Suchergebnisse

The subject of the study – anti–corruption policy of the EU and Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the key problems of the EU policy on the prevention of corruption manifestations for the implementation of the relevant analytical results in the development of recommendations for adjusting the anti–corruption policy of Ukraine. Research methodology – methods of analysis and synthesis (in the systematizing the legal and organizational foundations of the EU anti–corruption policy); method of comparison (in assessing the level of corruption in European countries and Ukraine); method of analogy (when making recommendations for adjusting the anti–corruption policy of Ukraine). Results of the work – The article examines the organizational and legal mechanism for implementing the anti–corruption policy of the European Union. The definition of corruption adopted in the EU is given. Examples of implementation of successful practices in the field of prevention and fight against corruption in a number of European countries are given. It is noted that corruption is one of the most destructive social phenomena, which hinders the sustainable development of any state, the efficiency of public administration and the functioning of social institutions. At the same time, corruption has the greatest negative impact on socio–economic development in developing countries, including Ukraine. It is noted that the experience of countries that have succeeded in combating corruption is useful for Ukraine in terms of: political will, the formation of citizens' conscious negative attitude to corruption, non–declarative nature of the rule of law, as well as constant monitoring and control of non–governmental public organizations. Application of results: international economics, public administration Conclusions. The implementation of the EU anti–corruption policy is complicated by the multi–level nature of the adoption of countermeasures, the lack of clarity in the interpretation of the definition of corruption, and the uneven ...

Urgency of the research is determined by global problems afflicting humanity and the need to find a way to solve them. For the second half of the 20th century a large number of different strategies to overcome the current crisis situation has been developed. One of these strategies is called the concept of sustainable development. Currently, there are several variants for this concept. The version of the concept formulated in United Nations documents is the most prevailing. A feature of the documents adopted in the EEU member states on sustainable growth is their programmatic nature. The implementation of the provisions enshrined requires the adoption of separate regulatory legal acts. This also holds true for organs. They perform coordination and deliberative functions. Decisions made by them require approval by the head of state or government (depending on jurisdiction under which this body was formed).

During the 20th century anglo-western traditions of outdoor education (OE) have emphasized the transformative benefits of wild and unfamiliar land to personal development. It is argued that such places provide a 'liminal' space of new possibilities in which identity can change. Since the 1990's OE has also explored the contribution it is, could and should make to education for sustainable development (SD). The conclusion so far is that it has much to offer with regards to connection to, understanding of, relationships with and action for the environment. More recently OE has embraced the contribution it can make to engaging people in places – place-based education. This paper explores whether the liminal spaces in which personal development can occur could extend beyond environmental outcomes to include the social dimension of (SD). OE creates less structured 'liminal' spaces in which the voices of participants can be heard. They become actors in the social construction of their norms, values and behaviours. However, whilst this explains how OE can destabilize the power relationships that maintain identity and social norms so allowing personal transformation to take place, up until now the link with environmental norms has not been made. Recently Waite (2013) and Preston (2014) show how liminal spaces can also include the construction of the place as well as the community of people. In recent action research I hypothesized that including young people in the politics of places whilst destabilizing their current social constructions would allow new meanings linked to SD to emerge. This would be a significant contribution from this field. I will present evidence from two case studies that indicate that, by deterritorialising the experiences from normative OE, taking a values oriented approach to the social and environmental experiences of participants, a different approach to programming and the power relations in the learning community OE can impact significantly on environmental and social outcomes for SD.

