Suchergebnisse

Das am 26. März 1995 in Kraft gesetzte Schengener Abkommen hat einen Europäischen Binnenraum der Personenfreizügigkeit geschaffen und damit ein beispielloses kontinentales Integrationsziel erreicht. Die Bedrohung durch globalen Terrorismus sowie ein starker Anstieg der Flüchtlingszahlen in Europa seit Sommer 2015 haben eine Grundsatzdebatte darüber hervorgerufen, inwieweit offene Binnengrenzen politisch und ökonomisch haltbar sind. Diese Studie adressiert drei Fragestellungen: Wie stark wird die Reisezeit durch Grenzkontrollen beeinträchtigt? Beeinflusst die Abschaffung der Grenzkontrollen durch das Schengener Abkommen den grenzüberschreitenden Handel in Waren und Dienstleistungen? Welche Wohlfahrtseffekte sind aufgrund einer Veränderung internationaler Handelsvolumina in Folge einer Wiedereinführung von Grenzkontrollen im Schengen-Raum zu erwarten? Die Studie findet, dass die Überwindung von Ländergrenzen innerhalb des Schengen-Raumes um etwa 20 Minuten schneller gelingt als zwischen zwei Ländern, von denen mindestens eines nicht dem Schengen-Raum angehört. Eine Wiedereinführung der Grenzkontrollen im Schengen-Raum würde die bilateralen Warenexporte je Grenzübertritt um 2,7% reduzieren; entspricht einem Zolläquivalent von 0,54%. Die bilateralen Dienstleistungsexporte je Grenzübertritt würden um 4,2% reduziert; entspricht einem Zolläquivalent von 0,82%. Die deutschen BIP Einbußen durch einen vollständigen Zusammenbruch des Schengen-Raumes lägen zwischen 4 und 11 Mrd. Euro pro Jahr. Die weitaus realistischere Wiedereinführung von Kontrollen an den Flüchtlingsrouten würde für Deutschland zu BIP Effekten zwischen -1 und -3 Mrd. Euro jährlich führen. Ähnliche Analysen wurden für Bayern, Österreich und die Europäische Union durchgeführt.

Main description: Sozialisten an der Adria stellt die erste umfassende Behandlung der sozialistischen Bewegung in den Küstengebieten der Habsburger Monarchie von der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs dar. Das Küstenland (Görz und Gradiska, Istrien und Triest) war multiethnisch geprägt und von einem regen Assoziationswesen gekennzeichnet, in dem italienische, deutsche, slowenische und kroatische Vereine zusammen kamen, sich kreuzten und manchmal miteinander kollidierten. -- Die zentrale Frage der Untersuchung, die auf reichhaltige Quellenbestände aus italienischen, österreichischen und kroatischen Archiven basiert, zielt auf die Art und Weise, wie eine bestimmte politische Kultur - die sozialdemokratische in der Zeit der Zweiten Internationale - und die dazugehörigen Strukturen und Organisationen sich aus einem Zentrum (Wien) in eine abgelegene Peripherie ausdehnten, welche Veränderungen und Anpassungen im Laufe dieses Verbreitungsprozesses stattfanden, welche Träger und Kräfte zur Diffusion dieser Kultur beitrugen und schließlich, durch welche Mechanismen eine gewisse Einheitlichkeit zwischen den verschiedenen Sektionen sowie eine gewisse Kontrolle durch die Wiener Zentrale an der Peripherie gewährleistet wurde. -- "By placing Adriatic movements firmly in the broader context of Central European developments, Cattaruzza has succeeded in her aims - to illuminate the particular history of social democratic movements in the Adriatic regions and to broaden scholars' perspectives on social democracy in the Habsburg Empire." Marta Hametz, in: Austrian History Yearbook, 31/2000

Розглянуто сутність збройного конфлікту всередині держави у міжнародному та вітчизняному правовому та військовому аспектах. Запропоновано уточнення основних понять, що використовуються у процесі дослідження проблемних питань, пов'язаних з розв'язанням такого конфлікту; надано підходи до його типології. ; The article examines the nature of armed conflict within the state in the international and domestic legal and military perspective; gives the clarification of the basic concepts used in the study of issues related to the solution of the conflict; provides approaches to its typology.

