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THE CHOICE OF WORDS, TRANSITIVITY, AND IDEOLOGY OF THE HEADLINES IN THE JAKARTA POST REPORTING APEC IN INDONESIA 2013 Lydia Anggar Wati Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University lydia82012@gmail.com Lisetyo Ariyanti, S.S., M.Pd Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University lisetyo.a@yahoo.com ABSTRAK Penelitian ini fokus dalam menganalisa headlines mengenai berita APEC karena headlines menyimpan informasi penting dari peristiwa di dunia. Rumusan masalah diantaranya (1) apa saja word choice dalam headlines di Koran The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013, (2) apa saja transitivity yang ditemukan di headlines The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013, (3) sikap ideologis apa pada word choices dan transitivity di headlines The Jakarta Post pemberitaan APEC di Indonesia 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dari koran harian The Jakarta Post mengenai APEC tanggal 9 September 2013 sampai 9 Oktober 2013 (31 hari). Hasil penelitian ini: 1) word choice yang ditemukan dalam headlines ditulis dalam bentuk simple present tense menunjukkan peristiwa yang baru saja terjadi. Headlines ditulis dalam bentuk klausa penuh yang terdiri dari sedikitnya subjek dan kata kerja. Pada headlines terdapat bentuk omisi dari verba bantu be agar penulisan berita lebih efektif, 2) proses verba sebagian besar menggunakan material process. Sirkumtansi dalam headlines ditulis oleh frase nomina dan frase kata kerja. APEC sering disebutkan sebagai aktor atau pelaku dalam headlines yang memiliki verba positif seperti vows, talks, hopes, changers. Dari kata kerja tersebut terlihat kekuatan dominasi aktor pada tujuan. Kata Kunci: headlines, word choice, transitivity, ideology ABSTRACT This study focuses on the analysis of the headlines newspaper in APEC news event because headlines provide the main important information of the events in the world. The research questions are (1) what the word choice is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013, (2) what the transitivity is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013, (3) what ideological in word choice and transitivity found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. The study is descriptive qualitative. The data was collected The Jakarta Post daily newspaper about APEC news event from September 9th, 2013 until October 9th, 2013 (31 days). The study found: 1) word choice is found in headlines is written in simple present tense form to show the immediate past happening. The headlines are written by full clause form which consist of minimal a subject and a verb. There is omission in headlines as the aim of the effectiveness headlines writing, 2) the process of the verbs are mostly material process. The circumstances of the headlines are written by noun phrase and verb phrases. APEC is mostly mentioned as the actor or the doer in the headlines that has positive verbs such as vows, talks, hopes, changers. From those verbs that is seen dominance power in actor for the goal. Keywords: headlines, word choice, transitivity, ideology INTRODUCTION Language is very important in human life to make good interaction, people need language to communicate with other. The language in use for communication is called discourse (Cook, 1989:6). It means that all of the language to use for communicating with other people is named "discourse". In the recently times, Linguists' interest in discourse focus on the linguistic structure of the text into how texts draw in the social process. The reason is linguists' want to get satisfied more than analyzing linguistic text which focused in linguistic features only. The knowledge of understanding in grammar, syntax, morphology, semantic and phonology of the text have not need of understanding in a text. The rhetoric intent, the coherence, and the worldview that the author and receptor convey the similarity essential of the text (Kaplan, 1990) as cited in Taiwo (2007:218). Texts always produce and read in real world with all the complexity, not in the isolation area. Consequently, language can show the reality. Language delivers from word by word in written or oral a broad sense of meanings and the meaning delivers with those words in social, political, and historical condition. Language can bring the power that shows in written or spoken. Mass media, it means that delivery message. It has two types of mass media. There are printed mass media and electronic mass media. Printed media are newspaper, tabloids, and magazines. Electronic mass media includes radio, smart-phone, and television. It is used to communicate with other political as the instrument to convey idea, message, and political work program. It has hidden of power relation. As one of the printed mass media, newspaper become as one of the most popular mass media. It occurs because newspapers contain many variant of news every day. By using actions of outstanding figures and statement, newspapers have formed. Opinion leaders, government, newspaper editors, etc, play crucial role in shaping the issue in the society and setting the boundaries of what is talked about, how is talked about (Taiwo, 2007: 218). However, the critical reader frequently takes the new granted. The analysis focused on the analysis of the headline newspaper because the headline summarize the content of the news, and attract the reader to read the article. The writer of newspaper always makes the headline short but in a headline can describe the core of the complicated new story in a few words. In Richardson (2007), Van Dijk (1988) says that news headlines are particularly key for the way readers understand of news text, they stakes that monitor attention, perception and reading process. The study concerned on headlines since daily newspaper provides the main important information of events in the world. Nevertheless, it is difficult for readers to read all of the news articles in the daily newspapers because all the variant news are very interesting and the time restraint. Therefore, they have to be selective by looking on the headline. The main function of news headline is to make the readers easily to know the main content of the news and the general picture of the news stories although they do not read all news stories. The study chooses The Jakarta Post daily newspaper as the sources of data since The Jakarta Post is the leading daily English language newspaper in Indonesia that published since 1983. The newspaper was launched on April 25th 1983. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the nation's capital, Jakarta. It is the largest English language newspaper in Indonesia with an average circulation of around 50,000 copies. (www.wikipedia.com/jakarta-post). The analysis of headlines reporting APEC (Asia-Pacific Economy Cooperation) 2013 in Bali, Indonesia was the focus of the research since the news in September 2nd 2013 until October 14th 2013. In that day, Indonesia prepare everything what is needed to annual meeting of APEC in this year held in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia. APEC is established in 1989 which has the aim to strengthen economic growth and strengthen the community of nations in the Asia Pacific. In the annual meeting in this year, APEC generate seven agreement. APEC have the important role in economic global. In that meeting, there are delegates 21 state leader who are important people in their country as presidents and a hundreds business people from whole the world. However, there are many particular world of economy-politic that they used. (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerja_Sama_Ekonomi_Asia_Pasifik) The study has There are two similar studies. First, a similar studies was conducted by Kirana (2009). She conducted a study entitled "Critical Discourse Analysis of Headlines in The Jakarta Post Reporting Invasion in Gaza". Kirana's study and this study are quite similar on the analysis of headlines. The difference is sited of the data. She uses the data of the event of conflict in Gaza. However, this study analyzes headlines in story event of APEC 2013 that held in Indonesia. Second, a study was conducted by Yunianti (2010). She conducted a study entitled "Critical Discourse Analysis in The Jakarta Post Reporting Ruhut's Behavior During Parliament Inquiry Session On The Bank Century". The difference between this study and Yunianti's study, we have the same case (power and ideology), but this study analysis newspaper headlines while her study analyses newspaper's article. In the end of her study, she found ideological value that is showed by kinds of syntactical and word choice features utilized by articles The Jakarta Post newspaper. Furthermore, this study analyzes the headlines as the aim was attempt to look at how the language is used headlines to show particular social ideologies and power relations. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the method of Discourse Analysis was used as the approach to show development of linguistics features which is used in the headlines focused in studying and analyzing the linking between linguistics analysis and social analysis, the ideology, and power relations. The analysis headlines are produced by actual and social matters. CDA was considerably useful to show the source of power, dominance, abuse, inequality and bias and how these sources are initiated, maintained, reproduced and transformed within specific social, economic, political and historical context. More specifically, the study focused on the analysis of ideological representation in the headline present in examining the word choice and transitivity, particularly transitivity of the headlines. Therefore, this study is written to know the ideological distance underlying the linguistics forms existed in the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC in Indonesia. Hence, the study wants to analyze the word choice and transitivity of the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013 so that the research questions are as follows: 1)What word choice is found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?, 2)What transitivity is found in headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?, 3)What ideological stance in the word choice and transitivity found in headlines of The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013?. Moreover, the purposes of the study are: 1)To describe the word choice found of headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. 2)To describe the transitivity found of the headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. 