Suchergebnisse

Associated with representative democracy, voting in France is often seen through its results (abstention, blank vote, registration or non-registration on electoral lists, etc.), which suggests that the actual democratic would be characterized by the votes cast. For the citizen, the vote has a meaning that goes beyond the ritual of the ballot box. As a socio-psychological subject, he votes regarding fundamental issues in order to bring out solutions and construct himself through this historical action seen as a powerful, effective and useful. In order to understand the significance of voting as a political act expressed in many social actions, which are based on the psychological foundations of human action, we positioned ourselves upstream and downstream of the vote and considered the voting behavior relatively to knowledge, beliefs, normative, affective dimensions, in short, to the attitude that supports it.The general aim of our research is to specify the conditions that construct the voting behavior. ; Associé à la démocratie représentative, le vote en France est souvent observé à travers ses résultats (chiffre d'abstention, du vote blanc, inscription ou non inscription sur les listes électorales, etc.), ce qui laisse entendre que le fait démocratique serait caractérisé par les suffrages exprimés. Or, pour le citoyen le vote a un sens qui va au-delà du rituel des urnes. En tant que Sujet socio-psychologique, il vote en agissant autour d'enjeux fondamentaux dans le but de construire et de se construire par un acte puissant et utile en confirmant son histoire.Pour comprendre la signification du vote en tant qu'agir politique articulé à de nombreux agir (s) sociaux, eux-mêmes reposant sur des fondements psychologiques de l'agir humain, nous nous sommes positionnés en amont et en aval de la dynamique électorale et envisagé le comportement votant en fonction des connaissances, des croyances, des prédispositions normatives, affectives, bref, de l'attitude qui le sous-tend.La question générale de notre recherche est de décliner les conditions qui construisent le comportement votant.

This is the most comprehensive introduction to the ancient Greek economy available in English. A team of specialists provides in non-technical language cutting edge accounts of a wide range of key themes in economic history, explaining how ancient Greek economies functioned and changed, and why they were stable and successful over long periods of time. Through its wide geographical perspective, reaching from the Aegean and the Black Sea to the Near East and Egypt under Greek rule, it reflects on how economic behaviour and institutions were formed and transformed under different political, ecological and social circumstances, and how they interacted and communicated over large distances. With chapters on climate and the environment, market development, inequality and growth, it encourages comparison with other periods of time and cultures, thus being of interest not just to ancient historians but also to readers concerned with economic cultures and global economic issues.

International audience ; Les « éducations à » émanent des instances internationales, prennent en charge des questions de société, et se positionnent au moins partiellement dans le champ politique. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur les conditions curriculaires permettant de contrer les risques de dérives normatives pour tendre vers une citoyenneté politique. La démarche s'appuie sur les méthodes de la pensée critique, relève quatre habiletés nécessaires, propose des outils concrets pour les mettre en oeuvre (épistémologie, représentations sociales, bibliographie, formalisation de critères, démarches systémiques de recherche de sens), et montre aussi ce que cela donne dans le cadre de l'éducation au développement durable. ABSTRACT. The " educations for" emanate from international authorities, set in charge of societal issues, and position at least partially in the political arena. It is thus a question of wondering about the curriculaires conditions allowing to counter the risks of normative drift to aim towards a political citizenship. The approach(initiative) leans on the methods of the critical thought, raises(finds) four necessary skills, proposes concrete tools to implement(operate) them (epistemology, social representations, bibliography, formalization of criteria, systematic steps(initiatives) of search for meaning), and also show what it gives within the framework of the education to the sustainable development MOTS-CLÉS. Curriculum, éducation politique, méthode, citoyenneté, éducation au développement durable

International audience ; Les « éducations à » émanent des instances internationales, prennent en charge des questions de société, et se positionnent au moins partiellement dans le champ politique. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur les conditions curriculaires permettant de contrer les risques de dérives normatives pour tendre vers une citoyenneté politique. La démarche s'appuie sur les méthodes de la pensée critique, relève quatre habiletés nécessaires, propose des outils concrets pour les mettre en oeuvre (épistémologie, représentations sociales, bibliographie, formalisation de critères, démarches systémiques de recherche de sens), et montre aussi ce que cela donne dans le cadre de l'éducation au développement durable. ABSTRACT. The " educations for" emanate from international authorities, set in charge of societal issues, and position at least partially in the political arena. It is thus a question of wondering about the curriculaires conditions allowing to counter the risks of normative drift to aim towards a political citizenship. The approach(initiative) leans on the methods of the critical thought, raises(finds) four necessary skills, proposes concrete tools to implement(operate) them (epistemology, social representations, bibliography, formalization of criteria, systematic steps(initiatives) of search for meaning), and also show what it gives within the framework of the education to the sustainable development MOTS-CLÉS. Curriculum, éducation politique, méthode, citoyenneté, éducation au développement durable

