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We apply Kingdon's multiple streams framework (MSF) to policy implementation to reflect a nested process separate from but interdependent with policymaking. Then, we generate a hypothesis concerning the conditional nature of problems, policies, and politics stream impacts on policy implementation. We test our hypotheses with state‐level implementation of the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, using a pooled data set of 10 years of toxic releases data. Findings suggest an important interaction occurs among problems, policies, and politics during the policy implementation process. More specifically, when any of the three is held at median levels, only marginal differences in outputs occur; however, when all three are increased to extreme levels, substantive differences emerge. Conclusions connect policy implementation to larger issues of MSF theoretical development and suggest implications for governance.

"Macroeconomic Principles and Problems: A Pluralist Introduction offers a comprehensive overview of the major topics in modern macroeconomics, from mainstream and heterodox perspectives. This textbook examines the key macroeconomic problems and policy debates facing contemporary society, including economic crises, sustainability, fiscal and monetary policy, government debt, state-led vs. market-led approaches for growth, and unregulated trade vs. protectionism. Written in an engaging style and focused on real-world examples, this textbook brings macroeconomics to life. Multiple examples of how each economic model works, coupled with critical analysis of the assumptions behind them, enable students to develop a sophisticated understanding of the material. Digital supplements are also available for students and instructors. Macroeconomic Principles and Problems offers the most contemporary and complete package for any pluralist macroeconomics class."

"Macroeconomic Principles and Problems: A Pluralist Introduction offers a comprehensive overview of the major topics in modern macroeconomics, from mainstream and heterodox perspectives. This textbook examines the key macroeconomic problems and policy debates facing contemporary society, including economic crises, sustainability, fiscal and monetary policy, government debt, state-led vs. market-led approaches for growth, and unregulated trade vs. protectionism. Written in an engaging style and focused on real-world examples, this textbook brings macroeconomics to life. Multiple examples of how each economic model works, coupled with critical analysis of the assumptions behind them, enable students to develop a sophisticated understanding of the material. Digital supplements are also available for students and instructors. Macroeconomic Principles and Problems offers the most contemporary and complete package for any pluralist macroeconomics class"--

In 2011, Belgium broke the world record for longest time without a government. 249 days had passed since the 2010 elections, and still the victorious parties – the New-Flemish Alliance (N-VA) and the Socialist Party (PS) – had not succeeded in the formation of a new government. This paper presents an argumentative analysis of the above political crisis. It seeks to clarify this crisis by means of mapping the most important arguments presented, so that the argumentative bottlenecks may be identified and analyzed. The arguments and claims examined in this paper are those of the N-VA; a nationalist Flemish party. The reason for focusing on the N-VA is that the political deadlock that can be identified as the cause for the relevant crisis stemmed from one of their party goals; namely to transfer authority from the federal government to the regions of Flanders and Wallonia, so effectively separating the two politically. By focusing on this argument, it is investigated what the different premises are and whether these are legitimate. Eventually, this culminates in a final judgment as to whether the N-VA's argument is sound.

Intro -- Ludwig von Mises, Epistemological Problems of Economics -- Front Matter -- The Liberty Fund Library of the Works of Ludwig von Mises -- Title Page -- Copyright Details -- Table of Contents, p. vii -- Foreword to the Liberty Fund Edition, p. xi -- Preface to the English-Language Edition, p. xv -- Preface to the German Edition, p. xix -- Epistemological Problems of Economics -- Chapter 1. The Task and Scope of the Science of Human Action, p. 1 -- Chapter 2. Sociology and History, p. 62 -- Chapter 3. Conception and Understanding, p. 118 -- Chapter 4. On the Development of the Subjective Theory of Value, p. 133 -- Chapter 5. Remarks on the Fundamental Problem of Subjective Theory of Value, p. 152 -- Chapter 6. The Psychological Basis of the Opposition to Economic Theory, p. 166 -- Chapter 7. The Controversy Over the Theory of Value, p. 185 -- Chapter 8. Inconvertible Capital, p. 197 -- Index, p. 211.

