benzene and naphthalene but do not convert methane. Dolomite and related compounds also promote the water gas shift reaction towards the production of hydrogen. Iron is the key element for the activity of olivine, and the state of the iron determines the catalytic activity of olivine. Hereby the pre-treatment applied to the olivine is crucial. Oxidized olivine generates CO2 at the expense of CO and slightly improves the tar cracking reactions whereas reduced olivine promotes the formation of H2 at the expense of H2O and has a strong impact over the tar cracking reactions that leads to the formation of CO. The mineral matter present in the biomass has catalytic activity towards tar cracking but also promotes bed agglomeration which may cause an unwanted shut-down of the fluid bed gasifier. However, if dolomite is the bed material the agglomeration phenomenon is at least delayed. If the lignocellulosic biomass contains a low amount of mineral matter, its behaviour can be correlated to the behaviour of its individual components at specific experimental conditions. The experiments with torrefied birchwood show that upon the increase of the torrefaction temperature more solid carbon and less gas will be formed during the pyrolytic gasification. Methane revealed itself as the most stable compound and the most difficult one to manipulate. In the case of cellulose, methane is mainly formed from the tar cracking reactions whereas in the case of lignin a large amount of methane may be already formed from the devolatilization of the particle due to the methoxy groups present in the structure of the lignin. The mineral matter present in the biomass has the potential to promote tar cracking reactions that lead to less methane formation. Inert conditions are the most suitable for methane formation since the presence of water or oxygen leads to a decrease of this component. Among the tested bed additives dolomite was the one that revealed the most limitations in methane conversion which makes it a suitable catalyst if a high content of methane and a low content of tars are required.

En el departamento del Cesar, según lo publicado en la edición del año 2007 de la revista "La Cadena del Carbón" emitida por la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética, la extracción de carbón ha sido una de las actividades más importantes5, aportando en los últimos 10 años las mayores tasas en el PIB del departamento, derivando en un mayor crecimiento de la economía. En este sentido, el carbón se ha consolidado como el segundo producto de exportación nacional después del petróleo, y se estima que bajo las condiciones actuales de mercado, entre el 2010 y 2015 podría superar las exportaciones de petróleo. Sin embargo, pese a este mayor crecimiento económico y en particular para el municipio de la Jagua de Ibirico, los lineamientos e instrumentos incorporados en el PBOT, han sido insuficientes en aras de orientar una adecuada explotación del recurso minero con miras a la protección ambiental y desarrollo local. En la medida que se han otorgado licencias de explotación del carbón, se ha presentado un conflicto respecto al uso y vocación del suelo, dado que el área de concesión del proyecto La Jagua, se encuentra dentro de la Reserva Forestal de Los Motilones, la cual ha venido perdiendo parte de su extensión territorial a través de figuras jurídicas de sustracciones emitidas por el Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial hoy Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, y ante lo cual la administración municipal no cuenta con los suficientes instrumentos que le permitan ejercer un mayor control sobre el aprovechamiento y uso del territorio. El desarrollo del presente trabajo permitió concluir que, si bien la gestión territorial del municipio de la Jagua de Ibirico ha buscado incorporar la dimensión ambiental en la actividad minera, ésta no ha sido efectiva, toda vez, que no existen las suficientes articulaciones, instrumentos y herramientas para visibilizar y aplicar todos los determinantes ambientales en el ordenamiento territorial municipal, razón por la cual, es necesario que a nivel nacional se dimensionen lineamientos, instrumentos y políticas que sean transversales tanto a escala regional como local, y que busquen: la promoción minera, la adecuada administración del recurso minero y el mejoramiento de la productividad y de la competitividad del sector; para lo cual la consolidación de un programa de apalancamiento institucional acompañado de directrices y exigencias en materia ambiental por parte de la administración municipal, junto con el acompañamiento del Estado y con adaptación de iniciativas exitosas a nivel internacional, se logre el fortalecimiento de su capacidad de actuación en el territorio, y gradualmente se contribuya a la conservación y mantenimiento de la oferta de servicios ambientales tanto en el municipio como a nivel regional. ; Abstract. In the department of Cesar, as published in the 2007 edition of the magazine "La Cadena del Carbón" issued by the Mining and Energy Planning Unit, coal mining has been one of the most important in recent years, bringing in the last 10 years the highest rates in the GDP of the department, resulting in further growth of the economy. In this way, coal has become the second national export after oil, and it is estimated that in the current market conditions, between 2010 and 2015 could exceed oil exports. However, despite this economic growth and in particular for La Jagua de Ibirico, guidelines and instruments incorporated into the Basic Plan Land Management - PBOT have been insufficient in order to guide adequate exploitation of mineral resources towards environmental protection and local development. To the extent that licenses have been granted, there has been a conflict about the use and land vocation, because the concession area of the project La Jagua, is within the Forest Reserve Los Motilones, which has been losing land area as a consequence regulations issued by the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, does not have enough instruments to exercise greater control about land use. This study concluded that, although the territorial management of La Jagua de Ibirico has sought to incorporate the environmental dimension in the mining industry, it has not been effective, because that there are not enough the instruments to implement all environmental determinants in the municipal planning, so it is necessary that national guidelines, instruments and policies are transverse to regional and local scale, and seek: to promote mining , the administration of mineral resources and improving productivity and competitiveness of the mining sector therefore the consolidation of institutional cooperation program with guidelines on environmental by the municipal administration and the State; as well as adaptation of international initiatives for improve the capacity to local administration, and gradually contributes to the conservation and maintenance of environmental services in the local and regional territory. ; Maestría

