Suchergebnisse

Establishing an Australian Social Science Data Archive: Progress and Plans

Notes on the Social Sciences as Producers of Technologies

RéSUMé. — La possibilité d'une coopération féconde entre philosophie morale et sciences humaines et sociales est exclue par certains philosophes et sociologues parce que, d'après eux, leurs disciplines sont orientées dans des directions complètement opposées. Les sciences humaines et sociales portent sur ce qui est ; la philosophie morale sur qui doit être. À mon avis, c'est une erreur qui provient du fait qu'ils ne tiennent pas compte de l'existence de principes du raisonnement moral (« devoir » implique « pouvoir » ; « pas de différence normative sans différence factuelle », etc.) et de théories morales (différentes variétés d'éthique des vertus ou de conséquentialisme) qui établissent des passages entre ce qui est et ce qui doit être.

Le projet d'islamisation des universités a émergé tout de suite après la prise de pouvoir des islamistes en Iran, en 1979. Pour le mener à bien, ils ont même proclamé la « révolution culturelle ». Mais en dépit de la propagande et de l'application de multiples mesures politiques durant une décennie, ils n'ont pas pu atteindre leur objectif. C'est le nouveau Guide suprême, Ali Khamenei, qui en désignant formellement les sciences humaines et sociales, nées en Occident, comme le nouvel ennemi de la République islamique et de ses fondements idéologiques et théoriques, a demandé l'élaboration d'une feuille de route pour islamiser ces sciences. Dans cet article, nous rappellerons brièvement le premier temps, celui de la « révolution culturelle », et ses résultats, puis nous examinerons la politique d'islamisation des sciences humaines et sociales mise en place depuis 2010. Il s'agit de mettre en lumière les intentions du régime théocratique qui, derrière la politique d'islamisation des sciences sociales, œuvre pour contenir le développement de la pensée critique et, par là même, cherche à fabriquer des « hommes et femmes islamiques ».

Observations on The "vanity of the philosopher" / Charles R. McCann, Jr. -- The "vanity of the philosopher": analytical egalitarianism, associationist psychology, and eugenic remaking? / Andrew Farrant -- In the shadows of vanity: religion and the debate over hierarchy / J. Daniel Hammond -- The vanity of the economist: a comment on Peart and Levy's The "vanity of the philosopher" / Kevin D. Hoover -- Classical equality: on the content on analytical egalitarianism / Joseph Persky -- Thinking about analytical egalitarianism / David M. Levy and Sandra J. Peart -- Social anthropology in economic literature at the end of the 19th century: eugenic and racial explanations of inequality / Terezio Maccabelli.

The forms of government and social relations that increasingly characterize contemporary society are giving rise to new ways of thinking about crime and crime control. In particular it is argued that although the discipline of criminology is currently well established in institutional terms, the intellectual tools of the discipline are of diminishing relevance to the social world that is now emerging. The article describes the major developmental trends in government policy as involving a shift from a welfare state, governed by Keynesian techniques of demand management to a new form of regulatory state, premised upon a neo-liberal combination of market competition, privatized institutions, and decentred, at-a-distance forms of state regulation. These new styles of governance are premised upon a recognition of new social forces and mentalities, particularly of the globalizing logic of risk management, and they will increasingly reconfigure the social and political fields in ways that have consequences for the policing and control of crime. Criminology's traditional focus upon street crimes and the institutions of police, courts and prisons may be decreasingly relevant to the new harms, risks and mechanisms of control that are emerging today. The innovative work of 'regulatory state scholars' such as Clifford Shearing is identified as pushing criminology in new directions that confound the discipline's traditional boundaries but which give it more leverage in the attempt to understand and respond to the control problems of the end of the century. The possibilities for restorative justice in the new context are also discussed, as are other methods for combating insecurity, and both are linked to the importance of developing forms of local knowledge that are informed by a sense of the global development context. It is argued that the Keynesian state has been replaced by a new regulatory state that is a more Hayekian response to a risk society. Clifford Shearing is identified as a criminological theorist who has come to terms with these developments, especially in his collaborations with Phillip Stenning, David Bayley, Tony Doob and his colleagues at the Community Peace Foundation in Cape Town. Shearing et al. are forging a new paradigm (that incorporates the restorative justice paradigm) which might just transcend criminology and become something of general import to the social sciences.