Der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt auf der Darstellung der wichtigsten Inhalte des österreichischen Mutterschutzgesetzes unter Zugrundelegung der von OGH und EuGH in den letzten Jahren im Rahmen dieser Thematik gefällten Entscheidungen. Auf eine überblicksmäßige Darstellung der auf internationaler Ebene in diesem Zusammenhang erlassenen Rechtsquellen folgt anschließend eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem österreichischen Mutterschutzgesetz im Speziellen. Ziel ist es, dem Leser die wesentlichen Regelungsinhalte vor allem durch kritische Beleuchtung der gegenständlichen Judikatur sowie durch Anführung von Literaturstimmen näher zu bringen. Zunächst wird der Geltungsbereiches des Gesetzes erörtert, woraufhin sodann die verschiedenen Beschäftigungsverbote, welche im Hinblick auf eine Schwangerschaft zum Tragen kommen, besprochen werden. Darauffolgend findet eine Darlegung der die Arbeitnehmerin und ihren Dienstgeber treffenden Pflichten statt. Im Anschluss werden die unterschiedlichen Varianten der Karenzierung des Arbeitsverhältnisses und die mit einer solchen verbundenen Auswirkungen auf die Dienstverträge aufgezeigt. Als nächstes folgt eine Besprechung der Möglichkeit der Teilzeitbeschäftigung und wird schlussendlich auf den im Zusammenhang mit einer Schwangerschaft greifenden Kündigungs- und Entlassungsschutz eingegangen. ; The main focus of this diploma thesis is held on the illustration of the most significant topics of the Austrian maternity protection law based on decisions of Supreme Court Justice and European Court of Justice of the last years. A first general presentation of this topic on international level governing legislation is followed by analysis of the Austrian maternity protection law. The intention is to give the reader an understanding of the most important contents of this law, especially by critical reflection of the court decisions and offering opinions of other legal representatives. First of all there is an explanation of the area of application of this law, which is followed by an elucidation of those employment bans, which come into being in case of pregnancy. After that the responsibilities and duties concerning the pregnant employees and their employers are described. Furthermore the various possibilities of maternity leave and their consequences on the contracts of employment as well as the possibility of part-time work are discussed. Finally the pregnant employee?s protection against dismissal is explained. ; von Nadja Schretter ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2010 ; (VLID)210937

No exact figures are available on the numbers of mestizos but everything indicates that, taking the Latin American (LA) area as a whole, the great majority of the pop is mestizo. 13 countries may be considered mestizo countries: Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, & Paraguay. In each of these the mestizo element, physically and statist'y speaking, forms either the largest or the culturally most important part of the pop. These countries share the basic structure and fundamental values of the Modern Spanish American culture but have certain special problems that already are or may be reflected in their cultures. In the mestizo countries, the Conquest established two castes: Indians and Spaniards. The principal difference between these castes and the castes of India and of the US, lies in the fact that mobility out of the Indian caste was possible simply by acculturation to modern society. The Indians thus acculturated and the products of racial mixture make up the body of the mestizos. One of the outstanding features of this century in Mestizo America is the comparative growth of this group of landless and non-aristocratic mestizos in every country. They have not developed an ideology but are in search of a way of life and a social order which will justify and legitimize their somewhat diffuse aspirations. Traditionally they have thought to identify themselves with the aristocrats and to aspire to realize aristocratic values. Several new influences have tended to ferment their discontents and press them to seek new solutions. Among these are: (1) an increasing level of educ, (2) the impact of mass communications, (3) mechanized industrialization, & (4) a growing desire for land reform. Thus the Mestizo Mass is slowly developing certain aspirations or goals, the implementation of which is bound to affect the Western Hemisphere and the civilized world. Their aspirations are: (1) every man has the right to earn a living for himself and his dependents. (2) Every man has the right to financial security for himself and his dependents. (3) Every human has the right to be considered as individual of worth in his own right. (4) Land reform is a necessity. (5) Recognized social position based on the foregoing rights will be demanded. (6) Indians and other elements of the pop must be incorporated in the modern society as rapidly as possible consistent with their own values and personal dignity. (7) These rights, sooner or later will be translated into effective political principles. The Guatemalan situation of 1944-54 serves to illustrate the growing strength and importance of the mestizo pop in the LA countries. J. E. Hughes.