4)To reveal the ideological stance in the word choice and transitivity found of headlines in The Jakarta Post reporting APEC in Indonesia 2013. The study intends to analyze word choice items and transitivity of the headlines APEC in The Jakarta Post by using CDA theory. The study is expected to be able to give theoretical and practical contribution to the area of applied linguistics and CDA. By conducting this study, the study greatly expects that the finding will be useful to enrich the awareness of how language assists especially through mass media in the particular social ideology and power relations. METHODE The study will be conducted by using qualitative research. The study approaches to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Furthermore, Fairclough (1989:26) states that CDA has three dimension, or stages, of critical discourse analysis: which include the relationship between texts, interactions, and contexts. Thus, there are three steps in analyzing discourse are through description, interpretation, and explanation. Data analysis in this study was also done in three steps which then results in three forms of analysis: first, the analysis of the text; second the analysis of the discourse practice which refers to the process of text production, text distribution and text consumption as commonly happen in the culture in which the writer and the participants live; third, the analysis of the social practice of the society in which the writer and participants live. The source of data in this study is taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper on alternate days from September 9th, 2013 until October 9th, 2013 (31 days). The data are the headlines which taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper. The study chooses the story event of APEC 2013 which held gathering in Indonesia. The data consist of 10 headlines. The data analysis technique in this research was applied descriptive analysis. The aim of the study was to describe certain phenomena occurred in this research setting. The certain phenomena probably occurred in terms of linguistic features. The stages of CDA are proposed by Fairclough (1989:26) was used in this research in the following procedure: 1)Description, In this stage which is concerned with formal properties of the text. There are several steps to describe the texts: Analyzing the word choice: the choices meaning of words used in the headlines, including all types of words, but particularly nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs which carry connoted and denoted meanings. Analyzing the transitivity: sentence construction. There are three components to discuss in transitivity, they are the participant, the process, and the circumstance; 2)Interpretation, It is focused in relationship between text and interaction by seeing of the text as the product of a process of interpretation, notice that is used as the term interpretation for both the interactional process and a stage of analysis; 3)Explanation, It is focused in relationship between interaction and social context by determination of social process of production and interpretation, and their social effects. Then, the data collect based on the focus of this research. After that the data are analyzed based on word choice and transitivity. Thus, the data are interpreted descriptively and argumentatively by using critical discourse analysis devices in order to reveal the ideological stance of headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper reporting APEC 2013 in Indonesia. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION In line with study, the research question one, two, and three will be answered in this section. The data consist of 10 headlines which are displayed by three parts. In part A, the data will be analyzed by word choice, then part B analyzes transitivity and the last is part C that the data will be investigated by the ideological stance. Data 1: Protest in motion amid poor security (The Jakarta Post, Monday, September 30, 2013) In data 1, the situation is three days before APEC summit. APEC was held in Bali that got negative response from the activists and students Hundreds of activists and students came together on Sunday to plan protests against the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Bali amid signs of heightened security at the venues that will host the powwow of 21 Pacific-rim leaders this week. Activist Ni Luh Gede Yastini from the Bali Legal Aid Foundation, confirmed that hundreds of activists from more than 30 local and international non-governmental organizations under the Indonesian People's Alliance would carry out protests against the summit. They had not been determined because they were aware that security forces could possibly block the moves as they could be considered a disturbance to the summit. In addition, the alliance will probably raise issues such as the environment, migrant workers, human rights and fair trade. Other issues will also include religious intolerance, unsolved killings of activists, alleged human rights abuses in Papua and foreign occupations of domestic natural resources. Activists reject "the liberalization of investments" which would provide red carpets to foreign businesses to easily exploit Indonesia's natural resources. Dozens of students had already staged a small "anti-APEC" rally outside the Ketapang Port in Banyuwangi, East Java, on Sunday. The port is the gateway for those who travel by land from Java to Bali. (The Jakarta Post) a. Word choice The headline in data 1 is written in simple present tense which omits being of the verb. The headline (3) may read: Protests in motion [is] amid poor security. The omitting being of the verb (is) as the aim to make the headline writing more effective so that it can shows clear, short, and interesting. The headline (3) consists of a subject protest in motion as noun phrase and the complement object amid poor security as prepositional phrase. The word protest means that to the expression strong disagreement with or opposition to something. Protest refers to the act that doing by hundreds activists and students who against APEC summit 2013 in Bali. b. Transitivity The headline in data 1 is written in active sentence which uses relational process. The headline (3) consist of a carrier protest in motion (noun phrase) and attributive amid poor security (prepositional phrase). The omission (is) is classified into relational processes, process of being abstract relations such as have, seem, and be (is), which involve an agent and attributive (e.g. 'You are x'; I have y'). The carrier is protest in motion and the attributive amid poor security. In the other written, it can be said that protest in motion is among poor security. Look at the fraction below: Protest in motion [is] Amid poor security Carrier Process: relational Attributive c. Ideological stance The headline in data 1 is negative side for delegates of APEC, 21 state leaders. In this case, it can unsafe for them. The summit is crucial to discuss economy growth. The headline tries to show protest motion that is done by hundreds activist and student to against APEC summit. Dozens of students had already staged a small "anti-APEC" rally outside the Ketapang Port in Banyuwangi, East Java, on Sunday. The port is the gateway for those who travel by land from Java to Bali. In the text tells who is the doer, the one who against APEC summit. Data 2: No game changers at APEC summit (The Jakarta Post, Wednesday, October 02, 2013) In data 2, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) officials may drive a hard bargain to produce new tangible trade policies as the bloc's prestigious annual summit kicked off on Tuesday amid perturbing signs in the US economy that, once again, sent jitters across the globe. For the duration of the concluding senior officials meeting (CSOM), which will run from Oct. 1 to 2, officials from the 21 Pacific-rim economies would have to show their commitment to the "Bogor Goals" of free, open trade and investment. Officials expect no "big surprises" in the attempt to progress on the liberalization of trade, but are aware of several contentious issues that have the potential to hurt Indonesia and other emerging economies, if not addressed properly during the negotiations. According to documents obtained by The Jakarta Post, there are five deliverables to be discussed as first priorities of the summit. These include Indonesia's initiative to include crude palm oil (CPO) and natural rubber on the list of environmental goods subject for liberalization. Indonesia, which holds the rotating APEC chairmanship, has several requirements for businesses to use local products for certain industries, such as oil and gas. Economist Sri Adiningsih of Gadjah Mada University's APEC study center said Indonesia should focus on taking advantage of existing commitments rather than trying to push for a new agenda. While the summit is likely to produce few benefits for domestic interest, it is crucial to help facilitate other APEC priorities such as commitments to help avoid another round of impasse in the upcoming World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference in December in Bali. APEC accounts for about 55 percent of the world's gross domestic product (GDP), some 44 percent of global trade and 40 percent of the world's population (The Jakarta Post). a. Word choice The headline in data 1 is written in full clause, consists of a subject no game (noun phrase), a verb changers (infinitive +s) and an complement at APEC summit. No classified in adverb, it means that used with a following adjective to imply a meaning expressed by the opposite positive statement, game (common noun) means a physical or mental activity or contest that has rules and that people do for pleasure, the verb changers means to replace with another. The verb summit means international meeting; a meeting or series of meetings between the leaders of two or more governments, so that the complement at APEC summit means that International organization meeting. b. Transitivity The headline in data 1 is written in active sentence. According to SFL: Transitivity, the process of the sentence is intransitive action which consists of only one participant no game, the actional verb changers which is intransitive verb which does not need object and circumstance at APEC summit, an additional information of the purpose of the action. The processes of doing in the physical world are shown in material processes that show the power of the doer of doing something to the real world, unlike mental processes which are abstract. Look at fraction below: No game Changers At APEC summit Actor Process: material Circumstance: purpose c. Ideological Stance The headline in data 6 is positive toward APEC. the word no as the negation of the verb game. APEC is the International organization. In this case no game can be changers in this International meeting. Indonesia no longer pushes for green goods. Another summit priority, is the US initiative to discuss barriers to trade, which includes opposition against local-content requirements implemented by several APEC members, including Indonesia. Indonesia, which holds the rotating APEC chairmanship, has several requirements for businesses to use local products for certain industries, such as oil and gas. While the summit is likely to produce few benefits for domestic interest, it is crucial to help facilitate other APEC priorities such as commitments to help avoid another round of impasse in the upcoming World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial conference in December in Bali. The headline is definitely positive toward APEC. To know furthermore of the information, the study classified the analysis of