"This volume examines the impact of globalization on international environmental law and the implementation of sustainable development in the Global South. Comprised of contributions from lawyers from the Global South and Europe, this volume is organised into three parts, with a thematic inquiry woven through every chapter to ask how law can enable economies that can be sustained, given the limited carrying capacity of the earth. Part I describes and characterizes the status quo of environmental and economic problems in the Global South during the process of globalisation. Some of those problems include redistribution of environmental burden on the public through over-reliance on the state in emerging economies and the transition to public-private partnerships, as well as extreme uncontrolled economic expansion. Building on Part I, Part II takes an international perspective by presenting some tools that are in place during the process of globalisation that lead to friction and interfaces between developed and developing economies in environmental law. Recognizing the impossibility of a globalised Northern economy, the authors in Part III present some alternatives through framework ideas of human and civil rights, environmental rights and indigenous persons' rights, as well as concrete and specific legal tools to strengthen justice and rule of law institutions. The book gives new perspectives to familiar approaches through concrete examples by professional practitioners and theoretical discourse by academic researchers and can thereby form the basis for changes in practices, as well as further discussions and comparisons. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental law, sustainable development and globalisation and international relations, as well as legal professionals and practitioners."

This paper examines the Global Climate Action Agenda (GCAA) and discusses options to improve sub- and non-state involvement in post-2020 climate governance. A framework that stimulates sub- and non-state action is a necessary complement to national governmental action, as the latter falls short of achieving low-carbon and climate-resilient development as envisaged in the Paris Agreement. Applying design principles for an ideal-type orchestration framework, we review literature and gather expert judgements to assess whether the GCAA has been collaborative, comprehensive, evaluative and catalytic. Results show that there has been greater coordination among orchestrators, for instance in the organization of events. However, mobilization efforts remain event-driven and too little effort is invested in understanding the progress of sub- and non-state action. Data collection has improved, although more sophisticated indicators are needed to evaluate climate and sustainable development impacts. Finally, the GCAA has recorded more action, but relatively little by actors in developing countries. As the world seeks to recover from the COVID-19 crisis and enters a new decade of climate action, the GCAA could make a vital contribution in challenging times by helping governments keep and enhance climate commitments; strengthening capacity for sub- and non-state action; enabling accountability; and realizing sustainable development.

All efforts to involve the society in the affairs of local communities are an important aspect of the implementation of the principle of sustainable development. Citizen's involvement in decision making processes not only positively correlates with their sense of action, but also affects the quality of decisions made by public authorities which gain the opportunity to learn more about the needs and expectations of citizens. The best conditions for the implementation the principle of sustainable development, basing on the dialogue with citizens, are on local level – in the cities. Moreover, using new information and communication technologies opens a number of possibilities to even more fully activation of local communities. As a consequence, the residents have greater impact on the quality of political decisions, that take into account their needs and expectations, it is also a chance to improve the quality of their life. The main research goal of the article is to answer the question – what characterizes sustainable development of the city and how the use of information and communication technologies by public authorities may affect a more complete implementation of the principle of sustainable development. The research method is an analysis of the documents and source materials.Keywords: civic engagement, e-participation, information and communication technologies, local authorities, sustainable development of the cities

The concept of sustainable development was introduced in Europe by the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and was extended to waste management in the Waste Framework Directive. In order to achieve sustainable development, hazardous waste (HW) must be managed safely and in accordance with regulations. This also applies to worldwide HW transport, especially when HW is shipped for disposal. The United Nations, through the Basel Convention, aims to prevent the export of HW from developed countries to developing countries for disposal. In Europe, HW shipments are regulated by Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and by the Council of 14 June 2006 on shipments of waste. Additionally, all HW shipments must be in accordance with two principles contained in the Waste Framework Directive: proximity and self-sufficiency. Using data from 2014 and network analysis methodology, this paper fills the gaps in the scientific literature by looking at how shipments of HW travel for disposal in Europe, how the regulations affect these shipments and how GDP per capita influences the shipment of waste. The results show that countries with a high GDP per capita play an important role in the network (having the highest in-degree) and that the absence of landfill taxes for HW does not influence HW shipments for disposal. Therefore, countries in the EU act in accordance with the proximity and self-sufficiency principles. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The current human disasters – like illegal wars of aggression, violent suppression of human and democratic rights, health pandemics, climate change, ocean pollution, overfishing and other biodiversity losses, non-compliance with United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) law – reflect governance failures and insufficient cooperation (section I.) to protect the 'sustainable development goals' (SDGs). Since 1950, Europe's multilevel constitutionalism succeeded in progressively limiting transnational governance failures; yet, it is not followed outside Europe (section II.). Geopolitical rivalries (e. g. among authoritarian and democratic states) and competing national and regional regulations (e. g. on decarbonisation, digitalisation, and securitisation of economies) increasingly undermine UN and WTO legal restraints and judicial remedies (see section III.). The more globalisation is perceived as creating vulnerabilities justifying national security restrictions (e. g. against spread of viruses, weaponisation of interdependence), the more democracies resort to plurilateral second-best responses like trade, investment and environmental agreements conditioning market access on respect for human rights and greenhouse gas reductions (section IV.). This contribution explains why regulatory competition, 'authoritarian alliances', and their influence on plurilateral agreements (e. g. in Asia) render 'constitutional UN/WTO reforms' and realisation of the SDGs unlikely.

