Suchergebnisse

Paleolithic/Neolithic (Megalithic) Lineal Scripts have been found in big or small rocks with or without megalithic context. Huelva (South West Spain) megalithic rocks presented engraved signs apparently contained in the Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary and this region is in the core of Tartessian civilization. Iberian-Tartessian scripts have been found in South West Algeria, Canary Islands and Iberia. The genesis of this type of writing may have more ancient roots than established (1st Century BC) as Strabo stated that it may be thousands of years older. The finding of the same Iberian-Tartessian signs within such a big geographic area supports that demic diffusion substitution either from East Mediterranean or Russian steppes is not found in Iberia according to physical anthropology traits and also genetic studies from different research groups from different countries: Iberians, North Africans and Canary Islanders are genetically close supporting prehistorical contacts also sustained by Sahara Desert rapid desiccation followed by people migration. On the other hand, it is difficult to understand Paleolithic /Neolithic-Megalithic Lineal rock inscriptions continuity in such a long period without a known language, considered identical or related to Iberian, or political unit unless Basque language, or similar one, was present in Paleolithic time, as suggested by some authors. Paleolithic Lineal scripts have also been found in Java (Indonesia) and South Africa. It is feasible that worldwide Mother Goddess religion which extended since Paleolithic to Neolithic/Megalithic times may be the one common certain and documented character available to blame of such a surprising unity and continuity of rock lineal engravings.

The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the genre of poemphrase including such poetic texts with a title phraseologism which reveal its informational potential and demonstrate the connections of different levels of language with the component composition of its phraseological title. The poem phrase text is considered as the realisation of one of the vectors of the phraseologism creative potential. Such text inherits and transforms denotative, connotative, combinable, stylistic, culturological and other features of the basic phraseological item. The article describes the essential features of a phraseological item that contribute to the creation of a poetic text on its basis – extralinguistic, system-linguistic and internal, peculiar to certain phraseological items. Examples of realisations of the creative potential of phraseology are analysed – the author's texts (at the moment there are more than fifty works of this new genre). The article demonstrates how in the poemphrase based on the generally accepted, culturally mastered meaning of phraseologism in all the richness of its macro- and microcomponents reveal both the common language, typical and individual, subjective beginnings. The article reveals the connection of the global properties of Russian phraseology (anthropocentrism and anthropometrism) with the realisation of the creative potential of phraseologism in a lyrical or lyroepic text of the genre of poemphrase. The linguistic and informative status of phraseologism in a poetic text-poemphrase in which a phraseologism plays a dominant genre-forming and text-forming role, is determined.

The Macedonian and Bulgarian states are two neighboring countries between which there is a rather unique dispute. Namely, the Republic of Bulgaria believes that the Macedonian language and the Macedonians in general, in the past did not exist and in fact were Bulgarians. The non-recognition of a separate Macedonian language by Bulgaria, for many years caused practical problems between the two countries because it was not possible to sign any bilateral Agreement. In order to overcome the previous disputed situations, two legal acts were signed, the Declaration of 1999 and, later, the 2017 Agreement. These two documents provide specific solutions to these issues. In this paper the texts of the two legal acts are analyzed and compared. The solutions provided in these acts form the framework and trajectory of future relations between the two countries. Having in mind the fact that Republic of Bulgaria is also part of the European Union (EU), and its neighbor is only a candidate, there is a danger that bilateral issues will indirectly become part of the package of conditions for EU membership and thus practically go beyond their bilateral character. As we will see below in the analysis of the texts, there is a certain asymmetry in the provisions of these two legal acts, primarily in relation to the Macedonian side. Undoubtedly, there are some positive sides but at the same time certain solutions listed in the two legal acts seem to be a source of new problems in the Macedonian-Bulgarian relations.

Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Modern World – Towards Cultural AnimationThe situation of cultural and linguistic minorities in the 21st century demands reflection about their status and the way of existing in relation to dominant cultures. Even defining the criteria of belonging to the minority is problematic. The objective criteria, i.e. the usage of the ethnic language, the way of dressing, the lifestyle – are now insufficient. Nowadays, to survive in the modern world the minorities adapt the techniques developed by the dominant cultures. The obliteration of cultural differences does not have to mean disappearance of minority cultures. They can find for themselves such niches where they have a chance to exist and to develop. But not all cultural activists accept the modernization of such cultures. They are afraid that they would lose their character and uniqueness. It seems, nevertheless, that the process is inevitable, yet it does not have to have negative consequences. In order to secure their existence the minority cultures need specific actions aimed at their survival. The financial and institutional help from the state seems not to be sufficient to mobilize ordinary people to become involved in the culture of their ancestors. The most efficient way – because directed at the needs and desires of people – is cultural animation. Thanks to the work of cultural animators many people can arouse in themselves the need and wish to join the struggle for survival of minority cultures and languages in the modern world.