the headline in the table below. No Headlines Word Choice NP FC Process Ideology 1. Competitive SMEs 'crucial' to APEC's growth Compe-titive SMEs - P Relational process Positive 2. Nusa Dua closed for tourists during APEC Nusa dua - P Relational process Positive 3. Protest in motion amid poor security Protests - P Relational process Negative 4. SBY to have bilateral talks with Obama in Bali SBY - P Verbal process Positive 5. APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy APEC - P Material process Negative 6. No game changers at APEC summit No game - P Material process Positive 7. RI hopes for deal on rubber shattered RI - P Mental process Negative 8. Challengers force APEC to adjust Challen-gers - P Material process Positive 9 Giants exert clout at APEC Giants - Material process Negative 10 APEC vows to avoid mishaps APEC - Material process Positive Table 1. Word Choice, Transitivity, and Ideology *Note: NP= (Noun Phrase); FC= (Full Clause) Discussions Table 1 the word choice, transitivity and ideology of the headlines into who is the actor or doer, writing headlines, involving in which process, in the end of the analysis it can conclude that what the ideology inside of headlines. First is classified into who is the doer in that event which can show the subject or the doer regularly appear in headline newspaper. Here are the headlines which actors are APEC, it shows in headline in data 5 and data 10. Data 5: APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy Data 6: APEC vows to avoid mishap APEC is classified in proper noun which is abbreviation from Asia Pacific Economy Cooperation. Proper noun is a word which is the name of person (e.g. Lisa, John, Marry, etc), a place (e.g. Surabaya, California, Sydney, etc.), an institution (State University of Surabaya, Oxford University, etc.), etc. And it is written with a Capital Letter wherever its located in a sentence. In these headline, the proper noun APEC refers to the International economy meeting summit. The member of APEC consist of Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Chinese Taipei, Hongkong, China, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, Peru, Russia, Vietnam. Meanwhile, APEC as the doer or participants above, it is essentially useful to quantify the types of clause and verb processes used and their distribution across sampled newspaper. The table above is clearly that shows the principle difference between the headline: the ratio of noun phrase (NP) headlines to choose containing full clause (FC). All the headlines APEC summit 2013 in Bali are written in full clause, no one of the headline is written in noun phrase. Full clause consist of minimal one subject and one verb. The headline is written in full clause as the aim to give emphasize the actor or the doer who does the action towards the goal, not only states the noun phrase of the doer, the goal or the result that the doer does. Furthermore, classifying into processes that the processes which have four main verb processes across the headline. The process has four type which consist of material process, verbal process, mental process, and relational process. Look at the headlines below: Data 1: Competitive smes 'crucial' to APEC Data 2: Nusa dua closed for tourists during APEC Data 3: Protest in motion amid poor security The example of headlines above is classified in relational process which can show the typically retain the source responsible for the statement. The headlines is written in shorter, punchier headlines, and the omission of be (is, am, are) as the aim to make effectiveness in headline writing is classifies into relational process, process of being in the world abstract relations. According SFL: Transitivity, the abstract relationships generally finds between two participants associated with the process is regarded, however it is different from material process, a participant does not influence the other participant in a physical sense. The omission (is) is classified into relational processes, process of being abstract relations such as have, seem, and be (is), which involve an agent and attributive (e.g. 'You are x'; I have y'). The verbal process is used in this headline: Data 4: SBY to have bilateral talks with Obama in Bali The word talks is classified in verbal processes, a process of saying such as speaking, shouting, or singing. The word "talk" support of (Halliday 1994: 107) that the verbal process expresses the relationship between ideas constructed in human consciousness and the ideas enacted in the form of language. A verbal process is the process of saying, and it exists on the borderline between mental and relational processes. The participants roles associated with verbalization processes are the sayer, the individual who is speaking and that of the target, the addressee to whom the process is directed. This may be added with verbiage, that which is said. The mental process is used in this headline: Data 7: RI hopes for deal on CPO rubber shattered. From the headline in data 7, it can be shown that the headline includes Mental processes. That is the fact that theory from (Halliday, 1994: 117) that Mental processes are "internalized" processes which exists in processes of doing and speaking. The example are such as thinking, dreaming, and deciding. Mental process by encode the meaning of feeling or thinking. Mental process verbs can be subcategorized into three types; Cognition (verbs of thinking, knowing, understanding), Affection (verbs of liking, loving, fearing, heating), and Perception (verbs of seeing, hearing). The word "hopes" includes in dreaming as the article of the text tells that RI has dream or hopes to lift barriers to the trade in Crude Palm Oil (CPO). The material process is used in this headline below: Data 5: APEC agrees to joint efforts to develop renewable energy Data 6: No game changers at APEC summit Data 8: Challenges force APEC to adjust Data 9: Giants exert clout at APEC Data 10: APEC vows to avoid mishap According SFL: Transitivity, the headlines above belongs to the material process, processes of doing in the physical world. Material processes have two inherent participants involved in them. The first of these Actors, which is an obligatory element and expresses the doer of the process. The second is the Goal, which is an optional element and expresses the doer of the process. In addition to these two inherent participant roles, there is an extra element called Circumstance, which provides additional information on the "when, where, how, and why" of the process. Furthermore, the circumstance associated with the process also contribute to an ideological representation of the APEC summit. In the sampled headlines, the circumstance regularly exists in prepositional phrase which can be used to modify both noun and verb phrases, providing extra details on the time, place or the manner in which the action described in the process. They are identified by a preposition (e.g. 'in', 'of', 'on', 'for', 'to', 'with', 'as' etc). The use of preposition in each of these headlines is highly ideological. In each case, the prepositional phrase is underlined: Competitive smes 'crucial' to APEC Challenges force APEC to adjust The reporters or the publication is most often positive toward APEC. The headlines state APEC as the doer which has dominate power which does the actions towards the goal. It can be shown of 10 headline that the headlines writer does not want to cover or hide the subjects or the doers or the actions even the circumstances of the events. Actually, it is the fact that the way of reporting is very ideological since wants the readers to be clear on who is the doer is, the action and the effected entity. The writer wants the readers have the same thinks. Thus, most of the sample headlines have positive ideology towards APEC. Besides APEC, to increase the economy of 21 economies in Asia Pacific, there is Small and Medium Enterprises to unleash economic potential and drive growth. Smes is very useful to the advancement of the ASEAN community and the global community in 2020. Most of all the 21 APEC leaders had proposed bilateral meetings with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the president of Indonesia. APEC was held in Indonesia has positive towards Indonesia so that's way the ideological stance is shown of the headline writer, in this case the editor of The Jakarta Post who represents the ideological stance of the institution. The Jakarta Post newspaper is daily English newspaper in Indonesia has budget of selection news which is showed for world so that people in the world will know Indonesia actually with reading The Jakarta Post newspaper. It is built in 1982 as the collaboration between four Indonesian media under the demanding of minister of information Ali Moertopo and politician Mr. Jusuf Wanandi, who represented the government-backed Golkar newspaper Suara Karya. Minister Moertopo mentioned the possibility of publishing an English-language newspaper of the highest editorial quality. The Jakarta Post newspaper is more than a decade of opening up the economy to the global community but more importantly one that would be able to provide an Indonesian perspective to counter the highly unbalanced Western-dominated global traffic of news and views. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion The data consist of 10 headlines about news event of APEC. The study finds word choice in headlines that the headlines are written in simple present tense that is shown the immediately past event. The headlines that consist of 10 headlines are written by full clause (FC) form which consist of minimal a subject and a verb. The subject or the doer of the headlines are mostly APEC which can be seen that the focus of news reporting is APEC. From the subject or the doer of headlines, APEC is shown as active doer that has dominance power in APEC news event that APEC summit 2013 in Nusa dua, Bali. The most dominance verbs are mostly infinitive+s with singular subject that consist of such as the verbs talks, efforts, changers, hopes, vows. From the verbs are describe the active action for the power relation in the doer and the goal. Furthermore, the process of the verbs are mostly material process which have two inherent participant involved in them. According SFL: Transitivity material process is process of doing in the physical world. There are some omission in headlines as the aim of the writing of headlines more effective. The circumstance in the headlines are written by noun phrase and verb phrases, supplying extra details on the time, place or the manner in which the action described in the process. They are identified by a preposition (e.g. 'in', 'of', 'on', 'for', 'to', 'with', 'as' etc). The use of preposition in each of these headlines is highly ideological which concluded of the analysis in headlines that the study has positive appreciation, feeling, and judgment with APEC summit 2013 in Bali. APEC is mostly mentioned as the actor or the doer in the headlines that has positive verbs such as vows, talks, hopes, changers. From those verb that is seen dominance power in actor for the goal. Suggestion The study analyzes the headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper which is as the object of study. The headlines are elaborated based on the word choice features, transitivity, and the end of the analysis can be investigated the ideological distance. It can be shown by the object of sentence in headlines. For the future, the study hopes the deeper investigation to have a more critical analysis and useful for studying critical analysis to be better. REFERENCES Brown, Gillian and Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cook, Guy. 1992. 