Suchergebnisse

Abstract
In 2015, more than 1 million asylum seekers and refugees arrived in Europe. Information on how European countries addressed the prevention and control of infectious diseases among these populations during and after this period is limited. This study is based on 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with first-line staff and health officials in May–June 2016 in first-entry countries (Greece/Italy), transit countries (Croatia/Slovenia) and destination countries (Austria/Sweden). Characteristics of health-service provision for infectious diseases at each stage of reception, with a focus on tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus infections, were investigated. No major differences in the provision of services in accordance with migration status (asylum seekers vs refugees) were reported. At arrival, interventions were focused on addressing emerging health needs and no major barriers to accessing acute hospital care for infectious diseases were reported. There were shortcomings in interventions to tackle medium- to long-term needs with respect to infectious diseases, including screening for chronic treatable infections and adult vaccination. European evidence-based guidance highlighting the most relevant interventions for infectious diseases during the reception process is needed.

"This work examines the rules governing the right to asylum in the European Union. The book analyses a number of sources of law including international law, EU law and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The book considers the 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol in order to understand the degree to which asylum obligations under international refugee law have been incorporated into the European Union. The book has a particular focus on the prohibition of refoulement the main obligation the EU law must confront. The dual nature of this principle is explored looking at both the obligation imposed upon a state to provide a fair procedure to determine the conditions of risk in the country of origin or destination, and also the obligation to refrain from or to respond to a possible expulsion. Through this investigation the book sheds light on the EU competence on asylum in relation to the different position of Members States"--

В настоящей статье рассматривается и анализируется динамика изменения миграционной политики стран Европейского Союза и Западных Балкан сквозь призму третьей волны пандемии КОВИД-19, захлестнувшей Европу. Предлагаются пути и методы решения проблемы беженцев в странах Европейского союза с учетом новых вызовов времени.

This book explores and analyses the multidimensional influence the European Union exerts in the world, focusing on its contribution to regional and global governance. Presenting a multidisciplinary approach with contributions by a panel of outstanding scholars from political science, economics, legal studies, philosophy and history, the book examines the EU as global player and international power in the making. The book is divided into three parts: Part I examines the influence of the EU as such on global governance, considering the Euro, the common market, the modernization policies for a knowledge society and its global role as both a multinational and regional democratic political system Part 2 focuses on the EU's external policies, including trade; humanitarian aid; the environment; climate change, migration, terrorism, crime and EU foreign policy Part 3 explores the EU as a global actor in the making and looks at issues including enlargement and the EU's neighbourhood policy; inter-regionalism; it critically addresses the weight of the historical legacies of Europe in the world and its cosmopolitan perspectives as well The European Union and Global Governance will be of vital interest to students and scholars of European Politics, International Relations, and European Studies.

Somek presents an original picture of the legitimacy underlying the European Union. Drawing on ancient and modern political philosophy, he argues that the transnational regime is rooted in an individualist social and intellectual culture, and depends on an apolitical, isolated citizenship

The article reveals the essence and content of the "vocational training" concept in the definitions of national and foreign researchers. It was determined that the practice of border training differs slightly in different countries due to the peculiarities of national legal systems, goals and level of development of the society and the state; national and historical traditions; development of legislation; requirements and official tasks of a specific law enforcement activity; national peculiarities of the law enforcement officers' professional training system; and pedagogical theories of the educational content. However, a number of common trends can be observed at the present stage of the European law enforcement officers' vocational training development. The author highlights and analyzes the main tendencies of specialists' training in the field of border protection of the European Union (EU) countries. Such trends include the establishment of a departmental system of continuous vocational education; integration tendencies expressed in the desire for rapprochement, coordination of different approaches, and harmonization of vocational training through the implementation of common standards; marked national traditionalism that exists along with the tendencies towards education integration; refinement of the training quality through the improvement of the content, conditions, forms, and methods of teaching and educational process and the use of effective pedagogical technologies in theoretical and practical work; activity and professional orientation of the learning, which is achieved through the wide spread of practical learning in the border guard training, and the combination of theory and practice; humanization of the training process, which lies in the affirmation of the person as the highest social value and creation of a new training model focused on the specialist's personality; and rating the vocational border guard training's communicative aspect as the one of primary importance. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the structure and content of the EU Common Core Curriculum. ; У статті розкривається сутність та зміст поняття «професійна підготовка» у визначеннях вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників. З'ясовано, що практика прикордонної підготовки дещо відрізняється у різних країнах, що обумовлено особливостями національних правових систем, цілями й рівнем розвитку суспільства і держави; національно-історичними традиціями; розвитком законодавства; вимогами і службовими завданнями конкретної правоохоронної діяльності; національними особливостями системи професійної підготовки співробітників правоохоронних органів; педагогічними теоріями змісту освіти. Проте на сучасному етапі розвитку професійної підготовки європейських правоохоронців простежується низка загальних тенденцій. Авторкою висвітлено та проаналізовано основні тенденції підготовки фахівців у сфері охорони кордону країн Європейського Союзу. До таких тенденцій відносяться: створення відомчої системи неперервної професійної освіти; інтеграційні тенденції, що виражаються у прагненні до зближення, узгодження різних підходів, гармонізації професійної підготовки шляхом упровадження єдиних стандартів; виражена національна традиційність, існуюча поряд із тенденціями до інтеграції навчання;підвищення якості підготовки шляхом удосконалення змісту, умов, форм і методів навчально-виховного процесу, застосування ефективних педагогічних технологій у навчально-практичній діяльності; активність і професійна спрямованість навчання, яка досягається широким розповсюдженням у прикордонній підготовці практичного навчання, поєднання теорії з практикою;гуманізація процесу підготовки, що полягає в утвердженні особи як найвищої соціальної цінності, створенні нового зразка підготовки, орієнтованої на особистість фахівця;віднесення комунікативного аспекту професійної прикордонної підготовки до розряду пріоритетних. Окрему увагу приділено аналізу структури і змісту Уніфікованої програми підготовки для прикордонників та фахівців берегової охорони ЄС.