This research addresses women's empowerment and their agency for social change within the field of development studies. It is a topic that has been relevant at the national and international levels, in governmental, academic and civil society settings. The goal is to analyze two prototypes of women's empowerment: empowerment from above, resulting from the participation of poor women in anti-poverty governmental programs (such as Oportunidades and Hábitat in Mexico) and empowerment from below, resulting from participation in social movements. The comparative analysis intends to show the contrasts between those two empowering processes and their capacity to modify women's objective and subjective social condition, along with changes in their family and community's social condition. In order to examine the different aspects of empowerment, three theoretical and practical approaches are considered from a gender perspective: a) the Marxist-feminist structural thought according to which women's empowerment is contingent on the elimination of structural inequalities, b) the social-liberal approach, which is the dominant paradigm of contemporary capitalism that promotes the elimination of institutional barriers to gender equality by increasing developmental opportunities for women, and c) the feminist-postmodern school of thought, which emphasizes the need to raise women's consciousness in order to acquire power within and become active agents of change. Preliminary field research was carried out in order to identify six women with experiences that correspond to a high degree to one of the two prototypes: three who have participated in governmental programs designed to empower women and break the intergenerational transmission of poverty, and three who have participated in social movements. The three social activists that were selected and volunteered to participate in this study have been involved in resistance movements to the construction of large dams in the state of Jalisco. In-depth interviews were applied to all six women in order to carry out a "course of life analysis". The findings indicate that empowerment from above temporarily enhances the material condition of women and their families (in terms of economy, health and education) and it contributes to the reshaping of gender relations within the household, without raising a self-conscious awareness. In contrast, the case studies of empowerment from below suggest that participation in social movements helps women to develop the ability to raise their voices, speak out against social injustice and become social subjects willing to increase their collective power over the institutions that oppress them in terms of class and gender. At the same time, the field research suggests that heavy involvement in social movements can lead to physical and emotional stress ; La presente investigación se inserta en el campo de los estudios del desarrollo y pretende abordar un tema que ha sido de gran interés en contextos gubernamentales, académicos y de la sociedad civil, tanto a nivel local, como nacional e internacional: el empoderamiento de las mujeres y su agencia para el cambio social. El objetivo del estudio es analizar dos tipos prototípicos de empoderamiento femenino: el empoderamiento desde arriba que se gesta a través de la participación protagónica de mujeres pobres en el contexto de los programas de gobierno para el combate a la pobreza (Oportunidades y Hábitat) y el empoderamiento desde abajo de actoras clave en el contexto de los movimientos sociales (conflictos socioambientales). El análisis comparativo pretende establecer los contrastes en torno a los procesos de empoderamiento y sus alcances para generar cambios en la condición social, material e inmaterial, de las mujeres, sus familias y sus comunidades. El enfoque aquí propuesto recoge la perspectiva de género e incorpora tres perspectivas teórico-prácticas que abordan distintos elementos importantes del empoderamiento femenino: la línea de pensamiento estructural feminista-marxista, según la cual el empoderamiento femenino requiere de la eliminación de las desigualdades estructurales, la visión liberal-social para la equidad de género que promueve la eliminación de barreras institucionales que impiden a las mujeres aprovechar sus oportunidades de desarrollo y que forma parte del paradigma dominante del capitalismo contemporáneo y, por último, la postura feminista-posmoderna que enfatiza la necesidad de promover en las mujeres la toma de conciencia sobre su poder potencial para su transformación en sujetos sociales. A partir del análisis de curso de vida y entrevistas a profundidad de las mujeres participantes, se concluye que el empoderamiento desde arriba mejora temporalmente la condición material (económica, salud y educación) de las mujeres y sus familias, se renegocian algunas relaciones de género pero no se da una toma de conciencia sobre sí. En el contexto de los movimientos sociales, se observa un deterioro del bienestar físico y emocional, pero las mujeres logran alzar la voz para convertirse en sujetos sociales que buscan un aumento de su poder colectivo sobre las instituciones que las oprimen, como clase y como género. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