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2009/2010 ; Considerazioni sul problema dei Rigassificatori tra Aggregazione del Consenso e Conflitto Ambientale 1. Il nostro Paese, per scelta politica e per una sostanziale limitata capacità di innovazione del mondo industriale, ha una quota attuale di produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili poco significativa nonostante gli investimenti, i contributi e le agevolazioni fiscali che dovrebbero incentivare opportunamente ad esempio, l'utilizzo dell'energia solare che rappresenta una peculiarità del nostro territorio. Devono essere attuate velocemente le scelte strategiche e programmatiche che permettano di guardare al futuro, caratterizzato da una già quantificata scarsità di fonti fossili, con sufficienti margini di prevedibilità e di sostenibilità dello sviluppo, gli obiettivi da raggiungere entro il 2015 per il fabbisogno energetico nazionale dovrebbero essere quantificati nel 25% da fonti di energie rinnovabili, il 25% di energie da fonte nucleare e il rimanente 50% da fonti energetiche tradizionali. In attesa di potenziare la produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili, come il solare, sarà scelta obbligata la costruzione di infrastrutture energetiche tradizionali, tra cui la necessità di dotarsi di alcuni terminali di rigassificazione con progetti attentamente valutati sia per la logistica che per la dislocazione, la riduzione degli impatti ambientali (non dimentichiamo la vocazione turistica del nostro paese), la massimizzazione delle ricadute per l'area interessata in termini di indotto e occupazione. Infatti, la flessibilità, offerta dal Gas Naturale Liquefatto, rappresenta un fattore di successo non solo per la diversificazione delle fonti, ma anche per la maggiore possibilità di modulare gli approvvigionamenti. Benché l'Italia sia tra i Paesi meglio posizionati per ricevere gas via tubo, la realizzazione di nuovi terminali di rigassificazione consentirebbe di potenziare la capacità di ricezione del sistema, incrementandone la flessibilità, con il risultato non solo di diversificare le fonti di approvvigionamento, ma anche di favorire la concorrenza, agevolando l'ingresso nel mercato di nuovi operatori e riducendo la possibilità di "colli di bottiglia" dal lato dell'offerta. La tecnologia del GNL consente ai Paesi non collegabili per motivi logistici ai mercati di consumo tramite i tradizionali gasdotti, di esportare la materia prima che altrimenti rimarrebbe non sfruttabile. La tecnologia di liquefazione ha permesso uno sviluppo accelerato dell'utilizzo del gas a livello globale: già oggi il GNL rappresenta circa il 25% degli scambi internazionali di gas. In Italia, invece, il GNL rappresenta oggi solo il 5% del gas importato, ma è destinato a giocare un ruolo crescente, diversificando le fonti tradizionali di importazione e quindi aumentando la sicurezza e la competitività degli approvvigionamenti. Il Gas Naturale è indispensabile al mondo moderno, in quantità sempre maggiori e la sua produzione, il suo trasporto, lo stoccaggio e la sua distribuzione non possono che essere effettuate in condizioni di sicurezza crescente ed a costi tendenzialmente moderati. Il mercato del gas naturale è forse quello che presenta maggiori complessità e profili particolarmente sensibili dal punto di vista ambientale, tecnologico ed economico. Queste complessità si traducono nell'esigenza di contemperare varie esigenze, tutte meritevoli di tutela ed attenzione, ed il quadro normativo che ne risulta pone non pochi problemi interpretativi ed applicativi agli operatori. La localizzazione, la costruzione e l'esercizio di un grande impianto di rigassificazione può portare vantaggi o disagi alla popolazione residente o non residente nell'area che ospiterà il rigassificatore. I vari profili connessi alla sua realizzazione si sono progressivamente fatti spazio nella legislazione di settore fino a rispecchiarsi, in vario modo, in vere e proprie fasi del procedimento autorizzativo. L'accettabilità sociale dei terminali di rigassificazione da parte delle comunità locali è uno dei fattori condizionanti la realizzazione di infrastrutture diventate una delle priorità dell'agenda politica italiana. La capacità di comprendere e interagire con le dinamiche di conflitto ambientale che si sviluppano intorno ai progetti di realizzazione di infrastrutture energetiche da parte dei diversi attori coinvolti, è un fattore cruciale che appare ancora fortemente sottovalutato. Tale capacità chiama in causa il rapporto delle imprese con il territorio in cui operano e, in questa prospettiva, l'uso che viene fatto degli strumenti di informazione e partecipazione che sono presenti nei procedimenti autorizzativi. La sottovalutazione circa il ruolo di questi strumenti è sicuramente uno degli elementi che hanno reso particolarmente critico l'andamento dei processi autorizzativi dei terminali di rigassificazione. Il corretto ed efficace uso di questi strumenti, che coinvolge gli attori pubblici con ruoli determinanti nei processi decisionali, le imprese proponenti e il pubblico interessato dovrebbe essere una preoccupazione prioritaria sia della pubblica amministrazione che delle imprese. Bisogna provare a cambiare mentalità ed atteggiamento verso nuove iniziative, nuovi progetti, nuove tecnologie e nuove idee. E' necessario superare la c.d. sindrome di NIMBY (acronimo inglese per Not In My Back Yard, lett. "Non nel mio cortile") e l'atteggiamento che si riscontra nelle proteste contro opere di interesse pubblico che hanno, o si teme possano avere, effetti negativi sui siti in cui verranno realizzate, come ad esempio grandi opere pubbliche. L'atteggiamento consiste nel riconoscere come necessari, o comunque possibili, gli oggetti del contendere ma, contemporaneamente, nel non volerli nel proprio territorio a causa delle eventuali controindicazioni sull'ambiente locale. Sarà questa la sfida da affrontare in futuro: aggregare il consenso per opere come i Rigassificatori. Opere che non sono rinviabili nel quadro della razionalizzazione dell'uso delle fonti energetiche intesa come risparmio e riduzione progressivi della dipendenza nazionale da paesi terzi. 2. Il problema dei rigassificatori non è un problema locale, poiché dovrebbe essere inquadrato nelle scelte strategiche che interessano in primo luogo il piano energetico nazionale (PEN). Tale piano, di fatto, è obsoleto e non aggiornato, e nello stesso manca di una visione strategica degli investimenti e delle diverse forme di approvvigionamento del paese (combustibili fossili, idroelettrico, geotermico, eolico, solare e da ultimo nucleare previsto nel programma dell'attuale governo). In merito al fabbisogno di approvvigionamento di gas metano, difatti, non esiste un piano che preveda il numero necessario di rigassificatori ed una corretta pianificazione sull'ubicazione degli stessi. Oggi la pianificazione è fatta dalle società private e lo Stato è soggetto passivo che deve solo esprimersi sulla compatibilità ambientale di detti impianti, senza un intesa tra i vari ministeri (Ambiente, Sviluppo Economico, Economia, Lavori Pubblici, Rapporti Comunitari ecc), denotando, perciò, un deficit di coordinamento. 3. In Friuli Venezia Giulia, esiste un Piano Energetico Regionale (PER) che è stato approvato con Decreto del Presidente della Regione 21 maggio 2007, n. 0137/Pres. (Legge regionale 30/2002, art. 6). In tale piano non sono evidenziate le scelte pianificatorie sulla costruzione in Regione di impianti di rigassificazione e non si fa riferimento specifico alla costruzione di impianti di rigassificazione, che sembra lasciata a "scenari di offerta spontanea" come definiti dal piano. La Regione FVG, al fine di favorire la diversificazione delle fonti energetiche, ha inserito nel Piano Territoriale Regionale (PTR) la possibilità di insediare impianti di rigassificazione all'interno delle zone industriali programmatiche regionali e negli ambiti portuali. Detti impianti non sono previsti dal PER pur non essendo esclusi dal PTR. In base al Decreto Legislativo 3 aprile 2006, n. 152, i progetti devono essere sottoposti a Valutazione Ambientale Strategica e a Valutazione d'Impatto Ambientale, rientrando gli impianti nell'applicazione del combinato disposto degli articoli 6 e 7 del citato decreto. In particolare:  l'art. 25 prevede che la competenza sui progetti di opere ed interventi sottoposti ad autorizzazione statale e per quelli aventi impatto ambientale interregionale o internazionale, spetta al Ministro dell'ambiente e della tutela del territorio, di concerto con il Ministro per i beni e le attività culturali;  l'art. 26 prevede altresì che il committente o proponente l'opera o l'intervento deve inoltrare all'autorità competente apposita domanda allegando il progetto, lo studio di impatto ambientale e la sintesi non tecnica. Copia integrale della domanda di cui al comma 1 e dei relativi allegati deve essere trasmessa alle regioni, alle province ed ai comuni interessati e, nel caso di aree naturali protette, anche ai relativi enti di gestione, che devono esprimere il loro parere entro sessanta giorni dal ricevimento della domanda. Decorso tale termine l'autorità competente rende il giudizio di compatibilità ambientale anche in assenza dei predetti pareri. Un caso concreto in Friuli Venezia Giulia: il progetto "Zaule" relativo alla costruzione di un impianto di rigassificazione, sito nel Vallone di Muggia, progetto presentato dalla multinazionale "Gas Natural". Su di esso si sono espressi i seguenti enti: a. Parere Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali - Soprintendenza prot. n01020/15.0 di data 25.02.2005; b. Conferenza del 19.10.2005 convocata dalla Pianificazione Regionale, Energia, Mobilità e Infrastrutture di Trasporto delle Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia. Enti invitati presenti: Ministero dell'Ambiente - Servizio VIA (Valutazione Impatto Ambientale), Ministero delle Infrastrutture e Trasporti –Capitaneria di Porto, Agenzia delle Dogane, Ministero dell'Interno Vigili del Fuoco, Autorità Portuale di Trieste, EZIT, Comune di Trieste, Provincia di Trieste. Enti invitati assenti:Ministero delle attività produttive, Ministero dei beni culturali - Soprintendenza, Ministero della Salute. (Comune di Muggia non invitato); c. Delibera del Consiglio Comunale di Muggia n° 31 di data 26 maggio 2006 e n2. di data 18 gennaio 2007; d. Delibera del Consiglio Comunale di San Dorligo di data 17 gennaio 2007; e. Delibera del Consiglio Comunale di Trieste di data 18.01.2007; f. Delibera della Giunta Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia n01996 di data 25.08.2006. Dai pareri e delibere sopra riportati, si evidenziano la positività o negatività al