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CONTEXTS -- Locating the Early Modern Child / Anna French -- The Early Modern Family / Katie Barclay -- The Household / Tara Hamling -- BEGINNINGS -- Conception, Pregnancy and Birth Daphna / Oren-Magidor -- Infancy / Anna French -- Schools and Education / Alan Ross -- IDENTITIES -- Protestants / Alec Ryrie -- Catholics / Lucy Underwood -- Gender Min Ji Kang -- ADVERSITY -- Crime and Disorder / Paul Griffiths -- Illness and Death / Adriana Benzaquén -- Illegitimacy Katie Barclay -- REPRESENTATIONS -- Drama / Katie Knowles -- Children's Clothing / Maria Hayward -- Portraiture / Jane Eade.

Chapter 1 Introduction -- Nationalism, Imperialism, and Globalization in the Shaping of Eastern Europe -- Background of Theories -- Chapter 2 Dialectics of Globalization: Empires and Nationalism -- Control by Empires Prior to WW I, 1815-1914 -- Emergence of Nation-States after 1918 -- Nazi/Fascist Empire, 1930s and 1940s -- Communist Empire, 1945-89 -- Post-communist Expressions of Nationalism after 1989 -- Chapter 3 Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism -- The Spread of Liberalism and Its Discontentment -- Successes of Liberalism and Persistence of Anti-liberalism -- Conclusion: Eastern Europe between Nationalism and Globalization -- Chapter 4 Ethnic Challenges from Within and Without -- Ethnic Warfare and Conflict within the States -- Migratory Pressures from the External Environment -- Theoretical Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Domestic and Global Security Challenges -- Terrorist Threats inside the State -- Russian Imperial Challenges after Crimea Takeover, 2014 -- Theoretical Conclusion -- Chapter 6 The Cloud of COVID-19 as a Global Pressure on the Region and Its Individual States, 2020 and After -- Key Historical Differences -- Impact of COVID-19 on Democratic Ratings -- Selected Case Studies of Political and Administrative Decisions during the 2020-22 Virus -- Election Outcomes during the Crisis Years -- Theoretical Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Conclusion: Imperialism, Globalization, and Nationalism in Eastern Europe in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperialism -- Globalization -- Nationalism -- Theoretical Conclusions

1. The Council of Europe in the bigger European picture -- 2. Human rights : a convention and a court -- 3. Human rights : protection and promotion -- 4. Specialized agencies : coalitions of the willing -- 5. Holding it all together -- 6. The road not taken -- 7. The wilderness years -- 8. Pan-European prospects -- 9. Redefining the problem -- 10. A common body of standards.

This article examines relationships between historical administrative systems and civil service politicization across Europe. I argue that to appreciate when and how history matters, we need to consider public service bargains struck between politicians and senior bureaucrats. Doing so complicates the relationship between historical and current administrative systems: a bureaucratic, as opposed to patrimonial, 18th-century state infrastructure is necessary for the depoliticization of ministerial bureaucracies in present-day Western Europe. However, the relationship does not hold in East-Central Europe since administrative histories are tumultuous and fractured. Combining data from across the European continent, I provide evidence in support of these propositions. Points for practitioners This article addresses policymakers dealing with reforms of personnel policy regimes at the centre of government. It considers the importance of history for politically attractive reforms, as well as the limits of this importance. I argue that 18th-century state infrastructures shape the extent to which political appointments are politically attractive tools for administrative control. I show that only in countries that feature a bureaucratic, as opposed to patrimonial, 18th-century infrastructure are ministerial top management occupied by a permanent, as opposed to politically appointed, staff. However, in East-Central Europe, a ruptured administrative history ensures that the distant past does not similarly shape the extent of political appointments.

This volume traces the attempts made after the Napoleonic Wars to link up all the numerous local and sectional Trade Societies into a single comprehensive 'General Trades Union' - attempts which culminated in the short-lived Grand National Consolidated Trades Union formed under Robert Owen's influence in 1833. Based on materials not previously used by historians, this book throws new light on the development of Trade Unionism, particularly in the North of England, during these critical years.

Europe at the millennium -- Agriculture and rural life -- Trade 1000-1350 -- Cities, guilds, and political economy -- Economic and social thought -- The great hunger and the big death -- The calamitous fourteenth century -- Technology and consumerism -- War and social unrest -- Fifteenth century portraits