This research addresses women's empowerment and their agency for social change within the field of development studies. It is a topic that has been relevant at the national and international levels, in governmental, academic and civil society settings. The goal is to analyze two prototypes of women's empowerment: empowerment from above, resulting from the participation of poor women in anti-poverty governmental programs (such as Oportunidades and Hábitat in Mexico) and empowerment from below, resulting from participation in social movements. The comparative analysis intends to show the contrasts between those two empowering processes and their capacity to modify women's objective and subjective social condition, along with changes in their family and community's social condition. In order to examine the different aspects of empowerment, three theoretical and practical approaches are considered from a gender perspective: a) the Marxist-feminist structural thought according to which women's empowerment is contingent on the elimination of structural inequalities, b) the social-liberal approach, which is the dominant paradigm of contemporary capitalism that promotes the elimination of institutional barriers to gender equality by increasing developmental opportunities for women, and c) the feminist-postmodern school of thought, which emphasizes the need to raise women's consciousness in order to acquire power within and become active agents of change. Preliminary field research was carried out in order to identify six women with experiences that correspond to a high degree to one of the two prototypes: three who have participated in governmental programs designed to empower women and break the intergenerational transmission of poverty, and three who have participated in social movements. The three social activists that were selected and volunteered to participate in this study have been involved in resistance movements to the construction of large dams in the state of Jalisco. In-depth interviews were applied to all six women in order to carry out a "course of life analysis". The findings indicate that empowerment from above temporarily enhances the material condition of women and their families (in terms of economy, health and education) and it contributes to the reshaping of gender relations within the household, without raising a self-conscious awareness. In contrast, the case studies of empowerment from below suggest that participation in social movements helps women to develop the ability to raise their voices, speak out against social injustice and become social subjects willing to increase their collective power over the institutions that oppress them in terms of class and gender. At the same time, the field research suggests that heavy involvement in social movements can lead to physical and emotional stress ; La presente investigación se inserta en el campo de los estudios del desarrollo y pretende abordar un tema que ha sido de gran interés en contextos gubernamentales, académicos y de la sociedad civil, tanto a nivel local, como nacional e internacional: el empoderamiento de las mujeres y su agencia para el cambio social. El objetivo del estudio es analizar dos tipos prototípicos de empoderamiento femenino: el empoderamiento desde arriba que se gesta a través de la participación protagónica de mujeres pobres en el contexto de los programas de gobierno para el combate a la pobreza (Oportunidades y Hábitat) y el empoderamiento desde abajo de actoras clave en el contexto de los movimientos sociales (conflictos socioambientales). El análisis comparativo pretende establecer los contrastes en torno a los procesos de empoderamiento y sus alcances para generar cambios en la condición social, material e inmaterial, de las mujeres, sus familias y sus comunidades. El enfoque aquí propuesto recoge la perspectiva de género e incorpora tres perspectivas teórico-prácticas que abordan distintos elementos importantes del empoderamiento femenino: la línea de pensamiento estructural feminista-marxista, según la cual el empoderamiento femenino requiere de la eliminación de las desigualdades estructurales, la visión liberal-social para la equidad de género que promueve la eliminación de barreras institucionales que impiden a las mujeres aprovechar sus oportunidades de desarrollo y que forma parte del paradigma dominante del capitalismo contemporáneo y, por último, la postura feminista-posmoderna que enfatiza la necesidad de promover en las mujeres la toma de conciencia sobre su poder potencial para su transformación en sujetos sociales. A partir del análisis de curso de vida y entrevistas a profundidad de las mujeres participantes, se concluye que el empoderamiento desde arriba mejora temporalmente la condición material (económica, salud y educación) de las mujeres y sus familias, se renegocian algunas relaciones de género pero no se da una toma de conciencia sobre sí. En el contexto de los movimientos sociales, se observa un deterioro del bienestar físico y emocional, pero las mujeres logran alzar la voz para convertirse en sujetos sociales que buscan un aumento de su poder colectivo sobre las instituciones que las oprimen, como clase y como género. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

International audience ; This paper investigates emerging logics in the production of environmental knowledge in Southern Brazil through the case study of a complex process launched in 2004 that led the state of Rio Grande do Sul to adopt a management tool known as "Environmental Zoning for Silvicultural Activity" (ZAS). In order to regulate the implantation of Eucalyptus, Pine, and Acacia tree-farms on its territory, the State Environmental Administration decided to regulate silvicultural activities by establishing a set of restrictions based on the ecological vulnerability of landscape units. A conflict between public administration, silvicultural companies, and environmentalist groups, led to a thorough reformulation of this zoning plan between 2007 and 2010. The companies succeeded in reducing the restrictions placed on their activity, however, environmentalist groups later successfully imposed the need to conserve biodiversity, most notably natural grasslands. The ZAS is innovative on a regional scale because it is the first attempt to regulate agrarian activities that underpin the advancement of the agricultural frontier over the natural grasslands of the Campos. It also represents the first legal definition of the physiognomy of this herbaceous vegetation, allowing conservation measures to be taken. We explore in this paper some salient aspects of this case study, representative of the current processes of environmental knowledge production in the neo-developmentist context of South America: The contribution of natural resource conflicts in the emergence and legitimation of new environmental categories; The greater capacity of multinational companies to reshape the legislation about environment management; The intensive use of free-access environmental geographical databases (public open data) during the zoning conflict, and the general consensus about the legitimacy of their use. We highlight how this use creates new ways of measuring environmental vulnerability and allows actors to implement new environmental strategies. In spite of being generally conceived as a factor of democratization of information and empowerment, environmental open data may reinforce asymmetries between actors in environmental controversies and the processes of knowledge production. ; Cet article identifie