Suchergebnisse

Im Rahmen eines philosophischen Beitrags wird versucht, das menschliche Handeln als ein sinnhaftes Tun zu würdigen und es in dieser Sinnhaftigkeit zugleich als einen Gegenstand der empirischen Forschung zugänglich zu machen. Den Weg zu diesem Ziel liefert das Gestaltungskonzept des Handelns, in dem Handeln als ein mehrdimensionaler Prozess von empirisch konstatierbaren Formbildungen im Bereich der Körperlichkeit, der Innerweltlichkeit, der Bewusstheit, der Geistigkeit und des technischen Charakters des Handelns aufgefasst wird. In Anlehnung an A. N. Whiteheads Theorie der Symbolisierung wird die Integration dieser verschiedenen Formbildungsprozesse zur Einheit einer Handlung dargestellt. Prozesse der Formangleichung durch kausale Wirksamkeit und der Interpretation durch imaginative Präsentation greifen hier ineinander. Auf der Ebene der Repräsentationen führt dieses Ineinandergreifen zu einer symbolischen Homogenisierung, die menschliches Handeln in die Einheit bestimmter Handlungen gliedert.

In this position paper we propose a consistent and unifying view to all those basic knowledge representation models that are based on the existence of two somehow opposite fuzzy concepts. A number of these basic models can be found in fuzzy logic and multi-valued logic literature. Here it is claimed that it is the semantic relationship between two paired concepts what determines the emergence of different types of neutrality, namely indeterminacy, ambivalence and conflict, widely used under different frameworks (possibly under different names). It will be shown the potential relevance of paired structures, generated from two paired concepts together with their associated neutrality, all of them to be modeled as fuzzy sets. In this way, paired structures can be viewed as a standard basic model from which different models arise. This unifying view should therefore allow a deeper analysis of the relationships between several existing knowledge representation formalisms, providing a basis from which more expressive models can be later developed. ; This research has been partially supported by the Government of Spain (grants TIN2015-66471-P and TIN2013-40765-P), the Government of Madrid (grant S2013/ICCE-2845) and the UCM (Research Group 910149).

The current crisis of liberal democracy has become the focus of constitutional, historical, philosophical, theological, and political analysis. Populism and the growing antipathy toward political elites and their dominance in popular representations are increasingly calling into question the nature of representation and the relationship between representation and democracy. The threat posed to representative democracies by authoritarian political leaders was described by the famous political scientist Eric Voegelin (1901-1985) after the overcoming of fascism in Europe with the words: "If a government is nothing but representative in the constitutional sense, a representative ruler in the existential sense will sooner or later make an end of it; and quite possibly the new existential ruler will not be too representative in the constitutional sense"

Cover -- Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter I: Axiological and Teleological Assumptions of Representation -- 1. Representative Versus Direct Democracy -- 2. Accountability: Necessary Prerequisite of Representation -- 3. Crisis of Representative Democracy -- 4. Entropy of Representation: Teleological Source of Crisis -- Chapter II: Theoretical Concepts of Representation -- 1. The "Principium": Philosophical Concept of Representation -- 2. The "Meritum": Juridical Concept of Representation -- 3.  The "Accessorium": Sociological Interpretation of Representation -- 4. Conjunction: Representation as a Correlation -- 5. Limits of Representation: Forms and Means of Correlation -- Chapter III: Historical and Doctrinal Embodiments of Representation -- 1. Multivariant Applications of the Idea of Representation -- 2. The French Concept of Political Representation -- 3. The English Idea of Representation -- 4. Andrew Heywood's Retrospective Model of Representation -- 5. Other Diachronic Models and Scenarios of Representation -- Chapter IV: Constitutional Expression of Representation -- 1. The Content of the Constitutional Principle of Representation: "Rei Compertae" -- 2. The Sense of the Constitutional Principle of Representation -- 3. The Constitutional Expression of the Principle of Representation -- 4. Methods of Construing the Principle of Representation: "Rei Dubiae" -- 5. Legal Effects of the Constitutional Principle of Political Representation -- Chapter V: Representation and Interests -- 1. Representation as Aggregation and Articulation of Interests -- 2. Political vs. Functional Representation -- 3. Ethics in the Conduct of a Representative as a Politician -- 4. Legal Framework of a Representative's Ethics: Representative Mandate -- 5. Political Framework of a Representative's Ethics: Ties with Subgroup or Party

One of the earliest demands of Indian women's organisations in the pre-Independence period was the right to be elected to legislative bodies. Yet, almost a century later, a vast gender gap persists in terms of women's presence at all levels of governance. Why is it important to include women in political and policy decision-making bodies, beyond the issue of equality? Do women representatives necessarily represent women's interests? Indeed, how do we define women's interests and how can they be represented best? And how much presence makes for effective representation? This paper addresses these questions, both conceptually and based on empirical evidence.