"Auch wenn der Fordismus die sinnhafte Identifikation der Beschäftigten mit ihrer Arbeit und damit die Möglichkeit, Arbeit als Quelle sozialer Anerkennung zu erfahren, weithin verunmöglichte, so bot er ihnen doch mit sozialen Standards und Regulierungen einen Status im Rahmen eines 'industrial citizenship' (T.H. Marshall). Mit der Krise des Fordismus lässt sich nun ein Prozess der 'Subjektivierung von Arbeit' konstatieren, in dem sich gesteigerte Ansprüche auf Selbstverwirklichung und Autonomie in der Arbeit auf widersprüchliche Weise mit Anforderungen der Unternehmen auf Selbstorganisation und Selbstverantwortung der Arbeitenden bei der Erreichung ergebnisbezogener, oft marktorientiert formulierter Zielvorgaben verbinden. Die Beziehung von Anspruch und Anforderung der Selbstverantwortung in dieser doppelt subjektivierten Arbeit kann man dann als paradox beschreiben, wenn Selbstverwirklichung vom Unternehmen gefordert und das Erreichen extern gesetzter Ziele als Erfolg selbstbestimmten Arbeitens verstanden wird. Eine zweite Paradoxie kann man mit Boltanski/ Chiapello darin sehen, dass dieser Prozess als Reaktion auf die 'Artisten'-Kritik an entfremdeter Arbeit begriffen werden kann, in der Ansprüche auf Autonomie auf Kosten sozialer Ansprüche realisiert werden und damit den diese Autonomieansprüche sichernden sozialen Standards die Legitimation entzogen wird. Hiermit wird das soziale Fundament der Freiheit zur Selbstverwirklichung in Frage gestellt. In der projektorientierten Polis Boltanski/ Chiapellos muss die 'employability' der Netzakteure immer wieder neu hergestellt und durch den erfolgreichen Übergang von Projekt zu Projekt nachgewiesen werden. Die Re-Inklusion ist begründungspflichtig, nicht mehr die Entlassung als Exklusion. Inklusion und Exklusion werden entnormativiert und zugleich neben dem Problem des 'Netzopportunisten' zum zentralen Thema der 'Netzgerechtigkeit'. Leistungsorientierung und Selbstverwirklichung stützen sich auf Kontingenz und Erfolgszwang - eine dritte Paradoxie. Wenn Paradoxien im Kern deutlich machen, dass normative Fortschritte ohne ihre Schattenseiten nicht zu erzielen sind, dann scheint dies jeder Kritik notwendig eine melancholische Färbung zu verleihen. Wenn Kritik letztlich die Erneuerung des Kapitalismus initiiert, stellt sich die Frage nach der sozialen Bedeutung der Kritik neu. Bleibt nach der dämonisierenden Kritik des 'universellen Verblendungszusammenhangs' nurmehr eine funktionalistische 'Soziologie der Kritik'?" (Autorenreferat)

Integration of the Russian Federation in the international community, to find the most effective ways to implement the military and land reforms require a comprehensive study. The paper identifies the main problems that hinder the effective implementation of the reform of the conversion, the ways of their solutions, including use of the experience of the advanced countries of the European Union. Identified military objects to be conversion, shown combining them into groups according to various criteria. Proposed a typology of ex-military territories. Notes the role of the organization of effective land use conversion in the areas of land use planning, identifies the main documents required for the implementation of planned activities. The problems of land use planning conversion ex-military territories.

Now, unemployment among young generation of the Europeans is one of the most crucial problems in the policy of European Union and of the Member States. The economic crisis caused social exclusion of the significant part of the youth who after graduation augments number of the unemployed. Young generation shows less interest in running own business. Fear of bankruptcy forcibly decreases economic activity. European Union for few years has been undertaking measures aiming at coordination of the systems combating unemployment in the Member States. In the same time, it has been developing programs supporting actions undertaken in various states in the field of creating jobs, vocational trainings and probations addressed to the youth. Lowering unemployment rate among the youth is one of the priorities of the strategy Europe 2020. European politicians think that unemployment may be decreased based on the active "knowledge triangles" in which education of various levels, employers and business institutions participate and act together. Economic analysts however underline that unemployment among the youth may be decreased only when global economic growth occurs.