International audience ; Les « éducations à » émanent des instances internationales, prennent en charge des questions de société, et se positionnent au moins partiellement dans le champ politique. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur les conditions curriculaires permettant de contrer les risques de dérives normatives pour tendre vers une citoyenneté politique. La démarche s'appuie sur les méthodes de la pensée critique, relève quatre habiletés nécessaires, propose des outils concrets pour les mettre en oeuvre (épistémologie, représentations sociales, bibliographie, formalisation de critères, démarches systémiques de recherche de sens), et montre aussi ce que cela donne dans le cadre de l'éducation au développement durable. ABSTRACT. The " educations for" emanate from international authorities, set in charge of societal issues, and position at least partially in the political arena. It is thus a question of wondering about the curriculaires conditions allowing to counter the risks of normative drift to aim towards a political citizenship. The approach(initiative) leans on the methods of the critical thought, raises(finds) four necessary skills, proposes concrete tools to implement(operate) them (epistemology, social representations, bibliography, formalization of criteria, systematic steps(initiatives) of search for meaning), and also show what it gives within the framework of the education to the sustainable development MOTS-CLÉS. Curriculum, éducation politique, méthode, citoyenneté, éducation au développement durable

The emergence of reliability as an applied mathematical discipline is associated with the 50-60 years of the last century, when large and complex technical systems began to be created in various branches of technology. In this regard, an acute reliability problem arose, that is, ensuring the functioning and operability of these complex and expensive systems. The whole variety of reliability studies is aimed at solving the following three problems: assessment and prediction of product reliability at the design stages (a priori methods); experimental evaluation of reliability indicators, that is, confirmation of the projected level of reliability according to the results of tests or operation (posterior methods); taking measures to achieve and ensure a given level of reliability by optimizing the maintenance strategy, redundancy, spare parts, etc. (optimization problems) The traditional has developed a certain division in the areas of theory and practice of reliability of machines (mechanical objects, technical systems containing mechanical components) and equipment (electronic products, technical devices containing electronic and radio elements). The main tasks of reliability of machines and equipment - the establishment of patterns of failure and the assessment of quantitative indicators of reliability - can be solved in two different ways. To date, the direction based on the use of only probabilistic concepts (purely probabilistic theory) has received the greatest development in the theory and practice of reliability. The second way to establish quantitative indicators of reliability, in contrast to a purely probabilistic approach, is based on the study of mechano-physico-chemical properties and some physical parameters of products characterizing the technical condition of the latter using probabilistic methods. The methodology for establishing quantitative reliability indicators based on the study of certain physical parameters characterizing the technical condition of products consists in identifying the kinetic laws of degradation processes (building mathematical models of degradation processes) and determining the analytical relationship between these laws and reliability indicators. The article discusses the use of diffusion-nonmonotonic distribution for modeling the process of operation of electronic equipment. Particular attention is paid to the determination of point estimates of distribution parameters based on the results of operational observations.

At the current stage of the reformation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the operation of the United Nations (Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO)), there was a need to increase the effectiveness of the use of troops without increasing the cost of the resource. In the context of increasing capabilities of the armies of the leading countries in the world to investigate and defeat the forces of the opposite side, the problem of maintaining and restoring combat capability in the course of hostilities is very acute. One of the important components that determines combat capability is the maneuverability of the control points (PU). In the course of the defense, the problem of increasing the survivability of the PU system is important because the forces of the opposite side, with the onset of aggression, will try, first of all, to dismantle the PU using modern means of defeat and the massive use of high-precision weapons (WTZ), as well as aircraft and artillery strikes, electronic information and information fight, the use of sabotage and reconnaissance groups and tactical airborne troops to disrupt the control of defending troops. Important importance of the ability to timely carry out maneuver (organized movement) of PU and its elements into a new area in the preparation and in the course of military operations. The traditional approach to ensuring the survivability of PU does not allow to ensure the proper stability of their functioning. There is an objective necessity in the development of such a mathematical model of maneuverability, which in its characteristics would meet the dynamically increasing requirements of the control system of troops in the difficult conditions of projected operations. To ensure the quality management of military units, various measures to ensure the survivability of PU are considered. The article outlines approaches to the definition of indicators of estimation of maneuverability of PU and methods of their calculation. The research is carried out in modern conditions of combat operations, taking into account the movement of the line of the combat collision of the parties and the disclosure of the PU to the enemy's intelligence.