The emergence of the Safavid Empire in the early sixteenth century marked a significant change in the geopolitics of the Middle East. This momentous change coincided with the widening of Ottoman expansion eastward and the exploration by European powers, especially by Venice, of the possibilities of forming alliances against the Ottomans with the involvement of the Safavids. Thus, Ottoman threat and commercial interests contributed to the emergence and development of diplomatic, cultural, and trade relations between the Republic of Venice and the Safavid Empire, which lasted until the end of the seventeenth century. Drawing on the documents from the Venetian State Archives and other contemporary sources, this book focuses mainly on some aspects of Safavid diplomacy, including the language of the Safavid polity, the role of European subjects as interpreters for the shahs, material and visual characteristics of Safavid diplomatic letters to Venice, the attitude of the Safavids towards resident diplomacy, the reception of the European envoys in the Safavid court and Europeans' perception of Safavid diplomatic practices, as well as the characteristics of the Safavid embassies to Venice. We have tried to explain the role of Turkish as a language of diplomacy and communication in Safavid-Venetian encounters. We have also attempted to explore briefly how the Venetians distinguished Safavid subjects according to their ethno-linguistic affiliations. Finally, we examine the Ottoman factor in Safavid-Venetian relations in order to establish to what extent, if any, the Ottomans had an impact on the overall character of Safavid-Venetian relations.

At the Environmental Service, there is a PPLH Arrangement and Compliance Division. One of the environmental dispute reporting services is a dispute between two or more parties arising from activities that have the potential and or have an impact on the environment. The environmental complaint and dispute resolution service at the Makassar City Environmental Service have guidelines for verifying disputes involving many aspects of activities and data collection. The background of the research is the community's obstacles in quick access to reporting complaints due to allegations of pollution and or environmental destruction. Another problem is that the Department of the Environment still needs to prepare a verification plan for environmental disputes involving the reporter and related agencies. The impact of the pandemic that cities and even countries have felt makes the problem even more complicated. The research objective is to design an E-Government application for Complaints and Environmental Dispute Resolution Services that can be accessed by the public anytime and anywhere, especially in the era of new habits. The waterfall's system development method starts from system engineering, needs analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. Black box testing method for functional testing. The programming language used is the PHP programming language in building environmental dispute verification media and Android-based applications as a complaint medium. The results of this study are that this application can be a medium so that complaints become easier and can neatly document the dispute resolution process.

Violence against women is a type of discrimination suffered by many women around the world and affects different groups in different ways. Migrant and refugee women who do not speak the host country language are a particularly vulnerable group due to the cultural, social, and linguistic barriers they encounter. Countries have an obligation to provide victims with the means to understand and be understood in order to guarantee their right to information and justice, and this obligation includes the provision of quality translation and interpretation services (Molina 2006). Moreover, international and EU law states that professionals providing services to gender‑based violence victims and survivors should have specialised training. This need for specialised training is also applicable to interpreters since they are the critical link between service providers and victims (Naredo 2015). This entry reviews the international legislation on gender‑based violence and on the victims' right to quality translation and interpretation (Del-Pozo-Triviño 2017). It also discusses the different areas of specialisation as well as the skills that translator and interpreter training must include (Abril 2015, Toledano and Del-Pozo-Triviño 2015). When translators and interpreters are not adequately qualified and language services are not provided by professionals, then victims can be revictimised by the very system that should guarantee their rights and security regardless of their nationality, ethnic or national origin, race, religion or any other condition or status (Toledano, Abril, Del-Pozo-Triviño et al. 2015, Toledano 2019).