certaines logiques émergentes de production de savoirs sur l'environnement au sud du Brésil, au travers de l'analyse du processus complexe ayant mené l'Etat du Rio Grande do Sul à adopter en 2010 un " Plan de zonage pour la Sylviculture ", outil d'aménagement régulant l'implantation de massifs sylvicoles sur son territoire. Afin de réguler l'accroissement rapide des surfaces d'Eucalyptus, Pin et Acacia plantées sur les herbages tempérés de l'Etat depuis le début de la décennie 2000, l'administration en charge de l'environnement au Rio Grande do Sul a piloté la mise en place de règles restreignant les activités sylvicoles, fondées sur la vulnérabilité écologique d'unités de paysages. De 2007 à 2010, d'intenses et conflictuelles négociations entre administration, entreprises sylvicoles et organisations écologistes ont entraîné plusieurs reformulations de ce plan de zonage. Le secteur entrepreneurial a réussi à réduire sensiblement les restrictions que lui imposait la première version du plan, tandis qu'écologistes et administration présentent comme une victoire l'inscription dans la loi de la nécessité de conserver les herbages, et sa traduction en règles concrètes de gestion. L'originalité du Plan de zonage pour la sylviculture à l'échelle régionale tient à deux caractéristiques : il s'agit de la première tentative de réguler spatialement l'une des activités agraires responsables -avec l'agriculture en semis direct et les prairies artificielles- de l'avancée de la frontière agricole sur les herbages naturels ou " campos " qui couvrent l'est de l'Argentine, l'Uruguay et le Sud du Rio Grande do Sul. Pour la première fois, ce type de végétation est défini dans un document ayant valeur de loi, permettant que soient mises en place des mesures de protection. Ce cas est emblématique de certaines logiques actuelles caractérisant la production de savoirs sur l'environnement, dans l'actuel contexte néo-développementiste de l'Amérique du Sud : les conflits pour les ressources naturelles contribuent à l'émergence et à la légitimation de nouvelles catégories environnementales, tandis que dans le même temps, les entreprises multinationales développent leur capacité à influencer les choix de techniques et méthodes permettant de mesurer et qualifier certaines dimensions de l'environnement. L'utilisation intensive de bases de données environnementales en accès libre au cours du conflit pour la redéfinition du zonage, ainsi que le large consensus légitimant leur usage, constituent une autre logique importante. Ce changement technique radical a des implications sur les façons de mesurer la vulnérabilité environnementale, et facilite de nouvelles stratégies de la part d'acteurs désirant influencer les choix de méthodes d'analyse, redessinant les processus par lesquels on définit et gère l'environnement. Conçues comme des vecteurs de démocratisation informationnelle et de renforcement des capacités de mobilisation citoyenne, les bases de données environnementales en accès libre peuvent cependant renforcer les asymétries entre acteurs lors de controverses environnementales et de production de savoirs.

La candidatura de adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea (en adelante UE) ha ido convirtiéndose, con los años, en uno de los temas más polémicos de la construcción europea. La Comisión Europea, el 3 de octubre de 2005 inició las negociaciones para la adhesión de Turquía,1 y, aunque seguramente no concluirán antes de una década, su objetivo último es la adhesión completa de este país a la Unión. La futura adhesión de Turquía a la UE presenta retos para ambas partes, pero sobre todo para la Unión. Retos que son muy diferentes a los de las adhesiones precedentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los retos que debe enfrentar la Unión Europea ante la eventual adhesión de Turquía a la Europa comunitaria. Para ello se ha dividido el trabajo en tres apartados. En el primero de ellos, intitulado "Breve historia de una compleja negociación", se hace una breve descripción de la negociación. En el segundo, "Aspectos a tener en cuenta para la adhesión de Turquía en la Unión Europea", se analizan los aspectos (geopolíticos, económicos y financieros, demográficos, culturales y religiosos) para considerar en la adhesión de Turquía a la Unión Europea; aspectos que impactarán en el desarrollo y actuación de la Europa Comunitaria una vez que se haya producido la adhesión de Turquía y, acto seguido, en el tercer apartado, "Retos de la incorporación de Turquía a la Unión Europea", se abordan los retos a que debería hacer frente la UE ante la eventual adhesión de Turquía sobre el funcionamiento la UE en lo relativo a cuatro dimensiones: la capacidad institucional, la política regional y de cohesión, la política exterior y de seguridad común de la UE. ; A candidatura de adesão da Turquia à União Européia (em adiante EU) tem ido se convertendo, com os anos, em um dos temas mais polêmicos da construção européia. A Comissão Européia, o dia 3 de outubro de 2005 iniciou as negociações para a adesão da Turquia,2 e, mesmo que provavelmente não concluirão antes de uma década, seu objetivo último é a adesão completa deste país à União. A futura adesão da Turquia à EU apresenta desafios para ambas partes, mas especialmente para a União, desafios que são muito diferentes aos das adesões precedentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os desafios que deve enfrentar a União Européia ante a eventual adesão da Turquia à Europa comunitária. Para isso tem se dividido o trabalho em três partes. Na primeira delas, intitulado "Breve história de uma complexa negociação", se faz uma breve descrição da negociação. Na segunda, "Aspectos a ter em conta para a adesão da Turquia na União Européia", analisam-se os aspectos (geopolíticos, econômicos e financeiros, demográficos, culturais e religiosos) para considerar na adesão da Turquia à União Européia; aspectos que impactarão no desenvolvimento e atuação da Europa Comunitária uma vez que se tenha produzido a adesão da Turquia e, logo depois, na terceira parte, "Desafios da incorporação da Turquia à União Européia", abordam-se os desafios ao que deveria fazer frente a UE ante a eventual adesão da Turquia sobre o funcionamento à UE no relativo a quatro dimensões: a capacidade institucional, a política regional e de coesão, a política exterior e de segurança comum da UE. ; Turkey's accession to the European Union (EU) has become, over the years, one of the most contentious issues of European integration. On October 3rd 2005, the European Commission began negotiations for its accession, and, although they will probably not be