Suchergebnisse

In most countries, competition in the telecommunications industry is subject to both sector-specific regulation and more general antitrust policies. At the same time, a process of international market liberalisation is under way in telecommunications which can only be truly effective - and further advance - if appropriate competitive safeguards are in place. Trading partners should agree on certain minimum standards to be observed in this area in order to better combat anticompetitive conduct and avoid international conflicts. The Reference Paper to the WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications is an important step in this direction and may also serve as a model for other network industries. It is a framework of rules which has to be filled with concrete decisions in the fields of antitrust and regulation. More importantly, it must be complemented by multilateral competition rules of a more general nature. ; Der Wettbewerb im Telekommunikationssektor unterliegt in den meisten Ländern sowohl sektorspezifischer Regulierung als auch der allgemeinen Wettbewerbspolitik. Gleichzeitig findet eine internationale Liberalisierung der Telekommunikationsmärkte statt, deren Effektivität - und Fortgang - wesentlich von der Existenz wettbewerblicher Schutzklauseln abhängt. Die Handelspartner sollten sich in diesem Bereich auf bestimmte Mindeststandards zur besseren Bekämpfung wettbewerbswidriger Praktiken und Vermeidung internationaler Konflikte verständigen. Das Reference Paper zum WTO-Abkommen über Telekommunikationsgrunddienste ist ein bedeutender Schritt in dieser Richtung und auch ein Vorbild für andere Netzsektoren. Es enthält eine Rahmenregelung für konkrete politische Entscheidungen und bedarf insbesondere einer Ergänzung durch multilaterale Wettbewerbsregeln allgemeinerer Art.

Economic cooperation among Europe, Japan, and the US; 5 articles. Based on papers presented at a conference sponsored jointly by the Istituto Affari Internazionali, Harvard University, and the National Institute for Research Advancement of Tokyo, held Jan. 12-13, 1991, Hakone, Japan.

"Theoretical Diversity in International Relations: Dominance, Pluralism, and Division" published on by Oxford University Press.

AN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE HERE TO TOUCH ON SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PROBLEMS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. THE SCOPE OF THESE PROBLEMS REACHES, FROM THE QUESTION OF ITS BASIS TO THE MANY AND VARIED CONCEPTIONS OF AN IDEAL, DESIRABLE WORLD ORDER. THE RANGE IS FROM AN ANTITHEORETICAL PRAGMATISM TO REAL AND CONCEPTUAL DIFFICULTIES IN DEVELOPING RULES FOR PEACEFUL CHANGE.

This dissertation consists of three chapters related to international trade and industrial policies. The first chapter establishes that international trade and the market size affect institutional quality positively. Institutions, such as contract enforcements and rule of law, are arguably one of the most important determinants of economic development. I adopt an incomplete-contract approach to model institutions. Due to contract incompleteness, a firm can hold up its suppliers and distort production. When the effective market size facing firms is larger, due to trade liberalization, or increases in population or numbers of trading partners, benevolent governments have incentive to improve institutional quality to facilitate production to meet the larger demand. Interestingly, in my multiple-country framework, the competition in institutional quality also matters in a Nash-equilibrium sense. Institutional quality increases in trade-liberalized countries whereas those in the non-liberalized ones may decrease. This chapter also empirically shows the positive impact of real effective market size on institutional quality, supporting the model. The second chapter finds that foreign direct investment (FDI) affects China's industrial agglomeration negatively by utilizing the differential effects of FDI deregulation in 2002 in China on different industries. This result is somewhat counter-intuitive, as the conventional wisdom tends to think that FDI attracts domestic firms to cluster around them for various agglomeration benefits, technological spillovers in particular. To reconcile our empirical findings and the conventional wisdom, we develop a theory of FDI and agglomeration based on two counter-veiling force. Technology diffusion from FDI attracts domestic firms to be around them, but fiercer competition drives firms away. Our theory indicates that which force dominates depends on the scale of the economy. When the scale of the economy is sufficiently large, FDI discourages agglomeration. We find various evidence on this competition mechanism. The third chapter studies the Chinese industrial subsidy policy from 1998 to 2007. Our industry equilibrium model establishes that the optimal policy should be positively correlated with various input distortions confronting firms. Based on this prediction, we evaluate the effectiveness of subsidy policy in China and document four stylized facts: (1) The efficiency of subsidy policy in China has grown by around 50% over the ten years, with a notable increase at the ascendance of Hu Jingtao into presidency; (2) Subsidy policy tends to have differential efficiency effect on the sector level, with more downstream sectors experiencing higher efficiency; (3) Provinces in the 'Western Development Program' received more subsidies compared to their eastern counterparts; (4) Labour and materials distortions have been properly corrected in the western regions, and materials distortion can explain most of the variation of subsidies in China. Finally we quantify the effect of the policy on welfare.

Nowadays, an important debate in the international economies is the problem of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change related. Discussions begin to gain the world with the signature of the Kyoto Protocol (1997), where an international agreement was reached to reduce global emissions. However, in this context of mitigation, many controlling policies are based on reducing domestic emissions of GHG, which ignores, for example, CO2 emissions embodied in international trade. Moreover, given sudden expansion and globalization of world economies, pollution embodied in trade flows becomes important for measurement of responsibilities, because the use of final goods and production inputs that a country need not necessarily produced by itself, leading to a growing concern about the problem of carbon leakage. Thus, many studies have taken into consideration the estimated emissions embodied in international trade through, for example, the input-output analysis. In this context, this paper seeks to make an empirical investigation on the responsibility for emissions and international trade. We use data from WIOD, where the data structure consists of Input-Output Tables for 40 countries (27 EU countries and 13 other selected countries) plus the "Rest of the World" for the period 1995 to 2009. Furthermore, the production side is disaggregated into 35 productive sectors. Finally uses atmospheric emissions of CO2 for the same 40 countries selected and RoW. The overall aim is to measure emissions embodied in international trade and to analyze the interactions in terms of sectors and regional, from such countries. We propose the following specific aims: a) to observe, through CO2 emissions in international trade, if there is a concentration of emissions and if this behavior is maintained over the years (1995-2009), b) measure CO2 emissions embodied in production and consumption, c) measure the CO2 emissions embodied in exports and imports of each country and thus verify if the international trade has been used as a way to reduce emissions by countries, d) construction carbon balance for each country. The methodology used involves input-output techniques for calculating carbon emissions embodied in international trade. Thus, aggregate indicators for different countries are obtained, such as coefficients of intensity of CO2 emissions. Moreover, trade balances global CO2 emissions embodied in international trade are calculated and the major net exporters and net importers of CO2 emissions in the world economy are identified. Moreover, these indicators represent the empirical basis for the discussion on the responsibility for emissions, being possible, for example, to make a discussion of responsibilities between producer and consumer countries for environmental impacts. Finally, Miyazawa multipliers are calculated, a methodology that approach the issues of feedback loop between countries, through the decomposition of the Leontief inverse matrix in sub-matrices.