progetto di cui sintetizzo alcune motivazioni: a. Parere negativo espresso dal Ministero per i Beni e le attività culturali – Soprintendenza prot. n01020/15.0 di data 25.02.2005, con le seguenti motivazioni: degrado paesaggistico, modifiche linee di costa ed anche alla sola costruzione del pontile di attracco delle navi metaniere, illogico sovrapporre ulteriore degrado al degrado esistente; b. Conferenza del 19.10.2005 - Segnalazione del sindaco di Trieste sull'opportunità di invitare alle successive riunioni anche il Sindaco di Muggia. Potrà essere ammesso ma senza diritto di voto. La società proponente illustra il progetto. Il Ministero dell'ambiente fa presente che è propedeutica a qualsiasi attività l'approvazione del piano di bonifica delle aree interessate, che la società non ha presentato formale istanza di VIA al Ministero, precisa inoltre che la VIA dovrà essere eseguita sia per le parti a mare che a terra compreso collegamento gasdotto alla rete nazionale. Dovrà essere inoltre richiesta una variante al Piano Regolatore Portuale, previo assenso del Ministero LL.PP.; c. Le deliberazioni del Comune di Muggia - nn. 31 e 1 datate rispettivamente 26 maggio 2006 e 18 gennaio 2007 - hanno bocciato il progetto onshore di rigassificazione GNL " Gas Natural Intemational SDG" per motivazioni legate a fattori di sicurezza, ambientali, socio economici e a carenze progettuali. La seconda delle due delibere aggiunge la mancanza di tempo necessario per esaminare un così complessa e copiosa documentazione. Per gli stessi motivi le deliberazioni del Consiglio Comunale di Muggia n. 30 di data 26 maggio 2006 e n. 2 di data 18 gennaio 2007 hanno espresso un parere non favorevole al terminale offshore di rigassificazione; d. La delibera del Comune di San Dorligo della Valle ha espresso in data 17 gennaio 2007, all'unanimità parere non favorevole sulla compatibilità ambientale del progetto del rigassificatore della Gas Natural di Zaule. Tra i motivi del "no" vi sono il cambiamento nel progetto che indica in un condotta sottomarina fino a Grado il sistema del trasporto del gas, il perdurare dei timori sulla sicurezza, ma anche la mancanza di tempo per un approfondimento puntuale della documentazione presentata; e. Delibera del Consiglio Comunale di Trieste di data 18.01.2007 in merito alla pronuncia di compatibilità ambientale del progetto – con cui è stato espresso parere negativo con le seguenti motivazioni: progetto carente della "prospettazione del rapporto tra costi preventivati e benefici stimati" (analisi costi-benefici); f. Delibera della Giunta Regionale del Friuli Venezia Giulia n01996 datata 25.08.2006 in merito alla Valutazione d'impatto ambientale - non si esprime parere perche' di non competenza regionale ma si evidenziano al ministero tutta una serie di carenze documentali e progettuali chiedendo integrazioni. Le principali carenze del progetto della Società Gas Natural in esame, riportate nella relazione istruttoria del Servizio Valutazione Impatto Ambientale della Regione riguardano i seguenti punti: • Quadro programmatico: effetti sul versante dell'offerta e dei consumi di gas e quindi sulla contemporanea presenza di altri impianti, sul sottoutilizzo di detti impianti, effetti sul traffico marittimo, ragioni della scelta del sito rispetto ad altre soluzioni, connessioni delle attività di programmazione con sito inquinato, compatibilità con il piano regolatore di Trieste e del Porto, ricaduta sulle attività di pesca, sul turismo e sulla nautica da diporto. • Quadro progettuale:ragioni della scelta sotto il profilo dell'impatto ambientale, analisi dei costi benefici, numero degli occupati nella fase di esercizio, attività economiche esistenti (turismo, pesca, traffici marittimi) per l'intero ciclo di vita dell'impianto proposto. • Quadro ambientale: In generale: attività correlate alla bonifica del sito inquinato a mare e a terra afferente alla realizzazione dell'impianto; Suolo e sottosuolo: posizionamento dei cantieri, impatti causati dalla realizzazione del terminal, provenienze e destinazione dei materiali di risulta (scavi, dragaggi), provvedimenti ed azioni di mitigazione dell'impatto ambientale; Ambiente marino e costiero: descrizione e distribuzione popolazioni ittiche, dati meteomarini del golfo (venti, correnti, geometria della costa, batimetrie, moto ondoso, ecc.), descrizione situazione ex-ante impianto, definizione modello di dispersione scarichi acque clorate, effetti diretti ed indiretti attività a medio-lungo periodo, alternative alla clorazione dell' acqua, impatti sull'ecosistema marino dei dragaggi, impatti sull'ecosistema dovuto alla movimentazione delle gasiere; Atmosfera: dati meteoclimatici, studi approfonditi, descrizione relativa situazione ex-ante, emissioni in atmosfera, ecc.; Rumore: valutazione dell'impatto del rumore, studi ad hoc ai fini della valutazione del progetto, descrizione relativa situazione ex-ante, analisi dei rumori provocati dai cantieri e dal successivo esercizio dell'impianto; Paesaggio: simulazioni visive dell'intero impianto di giorno e di notte, soluzioni mitigatrici; Aspetti relativi alla sicurezza: impatti derivanti dai possibili rischi (tecnologici, di funzionamento nelle fasi di esercizio e manutenzione, atti terroristici, ecc.), anche in correlazione con gli altri impianti esistenti, quantificazione in particolare del rischio derivante dalla collisione delle metaniere con altre navi, indicazione dei sistemi di controllo del traffico marittimo. 4. Il Piano energetico regionale (PER), già citato sul punto 3, è lo strumento di pianificazione primaria e di indirizzo fondamentale per le politiche energetiche regionali. Esso riveste un ruolo di primo piano nello sviluppo socio-economico della regione, e per questo è essenziale il suo raccordo con la programmazione economica regionale. È quindi essenziale che la Regione individui i punti di forza e fissi gli interventi prioritari in materia di energia che forniscano valide indicazioni per una pianificazione integrata delle risorse in una visione d'azione intersettoriale: l'energia è occasione per cogliere le opportunità di crescita del territorio. L'energia, in quanto motore di sviluppo economico e sociale, rappresenta quindi un tema strategico per l'azione di governo del Friuli Venezia Giulia. La liberalizzazione e privatizzazione dei mercati dell'elettricità e del gas, sancita con i decreti "Bersani" del 1999 e "Letta" del 2000, e la progressiva devoluzione di competenze dallo Stato alle Regioni nella logica del principio di sussidiarietà, a partire dalla riforma Bassanini sino a quella costituzionale del Titolo Quinto, hanno inciso in modo significativo e determinante sulla competenza delle Regioni. Con la riforma costituzionale del Titolo Quinto alle Regioni è stato attribuito in materia di energia un ruolo nuovo e attivo, affidando alle stesse la potestà legislativa concorrente su produzione, trasporto e distribuzione nazionale di ogni forma di energia, lasciando allo Stato il potere di legiferare sui principi generali (sicurezza nazionale, concorrenza, interconnessione delle reti, gestione unificata dei problemi ambientali). Le amministrazioni regionali hanno quindi potuto, a seguito di tale nuovo scenario normativo, utilizzare i loro piani energetici come strumenti attraverso i quali predisporre un progetto complessivo di sviluppo dell'intero sistema energetico, coerente con lo sviluppo socio-economico e produttivo del loro territorio. Accanto agli obiettivi iniziali, di incremento e di sviluppo delle fonti rinnovabili e di un uso più razionale dell'energia che spinsero il legislatore nazionale ad istituire, con la legge n. 10/1991, lo strumento dei Piani Energetici Regionali relativi alle fonti rinnovabili, l'avvento della liberalizzazione del mercato, il peso delle questioni relative alla tutela e salvaguardia dell'ambiente, dello sviluppo sostenibile e dei temi del Protocollo di Kyoto, e la devoluzione di competenze energetiche Stato-Regioni hanno determinato l'esigenza di trasformare la programmazione energetica regionale in uno strumento di programmazione strategico e interdisciplinare. Il PER della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, approvato con Decreto del Presidente della Regione 21 maggio 2007, n. 0137/Pres. (Legge regionale 30/2002, art. 6), elabora, anzitutto, l'analisi dello scenario energetico regionale attuale, con dati a consuntivo relativi all'anno 2003 sostanzialmente applicabili anche alla data odierna, riguardanti l'offerta di energia relativamente a fonti convenzionali, infrastrutture energetiche e fonti rinnovabili, e la domanda complessiva di energia, con infine un bilancio dell'attuale situazione elettrica regionale complessiva. Viene quindi fornito un completo quadro della disponibilità energetica regionale potenziale relativamente alle fonti convenzionali, alle infrastrutture energetiche e alle fonti rinnovabili sulla base degli studi e delle analisi svolte dai consulenti. Il PER delinea una proiezione dei principali dati energetici in assenza di interventi regionali. Fa una previsione sull'evoluzione del libero mercato energetico tenendo conto dei finanziamenti in corso, regionali, nazionali o comunitari. Vengono quindi definiti gli obiettivi di politica energetica regionale. Per ogni singolo obiettivo strategico vengono individuati i relativi obiettivi operativi e per ognuno di essi vengono individuate azioni. Il Piano passa quindi a delineare una sintesi degli scenari globali di domanda ed offerta (attuale, spontaneo e programmato) mettendoli a confronto. Vengono indicati gli investimenti necessari per la realizzazione di impianti e di interventi energetici programmati, calcolati sulla base della differenza tra le azioni previste nello scenario programmato e quelle relative allo scenario di previsione spontanea. E' previsto, infine, per ogni tipologia di fonte rinnovabile e per ogni settore di risparmio energetico, una percentuale di incentivazione pubblica al fine di rendere sufficientemente attraente l'investimento privato e al fine di avviare gli investimenti del mercato. Per attuare il Piano secondo gli obiettivi indicati e secondo le azioni selezionate vengono previste specifiche schede di programmi operativi riguardanti gli adempimenti di diverse Direzioni centrali della Regione, competenti per materia. Le schede danno attuazione sia alle azioni di incentivazione pubblica (azioni da scenario programmato), sia alle azioni comunque derivanti dagli obiettivi fissati (azioni derivate). Il PER quantifica l'impatto delle scelte pianificatorie relativamente alle emissioni inquinanti e climalteranti imputabili alle attività energetiche programmate. La Regione, a seguito della liberalizzazione dei mercati elettrico e del gas e del trasferimento di competenze dallo Stato alla Regione, ha avviato un processo di pianificazione energetica che ha portato ad una definizione concertata con associazioni di categoria, sindacati, associazioni ambientali dei principali obiettivi del Piano. 