Abstract: Agricultural holdings have a very important role for the sustainable socio-economic development. Contemporary, the farms` activity is mainly determined by the market mechanism. Market imposes rules on agricultural holdings` functioning, on both the type and the scale of agricultural activities, agricultural production mode, as well as the sale conditions. The market mechanism forces the agricultural holdings` orientation on the economic objective achievement, aside from the agricultural production externalities. Those externalities are not the market transaction subject and are not a part of farmers` economic account. Agricultural production externalities, however, are the subject of increasing society` interests. Those interests particularly relate to natural environment protection and food supply. Referring to the above, there is a challenge to meet the requirements of a market, as well society. In order to meet the various agricultural holdings` challenges, there is a need to take action leading to micro- and macroeconomic criterion convergence of agricultural production. This is the fundamental principle of the sustainable development concept, which includes agriculture and agricultural holdings – the basic economic unit of this sector. Meeting these challenges requires taking into account the political factor to eliminate adverse effects of economic activity. The purpose of the article is to indicate the main challenges of agricultural holdings, determinants and measures of their sustainable development ; Gospodarstwa rolne pełnią bardzo ważną rolę w zrównoważonym rozwoju społecznogospodarczym. Współcześnie działalność gospodarstw rolnych jest głównie determinowana przez mechanizm rynkowy. Rynek określa zasady funkcjonowania gospodarstw rolnych, dotyczące zarówno rodzaju i skali podjętej działalności rolnej, sposobu produkcji rolnej, jak i warunków jej sprzedaży. Mechanizm rynku wymusza orientację gospodarstw rolnych na realizację celów ekonomicznych, abstrahując od efektów zewnętrznych produkcji rolnej. Efekty zewnętrzne produkcji rolnej nie są przedmiotem transakcji rynkowych i jak dotąd nie znajdują odzwierciedlenia w rachunku ekonomicznym rolnika. Efekty zewnętrzne produkcji rolnej są jednak przedmiotem coraz większego zainteresowania społeczeństwa. Zainteresowania te odnoszą się chociażby do ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego oraz walorów zdrowotnych dostarczanej żywności. W związku z tym, pojawia się wyzwanie sprostania wymogom zarówno tym o charakterze rynkowym, jak i społecznym. Wychodząc naprzeciw różnym wyzwaniom gospodarstw rolnych zachodzi potrzeba podejmowania działań zmierzających do harmonizowania kryterium mikro- i makroekonomicznego procesu produkcji rolnej. To fundamentalna podstawa koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju, która obejmuje także rolnictwo, w tym gospodarstwa rolne – podstawowe jednostki gospodarcze tego sektora. Sprostanie tym wyzwaniom wymaga uwzględniania także czynnika politycznego, by korygował on niepożądane skutki działalności gospodarczej. Celem artykułu będzie przedstawienie głównych wyzwań gospodarstw rolnych, uwarunkowań oraz działań prowadzących do ich zrównoważonego rozwoju.