Background. High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. Methods. A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. Results. We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. Conclusions. The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control.

1. EU institutions -- 2. Sources of law -- 3. EU law and national law -- 4. Judicial remedies and review (1) : direct actions -- 5. Judicial remedies and review (2) : indirect action - preliminary references -- 6. The free movement of goods -- 7. Competition policy -- 8. The free movement of workers -- 9. The freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services -- 10. Freedom from discrimination -- 11. The internal market and beyond.

The aim of the article is to present alternative measures of the economic system's efficiency, taking into consideration, in particular, the values of the so called Okun misery index being the sum of inflation and unemployment rates. The study is composed of four main parts and a summary. The first part, introduction, discusses various measures of the economic system's efficiency that are used in practice. Part two emphasises that the GDP per capita according to purchasing power parity still remains the most popular among those measures. Further, it presents the ranking of the European Union countries taking that measure into account, the research period being 1999- 2009. Part three points out that it is also the level of poverty (misery) that determines the economic system's efficiency. That level can be measured by means of various indicators, among others, the so called HPI-2 index calculated by the UN. It will be the Okun misery index, however, computed as the sum of inflation and unemployment rates that will be presented as an alternative being of interest from the macroeconomic point of view. The ranking of the European Union member states according to that measure in the 2000-2004 and 2005- 2009 periods will be provided in part four. The article will end in a summary containing synthetic conclusions drawn from earlier observations. ; Celem artykułu było przedstawienie alternatywnych mierników sprawności działania systemu gospodarczego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kształtowania się tzw. wskaźnika ubóstwa Okuna będącego sumą stopy inflacji oraz stopy bezrobocia. Opracowanie składa się z czterech części zasadniczych i podsumowania. W punkcie pierwszym omówiono różnorodne mierniki sprawności systemu gospodarczego wykorzystywane w praktyce. W części drugiej podkreślono, iż nadal najpopularniejszym z nich jest PKB per capita według parytetu siły nabywczej. Zgodnie z tym miernikiem przedstawiono ranking państw Unii Europejskiej w latach 1999-2009. W punkcie trzecim podkreślono, że o sprawności systemu gospodarczego decyduje także poziom ubóstwa. Może być on mierzony różnymi wskaźnikami, m.in. tzw. indeksem HPI- 2 obliczanym przez ONZ. Jako ciekawą z makroekonomicznego punktu widzenia alternatywę ukazano jednak miarę wskaźnika ubóstwa Okuna obliczanego poprzez zsumowanie stopy inflacji i stopy bezrobocia. Ranking państw Unii Europejskiej według tej miary w okresach 2000-2004 oraz 2005-2009 zaprezentowano w części czwartej. Całość zamknięto podsumowaniem, w którym zawarto syntetyczne wnioski z przeprowadzonych obserwacji.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Existential crisis, the possibility of disintegration, and the European Union in the 2010s -- The rise of an existential crisis: the economic factors -- Migration crisis and its connection with Europe's demographic crisis -- Terror attacks -- Populist attacks against the EU -- Recognition of the existential crisis -- The outside factor: loosening alliances and hostile neighbors -- Deep crisis is over, but are new ones coming? -- Escaping forward? -- 2 Inequalities within and among member countries undermined homogenization and became a source of discontents -- Capitalism and inequality -- Increasing inequality within the EU countries -- Inequality among member countries of the EU -- 3 The political representation of discontent: disappearing traditional political parties and rising populism -- From class to national parties -- Old mass parties are disappearing -- Melting down of the social democratic parties -- Rising populist parties -- Central political issues for populists -- 4 Brexit and its possible impact -- Joining late-leaving early -- "Hard" or "soft" landing? The Chequers plan -- The consequences of Brexit -- 5 Anti-European Union populism in Western and Southern Europe -- Liberal democracy and its multiethnic culture -- Why populism became triumphant in Britain -- Wilders, Le Pen, and others -- Populist defeats and victories, 2017-18 -- 6 Populism flooded Eastern Europe and the Balkans-undermining the EU -- A real home for populism -- The eastern part of Germany -- The region left behind -- The reverse migration crisis of the region -- The crisis of 2008 and austerity policy-authoritarian nationalism -- 7 Christian Europe? The use and abuse of Christian values and the populist debate -- Populism and Christianity.

"Copublished with the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, this study asks if the European Union (EU) has the capacity or the will to counter antisemitism. The desire to counter antisemitism was a significant impetus toward the formation of the EU in the twentieth century and now prejudice against Jews threatens to subvert that goal in the twenty-first. The European Union, Antisemitism, and the Politics of Denial offers an overview of the circumstances that obliged European political institutions to take action against antisemitism and considers the effectiveness of these interventions by considering two seemingly dissimilar EU states, Austria and Sweden. This examination of the European Union's strategy for countering antisemitism discloses escalating prejudice within the EU in the aftermath of 9/11. The author contends that Europe's political actors have responded to the challenge and provocation of antisemitism with only sporadic rhetoric and inconsistent commitment, a halfhearted strategy for countering antisemitism that exacerbates skepticism toward EU institutions and their commitments to equality and justice. This exposition of the insipid character of the EU's response simultaneously suggests alternatives that might mitigate the subtle and potentially devastating creep of antisemitism in Europe. This study offers a new approach insofar as scholarly considerations of the EU's attempts to combat racism rarely focus on antisemitism, while scholarship on antisemitism rarely considers the political context of the European Union. "--