The obligation to provide adequate lactation facilities in public areas, especially the working institutions have been governed by government regulations. However, not all institutions have decent lactation facilities, including college in Yogyakarta, whose majority of workers are women of productive age. The purpose of this research is to know the importance of lactation facilities in educational institutions based on the experience of nursing mothers and policy managers and policymakers in Yogyakarta College. Types of qualitative research with draft case studies. Sampling purposive (Snowball sampling) with the informant that has been or is breastfeeding and the key informant is Vice Rector II, head of HR Bureau, head of General Bureau and Finance. Analyze data with Miles and Hubberman content analysis. After a thorough interview of 10 informers of nursing workers, most say uncomfortable while breastfeeding in the workplace due to the absence of a special space for breastfeeding and privacy. The lactation room is considered important because it is the need for working mothers in the workplace. The procurement of lactation facilities has not been carried out because there have been no initiators and has not been a priority program at the leadership meeting. In conclusion, based on the needs analysis, it will be considered procurement of lactation facilities in education institutions. ; Kewajiban penyediaan fasilitas laktasi yang memadai di tempat umum khususnya institusi kerja telah diatur melalui peraturan pemerintah. Namun, belum semua institusi memiliki fasilitas laktasi yang layak, termasuk pada perguruan tinggi di Yogyakarta yang mayoritas pekerja adalah perempuan usia produktif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pentingnya fasilitas laktasi di institusi pendidikan berdasarkan pengalaman ibu menyusui dan kebijakan pengelola dan pembuat kebijakan di Perguruan Tinggi Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Penentuan sampel secara purposive (snowball sampling) dengan informan pekerja yang pernah atau sedang menyusui dan informan kunci adalah Wakil Rektor II, Kepala Biro SDM, Kepala Biro Umum dan Keuangan. Analisis data dengan content analysis Miles and Hubberman. Setelah dilakukan wawancara mendalam terhadap 10 informan pekerja yang menyusui, sebagian besar mengatakan tidak nyaman saat menyusui di tempat kerja dikarenakan tidak adanya ruang khusus untuk menyusui yang terjaga privasinya. Ruang laktasi dianggap penting karena merupakan kebutuhan ibu pekerja di tempat kerja. Pengadaan fasilitas laktasi belum terlaksana dikarenakan selama ini belum ada inisiator dan belum merupakan program prioritas pada rapat pimpinan. Kesimpulannya, berdasarkan analisis kebutuhan, maka akan dipertimbangkan pengadaan fasilitas laktasi di institusi pendidikan.

This article deals with the analysis of the coverage of the Second Karabagh War by the influential British press. The mass media plays an important role in shaping or influencing people's opinions on conflicts. The Armenia-Azerbaijan Nagorno Karabakh Conflict is one of the conflicts that has got and presently is getting international press coverage. The news coverage has great importance in informing the world how Armenia invaded and destroyed Karabakh. And as the British press is enough influential in western countries and plays an important role in shaping the opinions, its coverage of the conflict is very important. Another important point is that the United Kingdom has long been one of the important geostrategic actors in the system of international relations. Although the UK's international influence is relatively weak in modern times, the country is still considered one of the world's power centers.
The United Kingdom is also home to concepts such as parliamentarism, democracy, liberalism, and freedom of thought, speech, and press. All these factors make the analysis of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the British press especially relevant. One more important fact that is worth to mention that Azerbaijan is a country rich in oil and gas reserves. This fact draws the attention of many individuals and legal entities in the United Kingdom, including BP, to Azerbaijan. The economic interests of transnational companies coincide with the development trends of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and, as a result, take different directions. Taking this into account, Azerbaijan is objectively interested in gaining access to the political and intellectual elite of the United Kingdom through these individuals and legal entities. The links of transnational companies to Azerbaijan's national security are one of the subjects of research in the British press. This, in turn, increases the relevance of the study of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in the British press.

This article is dedicated to the legal issues surrounding surrogacy in Russia. Despite the legality of surrogacy in Russia, this practice raises numerous ethical, moral, and legal questions. The relevance of this issue is the subject of active discussion among lawyers, where the interests of three parties – a child, genetic parents, and a surrogate mother – are simultaneously at stake.The admissibility of assisted reproductive technologies and their regulation is one of the most controversial issues in law. Thus, the position of legislators in different countries, including Russia, can be influenced by dominant religious beliefs and norms of morality and ethics in society.The article provides an analysis of the legal status of surrogacy in Russia and foreign countries. It is worth noting that the Russian legislation lacks a legal definition of a surrogacy agreement. This has led to a lack of consensus on the legal nature of this contract in doctrine and legal practice: whether it is civil or family law or has a mixed character. At the same time, a judicial Russian practice has already emerged that gives priority to the interests of a child.