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Abstract Culture refers to the patterns of thought and behaviour of people. It includes values, beliefs, rules of conduct, and patterns of social, political and economic organisation. These are passed on from one generation to the next by formal as well as informal processes. Culture consists of the ways in which we think and act as members of a society. Thus, all the achievements of group life are collectively called culture. In popular parlance, the material aspects of culture, such as scientific and technological achievements are seen as distinct from culture which is left with the non-material, higher achievements of group life (art, music, literature, philosophy, religion and science). Culture is the product of such an organization and expresses itself through language and art, philosophy and religion. It also expresses itself through social habits, customs, economic organisations and political institutions. Indian culture is an invaluable possession of our society. Indian culture is the oldest of all the cultures of the world. Inspite of facing many ups and downs Indian culture is shinning with all it's glory and splendor. Culture is the soul of nation. On the basis of culture, we can experience the prosperity of its past and present. Culture is collection of values of human life, which establishes it specifically and ideally separate from other groups.

Assesses the impact on national culture of the globalization of communications & cultural life. Discussion opens with a brief historical overview of the globalization of culture, noting the vast & intense spread of cultural communication in the post-WWII period & acknowledging the fact that the diffusion of cultural products does not amount merely to cultural imperialism in light of the staying power of national & local cultures. Considered next is the future impact of communication & cultural flows on local & national cultures & on individual & national identity & politics. The traditionalist or modern, territorial, state-based conception of national identity & nationalism is addressed, delineating five assumptions underpinning the modern territorial polity. This position is juxtaposed with the cultural globalist position, & five assumptions are posed in contrast to those of the theory of national culture. Following some additional points, an alternative, a cosmopolitan position is presented, providing three core requirements of a cultural cosmopolitanism. J. Zendejas

Assesses the impact on national culture of the globalization of communications & cultural life. Discussion opens with a brief historical overview of the globalization of culture, noting the vast & intense spread of cultural communication in the post-WWII period & acknowledging the fact that the diffusion of cultural products does not amount merely to cultural imperialism in light of the staying power of national & local cultures. Considered next is the future impact of communication & cultural flows on local & national cultures & on individual & national identity & politics. The traditionalist or modern, territorial, state-based conception of national identity & nationalism is addressed, delineating five assumptions underpinning the modern territorial polity. This position is juxtaposed with the cultural globalist position, & five assumptions are posed in contrast to those of the theory of national culture. Following some additional points, an alternative, a cosmopolitan position is presented, providing three core requirements of a cultural cosmopolitanism. J. Zendejas

»Sicherheit und Verschwörung in der Neuzeit«. Security History is a new field in historical research. Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories have attracted since some years great attention, both in historical and in social research. A thorough study of those both opposed and mirroring key phenomena and concepts does not exist. This contribution tries to outline a sketch of the development of their interwoven history, how (imagined) conspiracies challenged new means of security production and vice versa. The main assumption is that a) a translocal public sphere, b) concepts, practices and means of institutionalized security production, and c) developed narratives that contain conspiracy theories only emerge together from the Renaissance onwards. Only if there is a public sphere in which conspiracy theories can circulate anonymously they become themselves an element of historical agency. Security as a leading principle of politics emerges only with the development of the state. The contribution outlines the steps of change from confessional age to Enlightenment, to the Revolutionary age and to Modernity, identifying mainly two important systematic changings which affect the security/conspiracy combination (Emergence of observability alongside the politics/religion and Ancien Régime/ Bourgeois Society distinctions). It finally asks if there is currently happening a third epochal shift of comparable importance.

This article outlines a deductive theory that creates a new way to think about the origins and evolution of culture. It is Darwinian in the sense that it posits that novel concepts and behavior, like novel genes, appear randomly and are subject to selection on the basis of specific criteria that are established by the properties of living things. The theory permits us to hypothesize properties of the genome that generate culture and to infer the conditions under which selection would favor the origins of culture. Theoretical deductions lead to the conclusion that the organisms that create culture actively participate in the creation of descendants who exhibit increasing cultural abilities and who generate increases in productivity and more reliable flows of resources. Culture is not something that has evolved solely and relatively recently in the hominid line of evolution. Fossil evidence suggests that culture may have existed at least 50 million years ago, and may have originated more than 200 million years ago.

Urban women are provocative; their mere presence has frequently stimulated observers to label the relationship between women and urban culture problematic. As Mary P. Ryan recently noted, 'To search for women in public is to subvert a longstanding tenent of the modern Western gender system, the presumption that social space is divided between the public and the private and that men claim the former while women are confined to the latter.' What follows here is an examination of the changing discourse of the relationship between women and cities since the Civil War. Perhaps for the reason indicated by Ryan, few systematic surveys have been made of that literature. Only those works which explicitly posit a connection between women and urban culture are included here; it is not enough that the women described beincities, there must be some discussion of the interaction between the two. The term 'culture' is used in the anthropological sense – culture as a way of life. Many of the works reviewed here examine women who somehow deviate from the 'ideal' woman, who in the nineteenth century seemed to be a married Protestant middle-class non-employed mother. Thus they demonstrate abundant interest in prostitutes, immigrant women and wage-earning women, as well as in politically and sexually radical women.

Too often we forget that culture is not a social fact but a concept. In this article it will be argued that cultures do not exist, in spite of their apparent pervasiveness within the social sciences and in daily life. A question will be raised as to the ideological role of the idea of culture, that is, what effects does it produce in the social construction of reality? To do that, the concept and its uses will be criticized, noting that the very concept and its use in daily life represents practices of classification and segregation. Finally, it is suggested that the concept of culture should be abandoned and that we should look forward to new ways of conceiving human diversity more suitable to a situated ethical thinking.

Extraordinary social and moral shifts have taken place in Western societies since the 1960s. Sex is no longer the exclusive province of husband and wife set within monogamous married family life. The world is awash in sex: advertising, books, magazines, movies, sex clubs, and internet pornography. This volume pursues a detailed study of how changes in social life dating from the sexual revolution in the 1960s have affected the American family.