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International relations studies have been unable to determine whether realist or liberal theories better fit state behavior in various situations, possibly because these studies have attributed motive and action to the states rather than to the decision‐makers within them. This article develops a new, more direct approach to resolving this problem. Hypotheses were tested regarding conditions under which decision‐makers are likely to articulate a problem representation consistent with liberal or realist elements of a worldview. This was done by content analysis of statements about 36 foreign conflicts by the governments of three "bystander" nations—the United States, Canada, and India—over a 16‐year period. The findings indicate that systemic and situational factors are far more important than domestic factors. States tend to represent wars in congruence with liberalism primarily when their security is already assured by another power or when the conflict does not involve allies, rivals, or fellow democracies. Thus, most of the expectations of realism are supported at the psychological level.

The events of 9/11 & afterwards appear to reinforce realism as the dominant theory of international relations. 9/11 demonstrated the continuing dangers of anarchic international society, realists believe, & showed that sovereign states must continue to guard their own interests, using military force as an essential means to maintain security. Post-realists agree that realism's cognitive simplicity fits the perceived crisis of 9/11. At the same time, post-realism suggests that political action is more complex & dynamic than realism believes. The attack from Al Qaeda did not come from another state, & the military responses in Afghanistan & Iraq did not demonstrably weaken it. Post-realism emphasizes the importance of multiple perspectives, interpretations, & meanings -- realist & non-realist -- for developing a critical understanding of international relations. As one example, this paper includes an account of US imperialism, identifiable through discursive analysis as a distinctive cultural formation. Though the single, simple viewpoint of realism may seem compelling, post-realism suggests that seeing the world through multiple frames is likely to produce more prudent strategies in world politics. Adapted from the source document.

In the 20th century, jazz was an important artistic form. Depending on the particular European country, jazz music carried different social, political and aesthetic meanings. It brought challenges in the areas of racial issues, the poli- tics of the Cold War between East and West, and in the exploration of bound- aries of artistic freedom. In socialist Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Poland, the situation began to change after 1956 and then 1968, when the ideologists shifted from the aesthetics of socialist realism to postmodernism. In Western countries such as France and Italy, jazz transformed from a mod- ern to a postmodern period. This volume deals with the impact of these chang- es on the career development of jazz musicians – even beyond 1989 – in terms of various phenomena such as emigration, child prodigies, multiculturalism, multi-genre approaches, or female jazz musicians.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- I. Refiguring Realism -- Realism and Rhetoric in International Relations -- II. Rereading Realist Writers -- Henry Kissinger: Realism's Rational Actor -- Realism Masking Fear: George F. Kennan's Political Rhetoric -- Reinhold Niebuhr and the Rhetoric of Christian Realism -- E. H. Carr: Ambivalent Realist -- Martin Wight: International Relations as Realm of Persuasion -- Hans J. Morgenthau In Defense of the National Interest:On Rhetoric, Realism, and the Public Sphere -- III. Rewriting Realist Concepts -- Rethinking Sovereignty -- The Meaning of Security -- Metaphors of Prestige and Reputation in American Foreign Policy and American Realism -- Nationalism and Realist Discourses of International Relations -- The Gender of Rhetoric, Reason, and Realism -- A Reinterpretation of Realism: Genealogy, Semiology, Dromology -- IV. Rewriting Foreign Policy -- Rhetorics of Place Characteristics in High-Level U. S. Foreign Policy Making -- The Logic of Différance in International Relations: U. S. Colonization of the Philippines -- Indigenous Peoples, Marginal Sites, and the Changing Context of World Politics -- Realistic Rhetoric but not Realism: A Senatorial Conversation on Cambodia -- V. Post-Realism -- Strategic Intelligence and Discursive Realities / Francis A. Beer and Robert Hariman -- List of Contributors -- Index.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. Pluralism, Relativism, and the Human Horizon -- 2. The Sense of Reality -- 3. The Vitality of Conflict -- 4. From Conflict to Compromise -- 5. Standing Up to Reflection -- 6. Legitimacy and Liberalism -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index

An argument for the classical realist approach to world politics An Unwritten Future offers a fresh reassessment of classical realism, an enduring approach to understanding crucial events in the international political arena. Jonathan Kirshner identifies the fundamental flaws of classical realism's would-be successors and shows how this older, more nuanced and sophisticated method for studying world politics better explains the formative events of the past. Kirshner also reveals how this approach is ideally equipped to comprehend the vital questions of the present-such as the implications of China's rise, the ways that social and economic change alter the balance of power and the nature of international conflict, and the consequences of the end of the US-led postwar order for the future of world politics.Laying out realism's core principles, Kirshner discusses the contributions of the perspective's key thinkers, including Thucydides, Hans Morgenthau, and Raymond Aron, among others. He illustrates how a classical realist approach gives new insights into major upheavals of the twentieth century, such as Britain's appeasement of Nazi Germany and America's ruinous involvement in Vietnam. Kirshner also addresses realism's limits and explores contemporary issues, including the ascent of great power challengers, the political implications of globalization, and the diffusion of power in modern world politics.A reexamination of the realist tradition, with a renewed emphasis on the crucial roles played by uncertainty, contingency, and contestation, An Unwritten Future demonstrates how a once-popular school of thought provides invaluable insights into pressing real-world problems

Earlier debate on critical realism has suggested the need for it to situate itself more fully in relation to both economic theory in general, and Marxist political economy in general. This is borne out in the following critique of Fleetwood's contribution on the subject of labour markets, which, it is argued, is insufficiently attentive to recent developments in mainstream labour-market theory, considerably undervalues the contributions made from within the Marxist tradition, and offers an alternative that fails to specify the extent to which labour markets are inextricably linked to the political economy of capitalism.

Singapore's existence and success derive in part from its achievements in the domestic political arena and in part from the skilful management of a well-defined foreign policy with clearly identifiable goals and issues. A visible core of realist self-reliance is layered with the demands of a competitive trading state that requires a liberal international trading regime. Hence, both competitive and cooperative philosophies support Singapore's foreign policy. This text charts the philosophical underpinning of Singapore's foreign policy output and the institutions responsible for.