completed within a decade, its objective is the full accession to the Union. Turkey's accession to the EU presents challenges for both parties, but especially for the European Union. There are very different challenges from the previous accessions, indeed. This work aims to analyze the challenges the EU will face towards Turkey's possible accession to the European Community. Therefore, this work has been divided into three sections. In the first of them, entitled "Brief history of a complex negotiation", the negotiation is briefly described. The second, "Aspects to take into account for Turkey's accession to the European Union", in which different relevant (geopolitical, economic and financial, demographic, cultural and religious) aspects of the possible a cession are discussed: aspects that will have an important impact in the development and performance of the European Community, once accession is fulfilled. The third and last section, "Turkey's incorporating challenges", discusses the challenges the EU will have to face with the potential accession of Turkey, specifically concerning four dimensions: institutional capacity, regional and cohesion policy, EU common security and foreign policy.

International audience ; This paper investigates emerging logics in the production of environmental knowledge in Southern Brazil through the case study of a complex process launched in 2004 that led the state of Rio Grande do Sul to adopt a management tool known as "Environmental Zoning for Silvicultural Activity" (ZAS). In order to regulate the implantation of Eucalyptus, Pine, and Acacia tree-farms on its territory, the State Environmental Administration decided to regulate silvicultural activities by establishing a set of restrictions based on the ecological vulnerability of landscape units. A conflict between public administration, silvicultural companies, and environmentalist groups, led to a thorough reformulation of this zoning plan between 2007 and 2010. The companies succeeded in reducing the restrictions placed on their activity, however, environmentalist groups later successfully imposed the need to conserve biodiversity, most notably natural grasslands. The ZAS is innovative on a regional scale because it is the first attempt to regulate agrarian activities that underpin the advancement of the agricultural frontier over the natural grasslands of the Campos. It also represents the first legal definition of the physiognomy of this herbaceous vegetation, allowing conservation measures to be taken. We explore in this paper some salient aspects of this case study, representative of the current processes of environmental knowledge production in the neo-developmentist context of South America: The contribution of natural resource conflicts in the emergence and legitimation of new environmental categories; The greater capacity of multinational companies to reshape the legislation about environment management; The intensive use of free-access environmental geographical databases (public open data) during the zoning conflict, and the general consensus about the legitimacy of their use. We highlight how this use creates new ways of measuring environmental vulnerability and allows actors to implement new environmental strategies. In spite of being generally conceived as a factor of democratization of information and empowerment, environmental open data may reinforce asymmetries between actors in environmental controversies and the processes of knowledge production. ; Cet article identifie certaines logiques émergentes de production de savoirs sur l'environnement au sud du Brésil, au travers de l'analyse du processus complexe ayant mené l'Etat du Rio Grande do Sul à adopter en 2010 un " Plan de zonage pour la Sylviculture ", outil d'aménagement régulant l'implantation de massifs sylvicoles sur son territoire. Afin de réguler l'accroissement rapide des surfaces d'Eucalyptus, Pin et Acacia plantées sur les herbages tempérés de l'Etat depuis le début de la décennie 2000, l'administration en charge de l'environnement au Rio Grande do Sul a piloté la mise en place de règles restreignant les activités sylvicoles, fondées sur la vulnérabilité écologique d'unités de paysages. De 2007 à 2010, d'intenses et conflictuelles négociations entre administration, entreprises sylvicoles et organisations écologistes ont entraîné plusieurs reformulations de ce plan de zonage. Le secteur entrepreneurial a réussi à réduire sensiblement les restrictions que lui imposait la première version du plan, tandis qu'écologistes et administration présentent comme une victoire l'inscription dans la loi de la nécessité de conserver les herbages, et sa traduction en règles concrètes de gestion. L'originalité du Plan de zonage pour la sylviculture à l'échelle régionale tient à deux caractéristiques : il s'agit de la première tentative de réguler spatialement l'une des activités agraires responsables -avec l'agriculture en semis direct et les prairies artificielles- de l'avancée de la frontière agricole sur les herbages naturels ou " campos " qui couvrent l'est de l'Argentine, l'Uruguay et le Sud du Rio Grande do Sul. Pour la première fois, ce type de végétation est défini dans un document ayant valeur de loi, permettant que soient mises en place des mesures de protection. Ce cas est emblématique de certaines logiques actuelles caractérisant la production de savoirs sur l'environnement, dans l'actuel contexte néo-développementiste de l'Amérique du Sud : les conflits pour les ressources naturelles contribuent à l'émergence et à la légitimation de nouvelles catégories environnementales, tandis que dans le même temps, les entreprises multinationales développent leur capacité à influencer les choix de techniques et méthodes permettant de mesurer et qualifier certaines dimensions de l'environnement. L'utilisation intensive de bases de données environnementales en accès libre au cours du conflit pour la redéfinition du zonage, ainsi que le large consensus légitimant leur usage, constituent une autre logique importante. Ce changement technique radical a des implications sur les façons de mesurer la vulnérabilité environnementale, et facilite de nouvelles stratégies de la part d'acteurs désirant influencer les choix de méthodes d'analyse, redessinant les processus par lesquels on définit et gère l'environnement. Conçues comme des vecteurs de démocratisation informationnelle et de renforcement des capacités de mobilisation citoyenne, les bases de données environnementales en accès libre peuvent cependant renforcer les asymétries entre acteurs lors de controverses environnementales et de production de savoirs.