The scale of maternal mortality and morbidity today is staggering. This book focuses on a vital part of a human rights response to maternal mortality, viz. accountability. Accountability encompasses monitoring, review and redress at the local, national and international levels. The book's context includes the UN Human Rights Council maternal mortality and morbidity resolutions, as well as Millennium Development Goal 5. It comes out of a roundtable conference held in Geneva during 2010 that examined maternal mortality, human rights and accountability and provided a forum where maternal healt.

Auf die verheerenden Terroranschläge des 11. September 2001 antwortete die Regierung der USA mit einem globalen "Krieg" gegen den Terror. Dabei wurden dem Wert der nationalen Sicherheit zwingende Normen des Völkerrechts wie die Rechte von Kriegsgefangenen, elementare Menschenrechte oder das Gewaltverbot untergeordnet. Doch nicht nur auf internationaler Ebene fand eine solche Umwertung der Normen statt, auch im eigenen Land wurden Maßnahmen zur Terrorismusbekämpfung ergriffen, die verfassungsmäßige persönliche Freiheitsrechte, d.h. Abwehrrechte gegen den Staat, erheblich beeinträchtigen. In diesem Buch wird die innenpolitische Vorgehensweise der Regierung von George W. Bush nach dem 11. September nachgezeichnet. Neben einem ausführlichen Kommentar zu den erlassenen Rechtsnormen, wie dem PATRIOT Act, und der Darstellung ihrer Implementierung werden die Reaktionen der anderen Akteure des politischen Systems der USA analysiert. Nach dieser Analyse wird eine alternative Strategie der Terrorismusbekämpfung skizziert, die aufzeigt, dass eine Einschränkung persönlicher Freiheitsrechte keinen Gewinn von Sicherheit bedeutet und sich sogar kontraproduktiv auswirken kann

In the field of Architectural Restoration, conservation is a fundamental matter to ensure the durability of a built heritage, with historical and artistic values. The process of Conservation consists in the planning of series of interventions, preceded by an accurate phase of investigation about all the main aspects characterizing the artefact. Therefore, it is necessary to perform a preliminary assessment of the general conditions and, eventually, to appraise the presence of pathologies, according to the recommendations contained in the International and European Standards. However, the limit of the major existing legislations is the lack of quantitative criteria to identify and classify alterations. This work aims to make a proposal for an integration of the existing standards, with the identification of meaningful parameters in correspondence of damages. The example application of the study is conducted on Palazzo Palmieri (Monopoli – Italy), through the analysis of photogrammetric 3D models.

International audience ; It is often suggested that Britain has lost its great power status since the fall of Empire. Yet, whilst its military and economic power has undoubtedly been weakened, it continues to exert power and influence and to promote national interests via the exercise of both hard and soft power. Far from representing a novel strategy, this simultaneous deployment of both forms of power may be considered as a continuation of the dual imperial strategy of gunboat diplomacy and winning hearts and minds at home and abroad. Yet, the postcolonial era does represent some novelty: as was clear under the Conservative-led coalition and is now evident under a Conservative majority government, soft power is no longer exercised principally via cultural diplomacy, through, for example, the British Council, but increasingly via large companies which promote British economic and political interests through corporate imperialism.

International audience ; It is often suggested that Britain has lost its great power status since the fall of Empire. Yet, whilst its military and economic power has undoubtedly been weakened, it continues to exert power and influence and to promote national interests via the exercise of both hard and soft power. Far from representing a novel strategy, this simultaneous deployment of both forms of power may be considered as a continuation of the dual imperial strategy of gunboat diplomacy and winning hearts and minds at home and abroad. Yet, the postcolonial era does represent some novelty: as was clear under the Conservative-led coalition and is now evident under a Conservative majority government, soft power is no longer exercised principally via cultural diplomacy, through, for example, the British Council, but increasingly via large companies which promote British economic and political interests through corporate imperialism.