5. L'aspetto di primaria rilevanza per quanto riguarda gli impianti di rigassificazione è quello dei rischi connessi con la loro realizzazione. Per avere un quadro chiaro dei rischi di un impianto di rigassificazione è opportuno, prima di tutto, esaminare le tre direttive "Seveso" sugli incidenti industriali rilevanti. La "Seveso 1" è una direttiva europea che in Italia è stata recepita con il DPR 175 del 1988. Essa ha imposto il censimento degli stabilimenti a rischio, con l'identificazione delle sostanze pericolose. Tra le tipologie degli stabilimenti che svolgono "attività a rischio di incidente rilevante" sono compresi i rigassificatori. Successivamente, con la legge 137/97 (articolo 1, comma 1) è stato introdotto l'obbligo per i sindaci di informare preventivamente la popolazione sulle misure di sicurezza da adottare in caso di incidente. Con la "Seveso 2" (ossia il decreto legislativo 334 del 1999 che recepisce la direttiva comunitaria 96/82/CE), gli obblighi per le attività a rischio di incidente rilevante sono diventati ancora più stringenti imponendo: • per ogni stabilimento a rischio di incidente rilevante la redazione di un piano di prevenzione e di un piano di emergenza; • la cooperazione tra i gestori per limitare l'effetto domino (ossia le possibili "reazioni a catena" fra impianti vicini a rischio di incidente rilevante); • il controllo dell'urbanizzazione attorno ai siti a rischio; • l'informazione degli abitanti delle zone limitrofe; • la costituzione di un'autorità preposta all'ispezione dei siti a rischio. Infine, con la "Seveso 3", che ha recepito la direttiva europea 2003/105/CE sugli incidenti rilevanti, viene ad aggiungersi l'obbligo di consultare la popolazione interessata per una più efficace redazione dei piani di emergenza e l'introduzione di misure per la salvaguardia di eventuali vie di trasporto presenti nell'area circostante lo stabilimento. Le tre direttive Seveso impongono dunque precisi obblighi da rispettare al fine di prevenire ogni rischio possibile per la costruzione di un impianto di rigassificazione. Tali rischi sono stati ampiamente studiati ed ipotizzati da numerosi addetti ai lavori nel mondo. Fra i tanti studi internazionali cito solo, in questo testo, quello autorevole condotto nel 2003 dalla Commissione Energia della California. 6. I rischi e la loro tipologia, che sono stati sintetizzati nel paragrafo precedente, generano a loro volta il conflitto ambientale. Il conflitto genera il dissenso e il dissenso deve essere riportato a un consenso motivato e partecipato sui progetti della rigassificazione, sulla loro praticabilità e sostenibilità. L'approccio interpretativo ai fenomeni di conflitto ambientale che viene preso come riferimento è quello adottato nelle analisi di carattere generale più rilevanti condotte sulle infrastrutture energetiche in Italia relative al settore elettrico. La natura del conflitto può essere ricondotta a quattro modalità fondamentali che lo caratterizzano: - conflitto di valori; - conflitto di interessi; - conflitto di tipo cognitivo; - conflitto di rapporto. Il conflitto di valori emerge quando si ritiene che la realizzazione di un impianto o la tecnologia adottata ledano qualcosa che non è considerato negoziabile, i casi più tipici sono costituiti dalla minaccia alla salute, alla sicurezza o a particolari valori paesaggistici culturali o naturalistici. In questo caso il conflitto si struttura su elementi profondi che rendono più radicale la contrapposizione e difficile il dialogo tra le parti coinvolte. Il conflitto di interessi mette in evidenza la dimensione economica coinvolta dagli effetti che la realizzazione di un infrastruttura può avere sugli attori presenti nel territorio coinvolto. E' questo il caso degli effetti negativi sul valore dei patrimoni immobiliari e/o della compromissione delle condizioni che consentono lo svolgimento di determinate attività economiche. Il riconoscimento o meno degli interessi messi in gioco è un elemento che può incidere in modo decisivo sulle relazioni tra gli attori dello scenario di conflitto. Il conflitto di tipo cognitivo caratterizza le situazioni in cui la dinamica conflittuale si fonda sulla mancanza di conoscenza e informazioni circa gli impatti di un progetto. In questo caso le azioni volte a fornire un adeguato livello di conoscenza e informazione a tutti gli attori coinvolti, sulla natura del progetto, possono incidere sulle motivazioni dell'opposizione. Infine, il conflitto di rapporto coinvolge il carattere delle relazioni che intercorrono tra gli attori degli scenari di conflitto in termini di fiducia e credibilità, in particolare quando vi sono dei precedenti negativi nelle relazioni. Questo può essere il caso in cui l'impresa proponente o l'autorità pubblica abbiano precedenti negativi nel fornire informazioni dovute o nel garantire il rispetto delle norme di tutela ambientale. Questi quattro profili nella natura delle dinamiche di conflitto ambientale non caratterizzano in modo esclusivo le situazioni che si presentano concretamente ma sono invece in vario modo compresenti. Saper riconoscere nelle situazioni concrete quanto e come questi profili caratterizzano le relazioni tra i protagonisti degli scenari di conflitto è essenziale per qualsiasi forma di intervento. Per ciò che concerne il rischio e la sua percezione, c 'è da evidenziare che uno degli aspetti più critici che condizionano le dinamiche di conflitto ambientale e che rimanda in larga misura agli aspetti di tipo cognitivo, riguarda la discrepanza che in genere esiste tra il rischio oggettivamente definito (ambientale, sanitario, incidentale) tramite strumenti tecnicoscientifici dal proponente o dalle autorità pubbliche che lo devono valutare, e il rischio soggettivamente percepito da parte del pubblico interessato che diventa protagonista del dissenso. Ancora troppo spesso sia i proponenti che le autorità pubbliche, con funzioni di valutazione tecnico scientifica, ritengono che la mancanza di adeguate conoscenze e strumenti di valutazione del rischio effettivo da parte del pubblico interessato, diminuisca la percezione soggettiva del rischio che viene espressa come motivazione del dissenso. Un tipo di atteggiamento che in genere aggrava le dinamiche di conflitto ambientale compromettendo le possibilità di dialogo. E' invece fondamentale, sia per l'impresa proponente che per la pubblica amministrazione, comprendere quale sia la percezione soggettiva del rischio legata alla realizzazione di un impianto da parte del pubblico interessato, perché solo così è possibile dare delle risposte ai motivi del dissenso che non hanno fondamento tecnico-scientifico e che alimentano il conflitto. 7. Il problema dell'aggregazione del consenso intorno ai progetti sopradescritti, o meglio il problema politico-sociale, dell'accettabilità sociale, come si può ben comprendere, non è di facile soluzione. La cd. direttiva Seveso 3 aveva messo in luce la necessaria congiunzione tra i progetti relativi ai rigassificatori e la consultazione ed informazione delle popolazioni interessate: trasponendo, o meglio ravvivando e rafforzando a livello del diritto comunitario e nazionale quella nozione di sviluppo sostenibile che non può prescindere dalla partecipazione dall'intervento e dalla stessa presenza fisica dei soggetti che da quei progetti potrebbero trarre dei vantaggi ovvero degli svantaggi. La nozione di sviluppo sostenibile, che viene rapidamente analizzata nel testo finale permette di introdurre anzitutto il concetto di persona umana, e quindi la procedura partecipativa all'interno del discorso, più tecnico, affrontato sinora, nonché la problematica relativa alla aggregazione del consenso. 8. Prendendo a prestito dalla terminologia anglosassone il termine di stakeholders, che si riferisce a quei portatori di interesse che nella teoria della Responsabilità Sociale di Impresa sono i diretti interessati alle decisioni dell'impresa stessa pur non essendone azionisti, ho cercato di ricostruire la nozione di "consenso" in relazione alla costruzione dei rigassificatori, evidenziando limiti e prospettive della partecipazione dei cittadini. In buona sostanza, il tema dell'aggregazione del consenso può essere trattato facendo riferimento al grado ed alla profondità della partecipazione dei cd. stakeholders, e quindi dei portatori di interessi: ad esempio dipendenti delle imprese costruttrici degli impianti e delle imprese che li gestiscono una volta attivi, cittadini delle zone limitrofe, associazioni ambientaliste interessate alla tutela della salute e del paesaggio intaccato da quelle opere. La partecipazione, nell'ambito delle esperienze maturate all'interno dei circuiti dei sistemi democratico-rappresentativi, si svolge per lo più nell'ambito dell'istruttoria procedimentale, secondo gli schemi tracciati dagli istituti di partecipazione disciplinati dalla legge 7 agosto 1990, n. 241, e secondo alcuni Autori, come si è visto con Crisafulli e Paladin, attraverso ulteriori istituti previsti dalla stessa Costituzione italiana. Tuttavia si tratta di una tipologia di intervento e di partecipazione dei cittadini limitata al momento amministrativo e quindi esecutivo, ovvero al momento indiretto dell'esercizio della sovranità, senza alcuna influenza sul momento realmente politico, di programmazione e decisione generale. La sfida posta dalle dottrine neo-partecipazioniste (definiremmo in questi termini quegli studi che si sono occupati di analizzare i limiti del sistema rappresentantativo) ha a che fare, invece, con l'intervento e la partecipazione dei cittadini interessati, e più in generale dei portatori di interesse ad un altro livello, quello cioè della decisione, del programma, il momento più genuinamente politico. Già da qualche anno la dottrina giuspubblicistica guarda con interesse alle questioni poste dalla cd. democrazia partecipativa e dalla cd. democrazia deliberativa: ragionando astrattamente, però, ho operato una distinzione tra i termini di partecipazione e di deliberazione, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la loro struttura teoretica: è indubbio tuttavia che in entrambi i casi la partecipazione dei soggetti interessati può trasformarsi in una mera ingegneristica del consenso, in grado di favorire decisioni già prese altrove, invece di suscitare una sincera adesione piuttosto che una schietta opposizione dei cittadini, debitamente informati. In questo senso può distinguersi tra una nozione di partecipazione in senso formale ed un'altra, intesa in modo sostanziale. L'intero argomento ovviamente può dar luogo a facili fraintendimenti ed esasperazioni, in quanto la partecipazione, come ho cercato di spiegare, degenera facilmente sino a diventare strumentale e quindi formale. L'aggregazione del consenso e quindi la partecipazione in senso sostanziale dev'essere così sviluppata secondo due direttrici fondamentali: Anzitutto i portatori di interessi devono essere messi in grado di giudicare un progetto di pubblica utilità com'è un impianto di rigassificazione avendo bene in mente gli argomenti a favore e quelli contrari, e ricordando che l'approvigionamento energetico è un tema di primissimo piano in un periodo storico come quello in cui viviamo, condizionato dall'endemica scarsità di materie prime e quindi di energia. In secondo luogo ogni decisione deve essere presa nelle sedi istituzionali opportune, prevedendo una fase all'interno della quale debbano essere obbligatoriamente prese in considerazione le posizioni di tutti gli stakeholders titolati a partecipare attraverso l'iscrizione ad un registro all'uopo predisposto per un periodo di tempo stabilito. Corollari di questa impostazione sostanziale, sono invece i termini di sviluppo sostenibile, cittadinanza e responsabilità: infatti, secondo l'ottica di una partecipazione di tipo politico (e quindi non meramente amministrativa, né formale), l'orizzonte di crescita all'interno del quale quelle stesse decisioni devono essere prese dai portatori di interessi è quello dello sviluppo sostenibile, uno sviluppo cioè concreto ed integrale della persona umana e dell'ambiente in cui si trova a vivere; sviluppo possibile soltanto rivisitando lo statuto di cittadinanza così com'è inteso dal pensiero moderno, rivestendo il cittadino della responsabilità che gli è richiesta per poter veramente prendere parte ad un più ampio sviluppo dell'umanità. 