ObjectivesUsing a multistage gender‐focused analysis of candidates for trial court judgeships, we seek answers to these leading questions: (1) Are women as strategic as men in choosing the conditions under which they run for an open seat or against an incumbent and against a male opponent or against another female? (2) Are women winning at the same rates as men under the same conditions at the primary election stage and at the runoff stage? (3) Are women as likely as men to move into a vacant trial court judgeship via a gubernatorial appointment? (4) Are women more likely to be appointed than to win election to the bench?MethodsThis research represents the first use of an "all‐stage" analysis of the relative success of female versus male candidates for trial court judge in nonpartisan settings. The three stages analyzed are (1) candidacy, (2) the initial primary round (outright victory or progression to the runoff), and (3) the end stage—victory in a runoff, if necessary. The study is based on longitudinal data from Florida and Georgia—two of the nation's 10 largest states, each with higher contestation rates than the national average for nonpartisan trial court judicial races—and gubernatorial appointments to new or vacant judgeships.ResultsWomen behave strategically, more often seeking open seats than challenging incumbents and more often competing against men than women. Women participated in the candidate pools for most seats having contested primaries and when women run, they win more often than they lose, usually by defeating men. While women fare less well in runoffs than initial primaries, they win more runoffs than they lose. Women more often come to the bench by winning an election than securing a gubernatorial appointment, with female appointees disproportionately serving in newly created judgeships.ConclusionsWomen frequently compete for trial court judgeships and when they run, they usually succeed. Open seats rather than challenging incumbents or hoping for a gubernatorial appointment provide the best way to increase gender equality on the bench.

1 Thermal energy and the thermal environment -- 1.1 Thermal energy and temperature -- 1.2 Life, the low-temperature phenomenon -- 1.3 Mechanisms of heat transfer -- 1.4 The thermal environment -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2 The direct effects of temperature changes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rate–temperature curves – experimental considerations -- 2.3 Empirical descriptions of rate effects -- 2.4 Theoretical equations -- 2.5 The classification of biological processes by temperature coefficients -- 2.6 Theory of absolute reaction rates -- 2.7 Destructive effects of temperature -- 2.8 Temperature optima of biological processes -- 2.9 Low Q10 and temperature-independent processes -- 2.10 Conclusions -- 3 Body temperature in bradymetabolic animals -- 3.1 Thermal inertia – the contribution of body size to the stabilization of Tb -- 3.2 Selection of a preferred body temperature in ectotherms – an adaptive behavioural response -- 3.3 Body temperature in field conditions -- 3.4 Ecological significance of body temperature – costs and benefits -- 3.5 Is preferred Tb the temperature for optimal functioning? -- 3.6 Endothermic animals -- 3.7 Why set Tb between 30°C and 45°C? -- 3.8 Endothermic insects -- 3.9 The need for 'warm-up' -- 3.10 Thermoregulation in flight -- 3.11 Thermoregulation in honeybee swarms -- 3.12 Ecological costs and benefits of endothermy in insects -- 3.13 Endothermic fish -- 3.14 Endothermic reptiles -- 3.15 Conclusions -- 4 Body temperature in tachymetabolic animals -- 4.1 Body temperature -- 4.2 Distribution of heat within the body -- 4.3 Metabolism and ambient temperature -- 4.4 Heat production -- 4.5 Heat loss -- 4.6 Thermal insulation -- 4.7 Regional heterothermy -- 4.8 Thermoregulation -- 4.9 Thermoreceptors -- 4.10 Disturbances of the set-point -- 4.11 Adaptive and acclimatory mechanisms -- 4.12 Ontogenetic aspects of thermoregulation -- 4.13 Conclusions -- 5 Rate compensations and capacity adaptations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Patterns of compensation -- 5.3 Temperature acclimation -- 5.4 Seasonal effects upon acclimation -- 5.5 Cellular mechanisms of compensation -- 5.6 Genotypic adaptation to temperature -- 5.7 Conclusions -- 6 Thermal injury, thermal death and resistance adaptation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods for determining lethal limits -- 6.3 Resistance adaptation -- 6.4 Hardening -- 6.5 Causes of heat death -- 6.6 Cold injury and death -- 6.7 Mechanisms of cold tolerance -- 6.8 A cellular basis for thermal injury and death -- 6.9 Thermal tolerance in multivariate conditions -- 6.10 Lethal limits, temperature and animal distribution -- 6.11 Conclusions -- 7 Effect of temperature on reproduction, development and growth -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reproduction -- 7.3 Development -- 7.4 Thermal limits of development and temperature-sensitive stages -- 7.5 Temperature and gene expression -- 7.6 Temperature and ageing -- 7.7 Growth -- 7.8 Populations -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References.