The forms of government and social relations that increasingly characterize contemporary society are giving rise to new ways of thinking about crime and crime control. In particular it is argued that although the discipline of criminology is currently well established in institutional terms, the intellectual tools of the discipline are of diminishing relevance to the social world that is now emerging. The article describes the major developmental trends in government policy as involving a shift from a welfare state, governed by Keynesian techniques of demand management to a new form of regulatory state, premised upon a neo-liberal combination of market competition, privatized institutions, and decentred, at-a-distance forms of state regulation. These new styles of governance are premised upon a recognition of new social forces and mentalities, particularly of the globalizing logic of risk management, and they will increasingly reconfigure the social and political fields in ways that have consequences for the policing and control of crime. Criminology's traditional focus upon street crimes and the institutions of police, courts and prisons may be decreasingly relevant to the new harms, risks and mechanisms of control that are emerging today. The innovative work of 'regulatory state scholars' such as Clifford Shearing is identified as pushing criminology in new directions that confound the discipline's traditional boundaries but which give it more leverage in the attempt to understand and respond to the control problems of the end of the century. The possibilities for restorative justice in the new context are also discussed, as are other methods for combating insecurity, and both are linked to the importance of developing forms of local knowledge that are informed by a sense of the global development context. It is argued that the Keynesian state has been replaced by a new regulatory state that is a more Hayekian response to a risk society. Clifford Shearing is identified as a criminological theorist who has come to terms with these developments, especially in his collaborations with Phillip Stenning, David Bayley, Tony Doob and his colleagues at the Community Peace Foundation in Cape Town. Shearing et al. are forging a new paradigm (that incorporates the restorative justice paradigm) which might just transcend criminology and become something of general import to the social sciences.

An argument is made against the conventional viewpoint that the natural sciences are void of all subjectivity, bias, & personal or political moral values. Using the "emancipatory sciences" of feminism, antiracism, & class struggles, common assumptions are presented that demonstrate the problems involved in eliminating social biases from research techniques. These emancipatory sciences usually either: (1) ignore the other's concerns; (2) define the other's concerns as a causal outcome of one's own concerns; or (3) include, only incidentally, the concerns of the others into one's own concerns. It is imperative that the relationships among gender, race, & class become more cohesive. The class problem, eg, should be recognized as manifesting itself in different forms depending on the race & gender of those involved. 19 References. R. Logsdon

This article is not about the gun control issue per se; instead, it considers the way in which this issue has been treated by social scientists. The article points to some of the shortcomings in what is commonly referred to as the conventional social scientific approach to controversial social matters. While the subject examined in the article is gun control, other equally controversial issues, such as school busing or the legalization of marijuana, could have been used as well to make the same points.SUMMARYUsing the gun control issue as a case in point, this article has argued that the conventional social scientific treatment of controversial social phenomena often has much more in common with sagecraft than it does with social science. The social scientific treatment of the gun issue passed on to the general public through magazine articles, the published findings of various social‐science‐assisted commissions, and social science textbooks, is generally identical to the pro‐gun control argument accepted by that segment of American society with which the more prominent social scientists are more likely to identify—namely urban, college educated, philosophically and politically liberal, upper‐middle class, or cosmopolitan America. It would appear that cosmopolitan ethnocentrism and the sage orientation that it fosters do little to encourage the intellectual curiosity and skepticism so vital to the social scientific enterprise.