9. In ragione della vicinanza del progetto al confine sloveno, secondo le disposizioni della Convenzione sulla valutazione dell'impatto ambientale in contesto transfrontaliero, fatto a Espoo il 25.02.1991 e dell'articolo 7 della direttiva 85/337, l'avvio della procedura di valutazione di impatto ambientale è stato comunicato con nota del Ministero dell'Ambiente italiano n. DSA/2006/9866 del 31/1/2006 al Ministero dell'ambiente e al Ministero degli affari esteri della Repubblica di Slovenia. A seguito della detta notifica di avvio del procedimento di valutazione dell'impatto ambientale sono state avviate consultazioni con il Ministero dell'ambiente della Repubblica di Slovenia. Nell'ambito delle suddette consultazioni, il Ministero della Repubblica di Slovenia, ha trasmesso le proprie osservazioni e valutazioni sul progetto contenute in un documento intitolato "Rapporto sugli impianti transfrontalieri prodotti dai due Terminali di rigassificazione nel Golfo di Trieste e sulla zona costiera". In particolare è stato acquisito il parere favorevole con prescrizioni n. 73 del 2008 formulato dalla Commissione tecnica di verifica dell'Impatto Ambientale VIA - VAS successivamente integrato a seguito del proseguimento della consultazione transfrontaliera con il Ministero dell'ambiente della Repubblica Slovena. E' stato acquisito, altresì, il parere n. 251 del 13.03.2009 formulato dalla Commissione tecnica di verifica dell'Impatto Ambientale VIA – VAS. A seguito della riunione di data 16.06.2009 con le Autorità della Repubblica di Slovenia, la Commissione Tecnica di Verifica dell'impatto ambientale VIA-VAS ha integrato ed aggiornato il quadro prescrittivo del parere n. 251 del 13.03.2009 poi votato in Assemblea Plenaria del 03.07.2009. A conclusione del procedimento in esame il Ministero dell'Ambiente e della tutela del mare, di concerto con il Ministero per i beni culturali, con decreto n. 808 del 17.7.2009 ha pronunciato parere di compatibilità ambientale, con prescrizioni, al progetto presentato dalla Società Gas Natural International SDG su cui è subentrata la Società Gas natural Rigassificazione Italia Spa . Con ricorso numero di registro generale 564 del 2009, nei confronti: - del Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare - del Ministero per i Beni e le Attivita' Culturali; - della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia; - della Societa' Gas Natural Rigassificazione Italia Spa - della Societa' Gas Natural Sdg Sa; - della Repubblica della Slovenia; - del Comune di Muggia; il Comune di San Dorligo della Valle ha chiesto l'annullamento del citato decreto n. 808 di compatibilità ambientale relativo al progetto del rigassificatore di Zaule del Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare dd. 17.7.2009. Il TAR Fvg, Sez I, con sentenza n. 167 di data 11 marzo 2010, si è pronunciata in merito, affermando che la materia "rigassificatori", per la sua rilevanza in relazione alla tutela di pubblici interessi di portata generale e nazionale, oltre che internazionale (posto che coinvolge interessi anche di nazioni vicine), indubbiamente trascende quell'interesse territorialmente limitato che è il presupposto per la competenza territoriale dei singoli Tribunali Regionali. Il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Friuli Venezia Giulia, ha dichiarato inammissibile la questione di legittimità costituzionale sollevata dal ricorrente e ha ritienuto la propria incompetenza e ai sensi dell'art. 41 della L. 99/09 disponendo la trasmissione del fascicolo al competente TAR del Lazio, sede di Roma, per le conseguenti determinazioni, in rito, nel merito e in ordine alle spese. ; XXIII Ciclo ; 1965

Part two of an interview with Settimio "Babe" Pellechia. Topics include: His children's education. The Italian traditions Babe's family tries to keep. Memories from Lincoln School. How Italians in Leominster were treated while Babe was growing up. Social clubs in the Leominster area. Babe's experience in World War II. His thoughts about September 11th. The Italian Colonial cooperative grocery store. Pride in being Italian. ; 1 SETTIMIO: … did very, very good from the hill. But no, we felt that he lacked the basic knowledge at the very beginning in schooling. The first three years were completely lost. But I think it was no fault of his. He couldn't see, and we didn't know it. We didn't know that he couldn't until one day we had an exam for some reason. He had glasses and he said, "Now I can see the blackboard now." We said, "Why didn't you say that before?" He said, "I thought everybody saw it," you know. So that could have been part of it, too, that he just didn't get it. We believe in education: my daughter had paid for her own education, my daughter went to Smith, and she got a graduate from Harvard. So education is the number one priority. We didn't have it. Isn't that something else? Going through, paying for all that education? LINDA: It is. It's remarkable. So it sounds almost as if it wasn't an option for them to work at the motel or… SETTIMIO: No, no. They had to go to school. They had, definitely. My daughter -- my son-in law -- my daughter always, because she was, she graduated out of Smith with a 3.9, so she just ate up school, and as far as I could -- she just -- I used to help her do her spelling, she insisted. You know, there are three columns of spelling and I'm supposed to bring them down. So what I would do is one night I just went in diagonal and I go back, and she said, "Dad, you missed a word." I said, "Well then, that's enough for me." The only thing that I didn't do with her, which was mean, was on math. She had to struggle for math. And one day she did her homework and she did -- everyone was wrong. 'Cause I always used to help her. So just one night I said, "I'm not going to let her get away with that." So it was all set [unintelligible - 00:02:08]. The next night she comes home crying, she said, "You made me get a zero!" I said, "No, you got the zero yourself. You didn't put anything into it." So then I would help her, but she would check. And if I knew she didn't find [unintelligible - 00:02:22], which was, I think even though that she got a zero, it helped her, I think. 2 LINDA: You were talking about Lincoln Terrace and how people had pigs and chickens and gardens. Did you and your wife do that also? SETTIMIO: My wife? LINDA: You and your wife. Did you keep gardens and chickens? SETTIMIO: With all that we had to do? No. LINDA: I could have guessed. I just wanted to know the different generation. SETTIMIO: Nope. My wife always liked that work that she did out there, and I liked what I did. You know? LINDA: Have you kept many of the traditions alive in your family? The Italian traditions? SETTIMIO: Naturally it kind of falls apart. We do a big Christmas meal. We [unintelligible - 00:03:23] children come over, or if they can't make it, because there are times they couldn't make it, [unintelligible - 00:03:29] Thanksgiving. But [unintelligible - 00:03:32] when my mother-in-law was living, we spent a lot of time with her on weekends and so forth. That was strictly all-Italian, you know. Her mom lived to be 99, and she did all the things like that. She was -- she could crochet a bedspread in one month, she'd do a whole bedspread. [Unintelligible - 00:04:00] doing her own cooking, 99 and doing her own cooking and everything. So that's it, but we've got the tradition with that. We got close to her like that. Actually, my parents were gone. You know, they died long before that. LINDA: Who was your closest friend growing up? SETTIMIO: My closest friend when? LINDA: When you were growing up in Leominster. SETTIMIO: In Lincoln Terrace we were all friends; all the guys were very friendly. We all went together. In fact, being in school, in Lincoln School, when I was in sixth grade, I had all I could do to get Cs in spelling and English and anything like that. You know, I just worked hard and I just gotta get a C. But in math I was always a straight A. So at the end of the year, when the principal would ask who was the smartest one in the class, and by all means, I wasn't the smartest, but all of Lincoln Terrace would vote for me, 3 so she got sort of mad. She said, "Now I know Settimio knows math, but we've got people smarter than him in all subjects. Now, we'll have one more vote. We will not have any election this year," she said. That's how close people were. LINDA: So you were going to school at…? SETTIMIO: Lincoln School. LINDA: So was it mostly Italians there? SETTIMIO: Yeah, that school was. LINDA: Do you remember the teachers? SETTIMIO: Mrs. Blunt was the Principal, Mrs. Taylor was the fifth grade, Mrs. Benz was special. I think the others were the younger ones: Mrs. Heinz and Mrs. Lane was there. I think they had newer ones too. But I have to say I don't think they were fair to the Italian people on different things. I like to see justice and so forth, and I don't think there was any justice in that school for the Italian people. LINDA: Can you give me an example? SETTIMIO: Hmm? LINDA: Can you give me an example? SETTIMIO: Just remarks they'd make and so forth. [Unintelligible - 00:06:25] school system. LINDA: That's right. There's a lot of Italians there. A lot of Italians were in education. So you were giving me an example, or you were about to give me an example of how you thought maybe some of the teachers weren't fair at Lincoln School? SETTIMIO: That's the feeling you'd get. Describing something now would be difficult, but in one case, even my brother, the teacher asked, "What makes a good centerpiece in every Italian home that had a bottle of wine on the table?" And he said that he got expelled for a week. They asked the question, and that was his honest answer. So that the -- that was one case that really stuck out when they did that. 4 LINDA: So it sounds as though the teachers really didn't know anything about the culture or the tradition. SETTIMIO: I don't think they cared either. LINDA: They didn't need to care until one became a principal. SETTIMIO: Like I said, I went there six years, and I'm not talking -- mostly the higher up, two old ladies were what they were by then. So old that you could just see it, remarks, much like my remarks and so forth that they… LINDA: Well, speaking about ethnic differences, did you notice anything in Leominster growing up? SETTIMIO: I noticed while we were growing up that people of Italian descent had a rough deal as far as city hall, the banks, especially. They never got a fair shake. Never during that whole time. The difference today is that almost all of our politicians are Polish or Italian, like when you see almost any principal, all but one is Italian. So that's the biggest difference that I can see that's happened. I had a banker tell me when I was billing up and the president of the bank said to me -- I wanted to get some money, to borrow some money, and he says, "You know, you can spoil a baby by giving him too much candy." I said, "I really didn't come here to get candy. I came here to get money." He said, "Well, you've done well. You should just stay where you are," and let it go like that. That's the banker telling me, so I says, "Well, I didn't come here for your opinion either." I said, "I'm still looking for money." So with that, he said, "Well you've got money in this bank." So while I'm sitting at the time, I just saw the door of the bank had gold leaf at that time, Capital, and so forth, Reserve. So I said, "Could you explain to me why the bank would need a reserve?" He said, "Well, you've got to draw," he says, you know, "on the money," he says we've gotta -- I said, "You're asking me to do something you yourself believe in? You want me to take my reserve of my savings and go with other reserves?" With that, he finally gave me the money. 