Suchergebnisse

Motivated by the general lack of empirical scholarship concerning the crossnational environment for competition policy, I present measures here of the overall resources dedicated to competition policy and the merger policy workload for thirty-two antitrust jurisdictions over the 1992-2007 period. The data allow analysing a number of perceived trends in competition policy over the last two decades, and allow the generation of some factual insights concerning these trends: e.g., the budgetary commitment to competition policy in the crossnational environment for antitrust has substantially increased over this period; budgetary increases appear to be commensurate with increased antitrust workloads; yet, the role of economics does not appear to have substantially increased relative to the role of law. Moreover, I am also able to provide some evidence that budgetary commitments to antitrust institutions yield economic benefits in terms of improved economic growth: i.e., higher budgetary commitments to competition policy are associated with higher levels per-capita GDP growth. ; Zu den Rahmenbedingungen für Wettbewerbspolitik gibt es kaum länderübergreifende empirische Forschung. Dieser Mangel soll in der vorliegenden Studie behoben werden, in der die Gesamtausgaben für Wettbewerbspolitik und die Arbeitsbelastungen von 32 Kartellbehörden im Zeitraum von 1992 bis 2007 untersucht werden. Die Daten bieten die Möglichkeit, eine Anzahl von erkennbaren Entwicklungen in der Wettbewerbspolitik innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte zu analysieren. Folgende Erkenntnisse resultieren: die Gesamtausgaben für Wettbewerbspolitik sind länderübergreifend in der betrachteten Periode erheblich gestiegen; zur Etatsteigerungen sind auch die Arbeitsbelastungen der Behördenmitarbeiter entsprechend gestiegen; dabei hat die ökonomische Expertise jedoch im Vergleich zur juristischen offenbar nicht an Einfluss auf die Wettbewerbspolitik gewonnen. Außerdem kann gezeigt werden, dass die Bereitstellung von finanziellen Mitteln für die Wettbewerbbehörden eines Landes wirtschaftlichen Nutzen stiftet, was sich in einem höheren Wirtschaftswachstum gemessen als höheres BIP-Wachstum pro Kopf niederschlägt.

This paper aims to examine the influence of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on environmental performance, as well as the moderating effect of social development and the political regimes in EPU's influence on environmental performance. To investigate such essential issues, we conducted Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations by utilizing cross-country data covering 137 countries during the period of 2001–2018, according to the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Our empirical estimations support that EPU negatively affects environmental performance; this idea was still supported when we conducted an empirical analysis by changing the measurements, employing alternative estimations and constructing new samples. Furthermore, not only would the absolute level of EPU bring worse environmental performance, but so would an increase in EPU. Moreover, higher economic performance, globalization and a high quality of governance can help countries to alleviate the adverse environmental effect of EPU. Additionally, EPU's negative effect on environmental performance is stronger in right-wing countries, autocracies and non-OECD countries, compared to their counterparts. Our study provides substantial policy implications for governments participating in the international treaties of environmental protection, to mitigate environmental degradation.

This SponGES project policy brief provides an overview on the large economic benefits potentially conveyed by deep-sea sponges based on current research findings.

AbstractImpairment of motor learning skills in developmental coordination disorder (DCD) has been reported in several studies. Some hypotheses on neural mechanisms of motor learning deficits in DCD have emerged but, to date, brain‐imaging investigations are scarce. The aim of the present study is to assess possible changes in communication between brain areas during practice of a new bimanual coordination task in teenagers with DCD (n = 10) compared to matched controls (n = 10). Accuracy, stability and number of mirror movements were computed as behavioural variables. Neural variables were assessed by electroencephalographic coherence analyses of intra‐hemispheric and inter‐hemispheric fronto‐central electrodes. In both groups, accuracy of the new coordination increased concomitantly with right intra‐hemispheric fronto‐central coherence. Compared to typically developing teenagers, DCD teenagers presented learning difficulties expressed by less stability, no stabilization of the new coordination and a greater number of mirror movements despite practice. These measures correlated with reduced inter‐hemispheric communication, even after practice of the new coordination. For the first time, these findings provide neuro‐imaging evidence of a kind of inter‐hemispheric 'disconnection' related to altered inhibition of mirror movements during motor learning in DCD.

Since the conclusion of world War II, Taiwan, the Republic of China (ROC), has developed into an industrialized country following a long period of severe inflation. Taiwan has produced a successful example of economic development through export expansion. Exports and imports of Taiwan increased from approximately 10 percent of the gross national product (GNP) in the 1950s to more than 45 percent in the 1980s. The role of Taiwan's foreign exchange rates and traderelated policies on exports and imports was examined in this study. Trade-related policies implemented by the government of ROC were documented from 1950 to 1980 by categorizing the past 30 years into import substitution, export promotion, external shocks, and the 1980s trade liberalization periods. In addition, this study analyzed quarterly import and export data from 21 sectors between 1981 and 1991 to measure the effects of changes on the exchange rate. variables included in the regression analysis were GNP of Taiwan and exchange rate for import demand functions and GNP of the U.S. , export price index in Taiwan and Korea, and exchange rate for the export demand function. Partial auto- correlation functions were estimated and examined for 21 export and import commodity groups to determine the appropriate number of lags in the demand function. In sectors in which regressions were found to be significant, an econometric partial adjustment model was used for estimating short- and long-run exchange rate elasticities.

AbstractDecentralized decision‐making in supply chain management is quite common, and often inevitable, due to the magnitude of the chain, its geographical dispersion, and the number of agents that play a role in it. But, decentralized decision‐making is known to result in inefficient Nash equilibrium outcomes, and optimal outcomes that maximize the sum of the utilities of all agents need not be Nash equilibria. In this paper we demonstrate through several examples of supply chain models how linear reward/penalty schemes can be implemented so that a given optimal solution becomes a Nash equilibrium. The examples represent both vertical and horizontal coordination issues. The techniques we employ build on a general framework for the use of linear reward/penalty schemes to induce stability in given optimal solutions and should be useful to other multi‐agent operations management settings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006

The subject of the research is the theoretical principles and mechanisms of budget policy in the institutional transformations. Relevance of the research topic. Budget policy should be mutually consistent with the strategic goals of economic transformations, aimed at creating appropriate conditions for deepening the interaction between the state and society, improving the level and quality of citizen's life. The purpose of the study is to deliver the economic essence of budget policy and justify its strategic objectives in the institutional transformations. Research methods. There is a set of scientific research methods in the research: a systematic approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis, synthesis, etc. Results of the research. The theoretical basis of the formation and implementation of budget policy in the institutional transformations disclosed in the paper. The authors substantiated the strategic priorities of the budget policy in emerging countries. Area of application of results. The research results can be used in the formation and implementation of the budget policy of Ukraine, reforming the public finance system. Conclusions. The effectiveness of budget policy depends not only on the quality of its development but on its implementation mechanisms as well. At this stage, important tasks are coordination of budget expenditures with the priorities of socio–economic development of countries and the distribution of budget funds not by expenditures type but by strategic goals. Urgent measures are: strengthening the coordination of public authorities in the formation and implementation of financial policy components; budget, debt, and monetary policy coordination. In addition to estimates of financial and economic factors, it is important to take into account political factors in the development of budget policy. They are an essential prerequisite vectors of the budget system.