Magistrsko delo obravnava problematiko poslovnih pogajanj v podjetju Metal Ravne, d.o.o., natančneje pogajanja med domačimi in ruskimi poslovnimi partnerji. Pogajanja so pomembna sestavina poslovnega delovanja in posebna dejavnost menedžerjev v organizacijah. So večsmeren proces sporazumevanja za usklajevanje interesov, v katerem več udeležencev vpliva medsebojno pri nastajanju skupnih odločitev. Dobra pogajanja morajo usklajevati interese in hkrati obvladovati nasprotja med udeleženci organizacije, ki so lahko notranji ali zunanji. Nasprotja v pogajanjih so gonilo napredka, usklajeni interesi kot rezultat pogajanj pa pogoj za uspešnost organizacije. Nasprotno pa se neusklajeni interesi lahko izrodijo v škodljive spore, ki nikomur ne koristijo. Dober pogajalec se ne rodi, ampak so dosego stopnje dobrega pogajalca potrebne večletne izkušnje. Izkušenost pa posledično prinese tudi izkušnje v načinu priprave za pogajanje, načinu komuniciranja in v pripravi strategije. Vse to je potrebno, saj zaradi vedno večjega odpiranja tujim trgom in povezovanja držav, poslovna pogajanja potekajo med pogajalci iz različnih kulturnih okolij, s specifičnim sistemom vrednot in pričakovanj. Te razlike v stališčih, prepričanju in percepciji so skupaj z mnogimi drugimi značilnostmi kulture temeljnega pomena za dobra mednarodna pogajanja in imajo velik vpliv na sam potek pogajanj. Poznavanje kulture nasprotne strani pomeni določeno prednost v pogajanjih, saj se z dobro pripravo na sama pogajanja skrajša čas pogajanj in hkrati pripomore k sklenitvi sporazuma, ki je za obe pogajalski strani najbolj zaželjen. Priprave na pogajanja s tujimi poslovnimi partnerji igrajo pomembno vlogo, kajti pri sami pripravi pogajanj izkušen pogajalec dobro spozna kulturo pogajalskega partnerja, strategijo pozna, stil, nebesedno komunikacijo in ostale dejavnike, ki vplivajo na potek in rezultat pogajanj. Neizkušeni pogajalci pogosto delajo omenjene napake, popolnoma ignorirajo kulturne razlike nasprotne strani itn. V magistrski nalogi smo želeli na konkretnem primeru pokazati, kakšne so razlike med slovenskimi in ruskimi pogajalci, kakšna je razlika v pogajalskem stilu in slogu, pogajalski strategiji, poslovnih običajih in poslovnem bontonu. Leta 2007 je namreč rusko podjetje KOKS postalo večinski lastnik Metala Ravne kot tudi večinski lastnik Slovenske industrije jekla. Kot večinski lastniki podjetja Metal Rusi odločajo o vlaganju v investicije. In prav to področje je temeljno pri pogajalski dejavnosti podjetja. Ob obravnavi problematike v podjetju Metal smo ugotovili, da so pogajanja podjetja Metal z ruskimi partnerji še v povojih. ; Master's thesis deals with the issue of business negotiations in the company Metal Ravne, d.o.o., concentrating on negotiations between the Slovenian and Russian business partners. Negotiations are an important element of business activity and a specific activity of managers in organisations. They are a multi-way process of communication for a coordination of different interests, in which several participants interact in the formation of joint decisions. Successful negotiations coordinate interests and manage conflicts between participants, which may be internal or external. Conflicts in negotiations are the driving power of progress while adjusted interests as a result of negotiations are the precondition for a successful organisation. On the other side, unadjusted interests may deteriorate into detrimental misunderstandings and disputes which is of no use to anyone. A negotiator is not born. It takes many years of experience to develop the skills necessary to become a successful negotiator. This eventually also brings experience in the way how we prepare ourseself best for negotiations, in the way how we communicate and how we prepare our strategy. All this is necessary as - due to an increasing opening of foreign markets and bonding among countries - business negotiations run between negotiatiors from a different cultural background, each with a specific system of values and expectations. These differences in attitudes, beliefs and perceptions, along with many other characteristics of culture, are essential for successful international negotiations and they have a major influence on the negotiation process itself. Knowing the culture of the opposite negotiating partner represents a certain advantage since good preparations for the negotiation itself reduce the time of negotiations, simultaneously contributing to the conclusion of the agreement most desired by both negotiating partners. Preparations for negotiations with foreign business partners play an important role since – already before negotiations - an experienced negotiator learns the culture of the opposite negotiating partner, his strategy, style, non-verbal communication and other factors which have influence on the course and on the outcome of negotiations. Inexperienced negotiators often make mistakes, completely ignoring cultural differences of the opposite partner and similar. This Master's thesis concentrates on revealing differences between the Slovenian and Russian negotiators, on differences in their negotiation style, strategies, business practices and business etiquette. In 2007, the Russian company KOKS became the majority owner of Metal Ravne, d.o.o. and also the majority owner of the Slovenian Steel Group, d.d. In this capacity, the Russians now make decisions on investments. And this is exactly the area which is essential in the negotiatiation business of the company. When analysing this issue in the company Metal Ravne, d.o.o., it was established that negotiations between Metal Ravne, d.o.o. and the Russian partners are still in the early stages of development