The anthropocentric approach assumes the idea of an absolute observer in relation to a person, in particular, his or her face, which, along with others, has a sign of color. It is the complexion that can serve as the basis for the nickname of a person. The results of the discourse analysis of the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian language for the period of 1772–2016 allow us to distinguish three positions of observation of face color, in which it is perceived as an object 1) exotic, 2) diagnostic and 3) aesthetic. The possibilities of combining these positions are noted. A color thesaurus of adjectives denoting complexion (more than 70 units) and naming primary colors and their shades, as well as complex colors, has been compiled. Changes in complexion can be more or less prolonged, natural or artificial, caused by external conditions or the inner state of a person. The relationship between complexion and emotional state, conceptualized in language and recorded in fiction, has been confirmed by modern experimental studies in the field of biology and medicine. In conclusion, the sociocultural reasons for the transformation of the positions of the observer of the complexion have been revealed: the processes of globalization and the principle of political correctness cause the reduction of the exotic look; commercialization and the development of the "beauty industry" actualize the aesthetic, although the aesthetic ideal changes, while the intersection of the positions of the doctor and the artist continues.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, sentiment analysis has been one of the most active research fields in natural language processing. Now sentiment analysis technology has not only achieved significant results in academia, but also has been widely used in practice. From business services to political campaigns, sentiment analysis is used in more and more fields. Sentiment analysis is essentially to dig out the user's emotional attitude from the massive emotional natural language text data, and analyze the emotional dynamics of the text author through certain technical means. At present, there is almost no sentiment analysis in cross-media writing content, and it can rarely help cross-media writing vision to advance with the times and comprehensive improvement of writing ability to adapt to the current rapidly developing information society; the commonly used text media in the digital age are not. Then there is the only composition tool. Various new media appearing with the development of the ages continue to intervene in writing, and it is the general trend to cultivate media literacy in writing. The main content of this paper is the research on the emotional intensity of students' Internet public Aiming at the shortcomings of the topic feature word selection in the sentiment tendency analysis of the students' Internet public opinion, improvements have been made to facilitate the research on the sentiment intensity of the sentiment analysis of the students' Internet public opinion. Sentiment analysis of students' cross-media written text through an improved MapReduce combinator model.

Graphic design can be described as a "language of vision". The primary goal is to communicate ideas and information effectively and efficiently using standard design principles, but there is a need to consider who might be excluded from accessing information when designing in a visual language. Following the social model of disability, inclusive design and accessible design both centre the idea that design needs to support and accommodate each individual user's needs and preferences. When graphic designers consider accessibility and inclusivity in their work, the result is a better experience for all, including people with disabilities and anyone who relies on accessible delivery of information. However, research suggests a lack of consideration has been given to accessibility in graphic design and many designers don't have the knowledge or experience to implement accessible design processes into their design solutions. This research explores how graphic designers learn about, interpret, and implement accessibility standards into practice. The use of participatory research methods resulted in a rich depth of understanding regarding the spectrum of knowledge, attitudes, and mindsets surrounding accessible design. The design outcome is a framework and set of recommendations on how government can support the graphic design industry in integrating accessible design into the graphic design ethos. The recommendations are intended to address the challenges and barriers graphic designers currently face, and to reflect the specific supports the design industry in B.C. needs to meet internationally recognized accessibility standards and to encourage thinking beyond accessibility legislation compliance.

Correspondence in an institution or government agency or independently is very important to notify the activities to be carried out. There are several types of letters that have been known, namely official letters and non-official letters. Letters issued from agencies or institutions include official letters. In writing an official letter, it is necessary to pay attention to good and correct systematics as well as spelling that is in accordance with the Indonesian language. After observing observing the Tunas Melati Savings and Loans Cooperative in writing outgoing letters, there are still many mistakes made, especially with spelling that looks simply but has fatal consequences for the reader or recipient of the letter. Some of the Cooperative management work as housewives who still lack knowledge of correspondence, especially the letters issued to this Tunas Jasmine cooperative. For this reason, the service team needs to conduct letter writing training, especially outgoing letters to the Tunas Melati cooperative. This training was held on Monday, March 28, 2022, which was attended by 7 cooperative administrators with techniques for providing knowledge, asking questions and practicing letter writing. With this activity, the management can write a good letter in accordance with a good systematic and correct spelling in accordance with the applicable Indonesian language. From the results of the training, the administrators in writing letters, especially outgoing letters, have understood and understood both the systematics and the spelling used in correspondence, so that in the future there will be no more spelling errors because all this time it was made by administrators who did not fully understand spelling. in correspondence.