I. Exodus Teutonicus -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Approximate Number and Place of Origin of the Refugees -- 3. Conditions under which the Migration Occurred -- 4. Conditions Found in the Receiving Places -- II. Motives of the Great Flight -- 1. Motives of those Germans who Moved out before the Expulsion -- 2. Motives of those Germans who Stayed at Home -- 3. The Three Phases of the Exodus -- III. The Legal Basis of the Expulsion, the Potsdam Agreement -- 1. The Protocol -- 2. Motives of the Soviets and its Dependencies -- 3. It Was Hitler Who Started It -- 4. The Expulsion, Symptom of Nationalism or Effect of Sovietization ? -- 5. Share and Responsibility of the Western Two -- 6. Motives of the Western Two -- IV. Fundamentals Concerning the Settlement of the Newcomers, Their Socio-Economic Integration in West Germany -- 1. From Chaos to Consolidation -- 2. Socio-Economic Integration -- 3. Permanent 'Political Camps' ? A Second Arab-Israeli Issue ? Spread of Communism ? -- 4. The German Guilt Complex and Revision -- 5. A Curious Impact on the International Economic Plane -- V. The Role of the Expellees in the 'German Miracle' -- 1. An Overlooked Aspect of the 'Miracle' -- 2. Turning a Liability into an Asset -- 3. The New Wave of Industrialization and the Refugees -- VI. The Impact of the Newcomers on West Germany's Socio-Cultural Geography -- 1. Shifts in West Germany's Socio-cultural Structure -- 2. The Newcomers' Place in West Germany's Cultural Life -- 3. Changes in Basic Religious Patterns -- VII. The Expulsion and the Universal Norms of Law -- 1. The Legal Situation -- 2. The Concept of the Major Functions of War -- 3. (National) Self-determination -- 4. Human Rights -- 5. The Right to Homeland and Residence -- VIII. Nation-State, National Minorities and the Expulsion -- 1. The Expulsion, a Factor in the Crisis of the Nation-State ? -- 2. The Expellees and the Problem of National (Ethnic) Minorities -- IX. Solution ? -- 1. Stand of the Beneficiaries of the Potsdam Accord -- 2. Stand of the Western Two -- 3. The Uncommitted States -- 4. German Approaches to a Solution -- 5. Repatriation without Changes in Sovereignties -- 6. Is the Oder-Neisse Territory Now a Ghostland ? -- 7. Who Will Return ? -- X. Conclusions -- 1. The Indispensable Background -- 2. No Single Debit or Credit Sheet -- 3. Summary -- Charter of the German Expellees -- Selective Bibliography -- Maps and Tables.

The main goal of this study is to develop a qualitatively new model of public relations' modular regulation, which will overcome stereotypes and shortcomings of legal regulation. The model of modular regulation is characterised by the convergence of all regulators, the vector direction of impact on social relations and other features. In the conditions of inconsistency of social regulators, the proposed model of modular impact on social relations provides an opportunity for everyone to choose the most effective norm. Modular regulation should be used only in some areas of social relations, without replacing legal one. Accordingly, the following criteria are recognised for the legality of applying the modular regulation: evidence of the onset of maximum socially dangerous consequences in the case of the application of an erroneous norm of social regulation and a high degree of self-regulation of particular social relations, the presence of specific laws in them. Given these criteria, it is advisable to use modular regulation in genomic and other research, which is the subject of this article

La idea de igualdad, tal y como se ha configurado en las sociedades modernas, tiene dos caras o dimensiones. Una es jurídico-formal; la otra es material. La primera es la que se ha impuesto en nuestros sistemas normativos y se configura como un derecho subjetivo de todos los ciudadanos frente al Estado. Sin embargo, esta dimensión formal de la igualdad reduce el problema de la efectividad de los derechos, a una consideración de eficiencia normativa y los aísla del resto de dimensiones de la realidad, incluidas las condiciones materiales que permiten alcanzarla. La segunda, en cambio, responde a esa necesidad histórica de que "los seres humanos" puedan "existir", con condiciones materiales de posibilidad, es decir, para que puedan seguir haciéndolo. Desde esta perspectiva, para lo que nos interesa aquí, partiendo de la base de que jurídicamente no se acaba de dar una respuesta satisfactoria al problema de la igualdad, pretendemos deletrear aquí algunas de las vías para superar el estancamiento de la idea de igualdad en los sistemas democráticos occidentales, para arriesgar después caminos y algunas respuestas. ; The idea of equality, as established in modern society, has got two different aspects or dimensions: the legal-formal and the material aspects. That first one has prevailed in our normative systems and it is considered as a subjective right for all the citizens in the face of the State. However, this formal dimension of equality reduces the problem of the effectiveness of the rights to a consideration of normative efficiency, and it isolates them from reality, including the material conditions that make get it. The second dimension gives an answer to the historical necessity that "human beings" can "exist" with material conditions of possibility. Since legally no answer has been given to the problem of equality, in this article I will try to show some procedures to overcome the stagnation of the idea of equality in the western democratic systems, as well as some answers.