International audience ; This paper investigates emerging logics in the production of environmental knowledge in Southern Brazil through the case study of a complex process launched in 2004 that led the state of Rio Grande do Sul to adopt a management tool known as "Environmental Zoning for Silvicultural Activity" (ZAS). In order to regulate the implantation of Eucalyptus, Pine, and Acacia tree-farms on its territory, the State Environmental Administration decided to regulate silvicultural activities by establishing a set of restrictions based on the ecological vulnerability of landscape units. A conflict between public administration, silvicultural companies, and environmentalist groups, led to a thorough reformulation of this zoning plan between 2007 and 2010. The companies succeeded in reducing the restrictions placed on their activity, however, environmentalist groups later successfully imposed the need to conserve biodiversity, most notably natural grasslands. The ZAS is innovative on a regional scale because it is the first attempt to regulate agrarian activities that underpin the advancement of the agricultural frontier over the natural grasslands of the Campos. It also represents the first legal definition of the physiognomy of this herbaceous vegetation, allowing conservation measures to be taken. We explore in this paper some salient aspects of this case study, representative of the current processes of environmental knowledge production in the neo-developmentist context of South America: The contribution of natural resource conflicts in the emergence and legitimation of new environmental categories; The greater capacity of multinational companies to reshape the legislation about environment management; The intensive use of free-access environmental geographical databases (public open data) during the zoning conflict, and the general consensus about the legitimacy of their use. We highlight how this use creates new ways of measuring environmental vulnerability and allows actors to implement new environmental strategies. In spite of being generally conceived as a factor of democratization of information and empowerment, environmental open data may reinforce asymmetries between actors in environmental controversies and the processes of knowledge production. ; Cet article identifie certaines logiques émergentes de production de savoirs sur l'environnement au sud du Brésil, au travers de l'analyse du processus complexe ayant mené l'Etat du Rio Grande do Sul à adopter en 2010 un " Plan de zonage pour la Sylviculture ", outil d'aménagement régulant l'implantation de massifs sylvicoles sur son territoire. Afin de réguler l'accroissement rapide des surfaces d'Eucalyptus, Pin et Acacia plantées sur les herbages tempérés de l'Etat depuis le début de la décennie 2000, l'administration en charge de l'environnement au Rio Grande do Sul a piloté la mise en place de règles restreignant les activités sylvicoles, fondées sur la vulnérabilité écologique d'unités de paysages. De 2007 à 2010, d'intenses et conflictuelles négociations entre administration, entreprises sylvicoles et organisations écologistes ont entraîné plusieurs reformulations de ce plan de zonage. Le secteur entrepreneurial a réussi à réduire sensiblement les restrictions que lui imposait la première version du plan, tandis qu'écologistes et administration présentent comme une victoire l'inscription dans la loi de la nécessité de conserver les herbages, et sa traduction en règles concrètes de gestion. L'originalité du Plan de zonage pour la sylviculture à l'échelle régionale tient à deux caractéristiques : il s'agit de la première tentative de réguler spatialement l'une des activités agraires responsables -avec l'agriculture en semis direct et les prairies artificielles- de l'avancée de la frontière agricole sur les herbages naturels ou " campos " qui couvrent l'est de l'Argentine, l'Uruguay et le Sud du Rio Grande do Sul. Pour la première fois, ce type de végétation est défini dans un document ayant valeur de loi, permettant que soient mises en place des mesures de protection. Ce cas est emblématique de certaines logiques actuelles caractérisant la production de savoirs sur l'environnement, dans l'actuel contexte néo-développementiste de l'Amérique du Sud : les conflits pour les ressources naturelles contribuent à l'émergence et à la légitimation de nouvelles catégories environnementales, tandis que dans le même temps, les entreprises multinationales développent leur capacité à influencer les choix de techniques et méthodes permettant de mesurer et qualifier certaines dimensions de l'environnement. L'utilisation intensive de bases de données environnementales en accès libre au cours du conflit pour la redéfinition du zonage, ainsi que le large consensus légitimant leur usage, constituent une autre logique importante. Ce changement technique radical a des implications sur les façons de mesurer la vulnérabilité environnementale, et facilite de nouvelles stratégies de la part d'acteurs désirant influencer les choix de méthodes d'analyse, redessinant les processus par lesquels on définit et gère l'environnement. Conçues comme des vecteurs de démocratisation informationnelle et de renforcement des capacités de mobilisation citoyenne, les bases de données environnementales en accès libre peuvent cependant renforcer les asymétries entre acteurs lors de controverses environnementales et de production de savoirs.