Table of Contents: Introduction: Social Science and Empire: A Durable Tension, Jeremy Adelman (Princeton University, USA) - 1. Campillo's Theory of Commercial Empire: Political Economy and Commercial Reform in the Spanish Empire, Fidel Tavarez, (University of Chicago, USA) - 2. Poor Mao's Almanack? Empire, Political Economy, and the Transformation of Social Science, Sophus A. Reinert, (Harvard University, USA) - 3. Utilitarianism and the Question of Free Labor in Russia and India in the Eighteenth Century, Alessandro Stanziani, (EHESS, Paris, France) - 4. Geography and the Reshaping of the Modern Chinese Empire, Shellen Wu, (University of Tennessee, USA) - 5. The Periphery's Order: Opium and Moral Wreckage in British Burma, Diana Kim, (Georgetown University, USA) - 6. Custom in the Archive: The Birth of Modern Chinese Law at the End of Empire, Matthew Erie, (Oxford University, UK) - 7. Nitobe Inazo and the Diffusion of a Knowledgeable Empire, Alexis Dudden, (University of Connecticut, USA) - 8. Modern Imperialism and International Law, Josh Derman, (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China) - 9. Knowledge as Power: Internationalism, Information, and US Global Ambitions, David Ekbladh, (Tufts University, USA) - 10. American Hegemony, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of Academic International Relations in the US, Inderjeet Parmar, (City, University of London, UK) - 11. Circumventing Imperialism: Latin American Social Sciences and the Making of a Global Order, 1944-1971, Margarita Fajardo, (Sarah Lawrence College, USA) - 12. Western International Theory, 1492-2010: Performing Western Supremacy and Western Imperialism, John M. Hobson, (University of Sheffield, UK) - Index

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Praise for Stuart Hall, Conjunctural Analysis and Cultural Criminology -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Chapter by Chapter Overview -- References -- Part I Stuart Hall and Conjunctural Analysis -- 2 Conjunctural Analysis Part One: From Early Political Writings to Resistance Through Rituals -- What Is a Conjuncture? -- What Is Conjunctural Analysis? -- RTR and PTC: Different Sides of the Same Conjunctural Coin -- References -- 3 Conjunctural Analysis Part Two: The Case of Policing the Crisis -- A Short Detour via Marx -- PTC Part I: From Particular 'Mugging' Trials to the Determinations of an Over-Reaction -- Part II: From the Reception of Media Messages to the Determinations of Ideologies of Crime and Punishment -- Part III: From Moral Panics to the Determinations of a Crisis of Hegemony -- Part IV: From the Lives of Black Youths to the Determinations of the Politics of Mugging -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II Cultural Criminology, Theorising and Stuart Hall -- 4 Cultural Criminology Part One: The Problems with a Theory-Driven Methodology -- An Overview of the Cultural Criminology Project -- City Limits and the Limitations of Theory -- 'Merton with Energy, Katz with Structure': An Imaginary Synthesis -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 5 Cultural Criminology Part Two: Ethnography, Carnival and the Need for Critique -- A Tale of Two Ethnographies -- A Traditional Ethnography: Carl Nightingale's On the Edge -- A Cultural Criminology Ethnography: Jeff Ferrell's Tearing Down the Streets -- Comparing the Ethnographies in Their Own Terms -- The Question of Attentiveness -- Data and Theory -- Comparing Ethnographies in Terms of their Relationship to Conjunctural Analysis -- Comparing a Conjunctural and a Cultural Criminological Approach to Carnival.

Résumé En s'intéressant au cas de la littérature produite en Suisse romande, plus spécifiquement au contexte institutionnel dans lequel elle s'inscrit, et aux retombées que celles-ci ont dans la réception des textes, cet article développe l'idée selon laquelle l'étude des œuvres romandes est indissociable d'une réflexion préalable fondée notamment sur la sociologie de la littérature. Lorsqu'on se trouve en présence de « littératures périphériques », l'approche sociologique s'avère aussi être un outil d'analyse particulièrement efficace, permettant par ailleurs au chercheur de se situer clairement par rapport à son objet d'étude.