Redistributive Effects of Government Programmes: The Chilean Case examines the government redistributive policy in Chile over the period 1964 until 1973. The book looks into the incidence of taxation, government expenditure, and social security operations on different income groups. The text also notes the critical factors which limited vertical redistribution effects of fiscal policy. The role of asset redistribution in poverty-focused development strategies is also explained. This monograph will be useful to those interested in Chile and concerned with economic development in general.

"Stories suggesting that the United States and many other countries throughout the world have become more "polarized" are ubiquitous in newscasts, newspapers, magazines, and other forms of media (e.g., French, 11/4/20; PBS, 4/9/21; Washington Post, 1/20/21). Although some scholars have argued that assertions of increasing political polarization are exaggerated (e.g., Fiorina, Abrams, & Pope, 2011), a wealth of empirical research buffers the claims of these reports. There have been rises in the polarization of people's political views as well as the acrimonious attitudes they hold toward others who espouse views that clash with their own (e.g., Abramowitz, 2010; Iyengar & DeBell, this volume; Iyengar et al., 2019). The term "political polarization" commonly evokes negative sentiment. However, it is important to note upfront that political polarization is not completely undesirable. Groups that polarize toward a consensus position are more likely to actually enact policies and plans endorsed by the group (Kameda & Tindale, 2006). Moreover, the existence of political attitude differences between groups can contribute to a vibrant democratic life in which alternative solutions to social problems are fully explored (Mutz, 2006). Thus, under some conditions, polarization can promote beneficial forms of social and political action. Unfortunately, though, polarization can also produce dysfunctional outcomes when it pushes groups too far apart and groups are isolated from critical sources of information. Under such conditions, polarization can produce suboptimal decisions within groups, and reduce the likelihood that groups with competing interests resolve their differences and implement compromises (Janis, 1982; Paluck, 2010). Political polarization can also decrease substantive policy reasoning, increase violence within and between states, amplify economic inequality, and impede the enactment of legislation (Ottati & Wilson, 2018). Pernicious forms of polarization are presumably exacerbated by dogmatic (or closed-minded) thinking that fails to openly consider the viability of opposing viewpoints, as well as low levels of intellectual humility in which people rarely consider the possibility that their own beliefs and opinions might be fallible. A primary purpose of this volume is to increase the scientific comprehension of open-mindedness and dogmatism. An understanding of open-mindedness and dogmatism can illuminate the nature and causes of political polarization, and provide clues regarding how one might attempt to reduce damaging aspects of polarization. Negative outcomes of polarization constitute one of the most salient challenges to be addressed in the 21st century. The promise of open-mindedness as a means to achieve greater social harmony and reduce problematic forms of polarization is timely. Indeed, it is difficult to uncover an arena of contemporary life that does not emphasize the value of open-mindedness. Open-mindedness is a prominent theme in commencement addresses at universities, and constitutes a core value of many organizations (e.g., Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, National Council for Social Studies, Foundation for Critical Thinking, International Baccalaureate). Endorsement of open-mindedness is also evident in remarks from the 46th U.S. President Joseph Biden, Pope Francis, the Dalai Lama, and many other prominent political and religious leaders"--

Food security remains a major issue for developing countries. Reducing arable land abandonment (ALA) is crucial to ensuring food security. In China, the 'decline in both quantity and quality' of arable land resources, especially in major grain-producing areas, has become increasingly serious. This study uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore the core conditions and combinations of paths leading to explicit and implicit abandonment using 30 typical cases in the main grain-producing areas of Hubei Province. The results show that (1) three combined pathways lead to explicit ALA (EALA) and that two pathways lead to implicit ALA (IALA); (2) laborer health (LH) is the core condition leading to EALA; and (3) LH, agricultural laborer (AL), per capita income (PCI) and social relationships (SRs) are the core conditions leading to IALA. To effectively alleviate ALA, the government should improve production conditions, pay attention to laborer health issues, improve agricultural returns and strengthen food security publicity and guidance, thereby promoting the rational use of arable land in these areas. The findings in this study link the changes in arable land use and provide a reference for other developing countries in ensuring food security.