Suchergebnisse

Les problèmes de financement de la sécurité sociale -- The financing of social security -- The problem of financing social security -- The finance of healthcare in Europe -- Pour une réforme du financement de la sécurité sociale -- Les prestations sociales -- The social benefits -- The organization of social security -- Les structures de la sécurité sociale -- The organization of social security -- Les réformes de la sécurité sociale en Belgique -- The causes of the increasing number of disablement pensioners in Norway -- La sécurité sociale des étrangers et des migrants selon les instruments de l'organisation internationale du travail (OIT) -- Bilan scientifique du Colloque.

Discusses the history of Native Americans, with a sampling of excerpts from their own accounts of their experiences

AbstractWhy are there Advocates General in the Court of Justice of the European Union? A standard answer to this question is likely to be either a simple textual reference (because the Treaty provides for them); or an appeal to authority (because the original framers of the Treaties put them there, inspired by the French legal system); or a rather pragmatic appeal to their on-going utility (because they assist the Court and they do a great job); or any combination of these three. All of these explanations are valid. This contribution, however, attempts to go a little deeper in discerning what may be the ideological justification for Advocates General in the Court of Justice. It does so by carrying out a historical and comparative study concerning their origins and systemic justification from the vantage point of a national lawyer coming from a Member State that does not know any type of a 'fourth in the court'.The first part of the contribution explains which factors have considerably eroded the position of Advocates General in the course of the last decade and why questions concerning their role and its justification became topical. Second, the commonly invoked reference to the French inspiration for introducing Advocates General is critically examined. It is suggested that justifications once provided with respect to the office of commissaire du gouvernement in the Conseil d'État can hardly be used on the European level with respect to Advocates General. Third, possibilities of internal justification of the role of Advocates General are examined: are Advocates General providing any unique assistance to the Court of Justice, which could not be provided for in different ways? With a negative answer to the latter question, the last part of the argument offers a simple yet solid overreaching justification as to why there should be Advocates General in the Court of Justice.

Frontmatter -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction / Watts, Richard J. / Ide, Sachiko / Ehlich, Konrad -- Part 1: The Theory and History of Linguistic Politeness -- 1. Intracultural tact versus intercultural tact / Janney, Richard W. / Arndt, Horst -- 2. Linguistic politeness and politic verbal behaviour: Reconsidering claims for universality / Watts, Richard J. -- 3. On the historicity of politeness / Ehlich, Konrad -- 4. Literary texts and diachronic aspects of politeness / Sell, Roger D. -- 5. Politeness in linguistic research / Held, Gudrun -- 6. Traditional and modern views: the social constitution and the power of politeness / Werkhofer, Konrad T. -- Part 2: Empirical Studies in Politeness -- 7. Secondhand politeness / Knapp-Potthoff, Annelie -- 8. Between matter-of-factness and politeness / Stalpers, Judith -- 9. Children's understanding of white lies / Walper, Sabine / Valtin, Renate -- Part 3: Politeness in a Non-Western Cultural Setting -- 10. The metapragmatics of politeness in Israeli society / Blum-Kulka, Shoshana -- 11. The concept of politeness: An empirical study of American English and Japanese / Ide, Sachiko / Hill, Beverly / Carnes, Yukiko M. / Ogino, Tsunao / Kawasaki, Akiko -- 12. Linguistic etiquette in Japanese society / Coulmas, Florian -- 13. Politeness in Thai / Kummer, Manfred -- References -- Author and subject index -- Backmatter

Zu Beginn des Jahres 2012 lag das Soziale Europa am Boden. Zwei Jahre Austeritätspolitik in den peripheren Mitgliedsstaaten, vor allem in Südeuropa, und die Einführung neuer strenger fiskalpolitischer Maßnahmen in der Eurozone hatten zu massiven sozialen Verwerfungen, zu hoher Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut, geführt. Vielen erschien die Europäische Union – und besonders die Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion (WWU) – als ein neoliberales Projekt, in dem Banken und Finanzmärkte auf Kosten von Bürgern und Wohlfahrtsstaaten gerettet wurden. Die Mitgliedsstaaten befänden sich auf einem unrettbaren Weg i...

Karyopherins are transporters involved in the bidirectional, selective and active transport of macromolecules through nuclear pores. Importin-β1 is the paradigm of karyopherins and, together with its cargo-adapter importin-α, mediates the general nuclear import pathway. Here we show the existence of different cellular pools of both importin-α and -β1 homologues, KapA and KapB, in the coenocytic ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans. Fluorescence analysis of haploid and diploid strains expressing KapB::GFP and/or KapA::mRFP showed patches of both karyopherins concurrently translocating long distances in apically-growing cells. Anterograde and retrograde movements allowed those patches to reach cell tips and distal regions with an average speed in the range of μm/s. This bidirectional traffic required microtubules as well as kinesin and dynein motors, since it is blocked by benomyl and also by the inactivation of the dynein/dynactin complex through nudA1 or nudK317 mutations. Deletion of Kinesin-3 motor UncA, required for the transport through detyrosinated microtubules, strongly inhibited KapA and KapB movement along hyphae. Overall, this is the first report describing the bidirectional dynamics of the main nuclear import system in coenocytic fungi. A functional link is proposed between two key cellular machines of the filamentous fungal cell: nuclear transport and the tip-growth apparatus. © 2013 Etxebeste et al. ; This work has been supported by former Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and Ciencia e Innovación, through grants BFU2006-04185 and BFU2009-08701, and current Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through grant BFU2012-33142 to E.A.E. O.E. held a research contract associated to grant BFU2006-04185 at the CIB, a research contract at The University of The Basque Country (UPV/EHU) with funds from Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (BFU2010-17528) and is now a Lecturer at the UPV/EHU with funds from the Basque Government (IT599-13). María Villarino held a research contract associated to grant BFU-2009-08701. A.M.-I. held a predoctoral F.P.I. fellowship from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and is now a contract researcher of The University of The Basque Country associated to a grant for Specialization of Researchers of the UPV/EHU(2012). ; Peer Reviewed