Global warming now poses one of the most serious challenges to the well-being of humanity at large. The projected increase in the Earth's mean surface and ocean temperatures will have a severe impact on human health in both the developed and developing regions of the world. As the burning of fossil fuels contributes significantly to worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, there has been a concerted policy reform effort in both the US and abroad to transform the electricity sector by increasing the displacement of conventional fossil fuel-based thermal generation with clean renewable generation such as wind and solar. California, for example, has set a target of 33% renewable energy penetration by the year 2020. Wind and solar energy will play a key role in realizing such aggressive targets. However, at these deep penetration levels, the inherent variability of wind and solar power production poses serious engineering and market challenges. These are due to the uncertainty, intermittency, and uncontrollability of wind and solar power. They are essentially random -- a stark contrast to conventional thermal power generation. How is variability in wind an solar power production dealt with today? Today, wind and solar energy are assimilated into the grid through legislative mandates, feed-in tariffs, lenient imbalance penalty pricing, guaranteed grid access, tax relief, and/or construction subsidies. Specifically, in California, the Participating Intermittent Renewable Program (PIRP) legislation compels the independent system operator (ISO) to accept all produced wind power subject to certain contractual constraints. This amounts to a system take-all-wind modus operandi in which wind power is treated as a negative load and the subsequent increase in the variability of net-load is absorbed by a portfolio of reserve generation capacity, whose cost is allocated amongst the load serving entities (LSE). Moreover, this socialisation of added reserve costs amongst the LSEs constitutes an implicit subsidy for variability costs to participating wind power producers. We submit to the reader that the current extra-market approach to renewable energy integration will become untenable as wind and solar energy penetration increases. Under this system-take-all-power regime, the attendant intermittency and limited forecastability of wind and solar power production will lead to a significant increase in the reserve generation requirements necessary to maintain system balance -- an unacceptable consequence. It is too expensive. Ergo, it will rapidly become infeasible to continue the implicit subsidization of the variability costs among the load serving entities. Moreover, it severely mitigates the net greenhouse gas benefit of renewable energy, as regulating reserves are normally supplied by fast-acting, fossil fuel based thermal generators such as natural gas turbines. The current strategy cannot scale. Clearly, strategies that mitigate the need for additional reserve requirements will be an essential means to supporting deep integration of variable renewable energy. Throughout this dissertation, we will focus explicitly on wind, however, much of the analysis is directly applicable to solar power generation as well.How will variability be dealt with tomorrow? In the near term, we argue that wind power producers will be forced to participate in conventional electricity markets alongside traditional dispatchable generation, where they will face ex-post financial penalties for deviations from contracts offered ex-ante in forward markets -- thus eliminating the implicit subsidy for variability costs. In response to the financial risk emanating from uncertainty in wind power production, a rational wind power producer will be forced to curtail its projected output, thus decreasing the amount of variability that has to be compensated for with reserve generation by the system operator. However, such a removal of the implicit subsidy for variability cost may result in significant profit loss to the wind power producer. Consequently, it will become necessary for the wind power producer to develop and evaluate strategies that aid in the mitigation of wind power output variability. In this dissertation, we quantify, within the setting of a perfectly competitive market, the maximal expected profit achievable by a wind power producer through optimal bidding. Moreover, as wind is an inherently variable source of energy, we explore the sensitivity of optimal expected profit to uncertainty in the underlying wind process and quantify the marginal economic value of various firming mechanisms that aid in the mitigation of power output variability. Specifically, we appraise the benefit of improved forecasting and quantify the added value of recourse opportunities afforded by the co-location of an energy storage system and/or fast-acting thermal generation with the wind power producer. Further, we explore the extent to which a group of N independent wind power producers can exploit the statistical benefits of aggregation and risk sharing by forming a willing coalition to pool their variable power to jointly offer the aggregate output as single entity into a forward energy market.