International audience ; It is often suggested that Britain has lost its great power status since the fall of Empire. Yet, whilst its military and economic power has undoubtedly been weakened, it continues to exert power and influence and to promote national interests via the exercise of both hard and soft power. Far from representing a novel strategy, this simultaneous deployment of both forms of power may be considered as a continuation of the dual imperial strategy of gunboat diplomacy and winning hearts and minds at home and abroad. Yet, the postcolonial era does represent some novelty: as was clear under the Conservative-led coalition and is now evident under a Conservative majority government, soft power is no longer exercised principally via cultural diplomacy, through, for example, the British Council, but increasingly via large companies which promote British economic and political interests through corporate imperialism.

Following a review of current scholarship on identity and integration patterns of Russian speakers in the Baltic states, this article proposes an analytical framework to help understand current trends. Rogers Brubaker's widely employed triadic nexus is expanded to demonstrate why a form of Russian-speaking identity has been emerging, but has failed to become fully consolidated, and why significant integration has occurred structurally but not identificationally. By enumerating the subfields of political, economic, and cultural 'stances' and 'representations' the model helps to understand the complicated integration processes of minority groups that possess complex relationships with 'external homelands', 'nationalizing states' and 'international organizations'. Ultimately, it is argued that socio-economic factors largely reduce the capacity for a consolidated identity; political factors have a moderate tendency to reduce this capacity, whereas cultural factors generally increase the potential for a consolidated group identity. Adapted from the source document.

In the last fifteen years there has been a commodities boom, which is comparable in its consequences with the commodity crisis of the 1970s and can be considered as a potential turning point in the international division of labor worldwide. Many governments in the global South use the rekindled rivalry between the old and new industrialized countries for resources in order to improve their position within the global value chains. In this issue, fundamental relationships between commodity policies and development are analyzed with recourse to theoretical perspectives and concepts of unequal exchange, the global Good chain research and the (neo-)extractivism. The contributions develop theoretical links and distinctions between these perspectives and illustrate these on bauxite mining in Guinea, the politico-economic development in Latin America, the commodity trade of the GDR, the palm oil production in Indonesia and the EU Raw Materials Initiative in respect of Africa. Adapted from the source document.

Not since the countries of Africa tossed out their colonial filters several decades ago has there been this much optimism and excitement about the continent's prospects. While China's economic expansion has slowed, and while Europe and the US try to dig themselves out of recession, Africa has not only weathered an up-and-down global economy -- it's been booming. According to International Monetary Fund data, sub-Saharan Africa has grown at an annual rate of 4.8% over the last five years, a period that includes the trauma of the global financial crisis. That means it has outperformed other developing regions -- like Latin America, for example, at 3.3% -- and it blows out of the water the advanced economies, which expanded just 0.5% per year. Foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa has leapt from $6 billion in 2000 to $34 billion in 2012. Adapted from the source document.

The Senate Foreign Relations Committee approved Pres Barack Obama's choice to be his top arms control official in late October, after a September committee hearing raised few red flags and the nominee won the support of a key Republican senator. Rose Gottemoeller, nominated in May to be undersecretary of state for arms control and international security to replace Ellen Tauscher, has been serving as acting undersecretary and as assistant secretary for arms control, verification, and compliance. She was the main US negotiator for the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. Republican senators have been suggesting for months that any US-Russian arms control treaty that Obama might submit for Senate approval would likely be rejected and that they oppose the idea of pursuing an informal process with Russia that would not be subject to Senate approval. Adapted from the source document.

Grounded on a series of first-hand interviews with Chinese government officials, this book examines China's accession to the World Trade Organization, providing an 'inside' look at Chinese WTO accession negotiations. Presenting a systematic political economy model in analyzing Beijing's decision-making mechanisms, the book argues that China's WTO policy making is a state-led, leadership driven, and top-down process. Feng explores how China's determined political elite partly bypassed and partly restructured a largely reluctant and resistant bureaucracy, under constant pressure from an increasingly globalized international system. By addressing China's accession to the WTO from a political analysis perspective, the book provides a theoretically informed and intriguing examination of China's foreign economic policy making regime. The book highlights contemporary debates relating to state and institutionalist theory and provides new and useful insights into a significant development of this century.