This study offers a cognitive metaphorical analysis of the events framing the Tunisian Revolution in English and Arabic news discourse between 2010 and 2014. The study addressed two central questions: (1) How has the Tunisian Revolution been metaphorically represented in English and Arabic political news discourse based on the cognitive domain of journey? What are the similarities and differences between the metaphorical representations in the same news discourse? The conceptual integration network emerging in the analysis is single-scope as the two input spaces of journey and revolution were demonstrated to have different organizing frames. Specifically, only the frame of journey is projected to organize the blend. Findings showed that anchoring the concept of revolution to that of journey has created a kind of semantic tension that helped journalists to evoke emotional responses and manipulate the discursive function of metaphors as persuasive tools. Because of the cross-space mappings between journey and revolution, nearly all concepts related to the revolutionary experience proved to have a counterpart in the journey frame. Equally important, the results of comparing and contrasting cognitive metaphors in English and Arabic news discourse could offer insights into the way language develops based on a cognitive basis. Therefore, learners of both English and Arabic could access the system governing language learning concerning the formation of semantic networks based on different conceptual frames, thereby enhancing their metaphorical competence. Developing learners' metaphorical competence would help them in analyzing, reconstructing, and translating diverse textual data

The article discusses possible political consequences of the introduction of the following novella: Russians are a "state-forming people", tied to the Russian language, into Article 68 of the Russian Federation Constitution. This amendment turns the author of the Constitution, the "multinational people of Russia," into a "multinational union of peoples", where, notwithstanding a formal equality, the "state-forming" people predominates. As a result, in Russia there are "non-state-forming peoples" who speak other languages and compose over a quarter of the population. Most for thousands of years have resided on their native lands, which were included (often by the use of force) into the Russian Empire no more than 200-250 years ago. It seems they can claim to have participated in the "formation" of this common state not to a lesser degree than the Russians, who were suddenly given the status of a "state-forming" people. This amendment is clearly populist in nature, representing an example of legal nonsense. In addition, its adoption does not change anything for the position of the Russian majority, causing so far only dull irritation among representatives of the political elites and open protest of the intellectual elites of other peoples of Russia. Each change to the Basic Law must be carefully considered and absolutely necessary, and at the same time lead to the consolidation of the peoples of Russia, and not to their separation. Further, the article analyzes the issue of some foundations for the stability of the Russian state.

Abstract Ambiguity is problem on any discipline. Social and politic are support on these cases. Here is part of case on how such of problem makes everything getting complex problems. On social- politic it happens to the relational effect coming up without we see before. It happens because we assume that everything no problem. Afterwards, we see the case behind of that a, meaning relationship between one and another. On language, ambiguity is part of effective sentence because it comes from word into a sentence. On lexical case we see a meaning of word related on lexical meaning, but on grammatical case we see the holistic effect of the case of meaningful sentence. Keywords: Ambiguity, grammatical, language problem Abstrak Ambiguitas sebenarnya adalah persoalan dalam bidaang apa pun. Ia memberi kita pemahaman tentang makna ganda akibat penafsiran yang salah. Dalam ilmu soasial dan politik, misalnya, ambigu adalah efek karena telanjur tidak tepatnya maksud awal serta keseluruhan maksud yang diungkapkan dalam rangkaian frasa atau kalimat. Pemakaian ambigu adalah kata umum. Adhana (2019) dengan mengutip perundang-undangan menilai bahwa ada kekuatan eksternal di balik penempatan aturan ketenagakerjaan tentang bahaya, dan ambigu peraturan ada di baliknya. Ambigu atau taksa berkaitan dengan kesalahan dalam pemakaian kalimat efektf (KE). Karena akan menjadi persoalan KE, kita akan tahu letak persoalan yang menjadi cikal-bakal kesalahan pemakaiannya. Di antaranya salah dalam menampatkan kkata dan salah dalam pemakaian tanda baca. Kata Kunci: Ambiguitas, masalah kebahasaan, tata bahasa

The article is devoted to the foreign policy aspect of the EU-integration of the Republic of North Macedonia. The main attention of the article is paid not only to the interaction of official Skopje and Brussels, but also to the problems of the regional dimension of integration processes. Three main regional challenges for Macedonia are considered: the Macedonian name dispute, the Political views on the Macedonian language and the Albanian issue. The last one is not only about the rights and claims of the Albanian community of the country, but also It is the issue which seriously affecting Macedonia bilateral relations with neighboring Albania, the so-called "Republic of Kosovo", Serbia and Montenegro. In the course of the study, the main contradictions of the parties were analyzed, the stages of the integration process of Macedonia in relation to NATO and the EU were highlighted, and a forecast was made regarding the prospects of the Skopje state to leave the top ten applicants and become a full member of the EU. Based on the results of the study, we came to the conclusion that in the future it is equally likely that both the successful resolution of existing conflicts in the case of a new focus of Brussels on the problems of the Western Balkans, and the freezing of existing contradictions and, even, under certain circumstances, the resumption of seemingly subsided memory wars, as this happened with the Political views on the Macedonian language in Macedonian- Bulgarian relations.