5 But that's funny with banks, with banks I always find it funny you've got to have an answer for everything because they just try to talk you out of things. That's what they do. When I built the motel, that was the time when -- this is the other bank, Savings Bank -- they said, "We'd like to loan you the money. We feel you can do it, but we don't know about your wife. What would she be able to do?" I said, "My wife is able to -- I can prove to you -- my wife was all upset thinking I'd get the loan." He said, "Well, yeah." But I says I've got so much insurance policy, and the whole loan would be paid up with insurance policy. "Is that good enough, sir?" Security, and I got the money. So you had to play with them at that time, and I still think it was because of who we were. LINDA: When did you see that start to change? SETTIMIO: Hmm? LINDA: When did you see that start to change? SETTIMIO: They started dying off and the Italian population kept increasing. They all knew that group for what it is there. We've got to look at [unintelligible - 00:11:31]. I'm sorry I keep… LINDA: That's okay. SETTIMIO: In 25, 30 years we'll probably learn the same thing with the Spanish people. If they fill out the note they're going to be allowed to do what we did, and I hope they do as well as we did. LINDA: Did you see your children go through any of the hardship that you went through? SETTIMIO: No. No. They don't know what hardship is. LINDA: But they're successful anyway? SETTIMIO: Hmm? LINDA: But they are successful anyway? SETTIMIO: Yeah, yeah. They are, yeah. LINDA: Why do you think that is? SETTIMIO: Well, of course they knew they would always have whatever they need from us, and then we always ingrained in them to go out and do better and 6 keep doing things, like -- my daughter didn't take that much, she absorbs education. She was very, very good at that. My son, we had to kind of push him a little bit, but he's glad now that we did that because he notices a difference. LINDA: So did you feel it was equally important for your daughter to have an education? Did she go to Worcester Academy too? SETTIMIO: No. She didn't need it. She graduated with all these kids [unintelligible - 00:12:56] while we lived in Sterling. So, National Honors Society. She got it all as far as marks. LINDA: Would you like to tell me a little bit about the clubs that you had joined? SETTIMIO: The one was -- we mentioned the Italian Society on there. I'm somewhat disappointed it wasn't what it was supposed to be. I really thought what I wanted was a culture society, where we have -- where they teach Italian, where they have Italian plays and Italian speakers, and it didn't turn out that way. They spent a lot of money and made a big place out of it. It's almost -- which they hardly use it, but you need somebody coming in to pay for the bills. So I just call it a glorified ballroom now. So that wasn't -- I didn't like that too much. LINDA: I didn't take the information. Were there any clubs that you had joined in your younger years, or ones that your father and mother had belonged to? SETTIMIO: No, because they faded out. My father belonged to a couple of clubs but they pretty much starting fading out by the time we would be ready for that. I was really active in a lot of other things, charitable things. I've been Director of the Red Cross. I spent 22 years in a hospital as a cooperator trustee and on the executive board. I was President of the [unintelligible - 00:14:46] Club, which is a men's Rotary Club in Sterling. And then I did my bit as far as charity work and so forth. I felt someone's been very, very good to me, and that's why I got into the charitable end of it, to help out.7 LINDA: You see that continuing with this next generation? Do you see that volunteer, that commitment to give back to the community in the next generation? SETTIMIO: I really don't know. I hope they do. I know I really felt -- and I used to say I like that the hospital I fought for was doing something for the benefit of the people. I would always say so, you know. They were going to do certain things, and I said, "This would be better and cheaper." And that's all I could contribute until it started getting away -- I finally left when we got an administrator that just liked to spend money. So after 22 years I said, "You don't need to spend money. Anybody could spend money." So I resigned at that time. The Historical Society, I've been a Director there for years. I'm still on there right now. LINDA: How did -- has faith played an important part of your life? An important role in your life? SETTIMIO: What was that? LINDA: Faith? SETTIMIO: Absolutely. Absolutely. You've got to have faith, you have to be charitable, gotta be fair to one another. That's all really, really important, I feel. LINDA: Think that's an Italian cultural …? SETTIMIO: I've always thought of it that way, yep. See, but oftentimes you take some of the older people, I say that they probably could have done even better, but because they had to work to get to where they were, they just didn't have time for some of those things. So I think they would have been a lot better off, a lot better. I know that. Yeah. LINDA: Another question: getting back to the banks and maybe how they weren't fair enough, did the Leominster Credit Union play a big part in our helping, let's say, Italians in Leominster? SETTIMIO: Italians in Leominster? They were sympathetic to the Italian calling I'd say, but whether they helped or not I don't know that part. Credit-wise, I know they didn't help us in the building. Nobody had the opportunity to 8 sell them anything. And I said this to [Seth] at the time. He was [unintelligible - 00:17:46] he called me up, said, "Some people want to see you. You've got to make money." So the last time I said, "Do you even realize, Seth, that the only way that people will give you money is they've got to earn it?" He had taken me to this bank in New Haven. Not once did they even entertain taking in a bid from me. I said, "You won't be able to get money anymore." The Credit Union did this. I was a little bitter. But they had the opportunity, which I didn't like. I didn't think that was fair; that was -- probably that's one of the things that bothers me most about as long as you belong to when all our lives you got the big jobs. You work hard to get it. I know that my father, it never bothered him how much time he spent figuring jobs as long as he had the opportunity to bid on it. But when they didn't even give you that opportunity, and if you're high you just say "We can get it done cheaper," and that's the end of it. But don't just ignore them. Or even at the hospital, one time we got some bids for some work and a friend of mine asked, he wanted to bid the job. I said, okay, so I talked to the board, I said, "This, also, would like to bid the job." I says, "He's a low bidder. You'll want to give a job." He became the lone bidder and they didn't give him a job. You know, that night, I told them at the meeting, I said, "I don't think this -- I've done this all my life and I don't believe in it. You shouldn't have had him bid if you didn't want to give him the job, because it takes time and money to do that bid. It just isn't fair." LINDA: Just two more things: what was your hardest experience in your life? SETTIMIO: Three years in World War II. That was quite difficult. LINDA: Would you like to explain a little bit? SETTIMIO: Huh? LINDA: Would you like to explain a little bit or share a story? SETTIMIO: No, we're always a family in our own home, and to be away like that. And then under the conditions that you had to live in that you would think you 9 did. But you said the worst thing, that's doing that, although it turned out, I came back, no problems. But even then I worked -- I had to fight to get -- to the top. Now, I was in heavy artillery and, my job was handling 96-pound shells, and of course I just felt that there were better things in life than handling 96-pound shells. There was no future in it. So I hung out with the boys in the survey section, there were eight of them. They did the computing, running the transits, computing for these -- because we had this survey, anything you did on it. And I learned anything that there was to learn on it, and when OCS came, that's officer's training, they get anybody to go that likes to go, and of course the survey is supposedly the brains of the battalion, there's six of them that left for OCS. So I asked permission from -- through the first sergeant and my captain that I'd like to get on survey. And he was nice to me, real nice. He took me a bunch of papers like this here, and they had all these on all circled around, and then they put parts between them. And he said, "I'm going to shake this, and all the cards that fall out, if your name's in there, you can get on survey." My name didn't fall out. And he said, "Now let's see why." Ninth grade -- you have to be a minimum of a high school graduate to get on it, because it required trigonometry and you don't get trigonometry in the ninth grade. You get algebra but you don't get trig. So I said, "But I can do it." He said, "I can't promise you nothing." He said, "You stay with your shells." I still kept there, I started doing it, and I became the -- I became the chief computer -- the [unintelligible - 00:22:24] operator, which wasn't all too good with all the shell people in back now that I'm on the front-line. If we can see the enemy, they can see us. So the payoff. LINDA: I just want you to end with asking you about how you feel about September 11th, what's happening in the country now. SETTIMIO: Terrible, the whole thing is real, real uncalled for. I don't know why you'd have to do something like that. You know, it's murder -- it just gets 10 me that they, that they [unintelligible - 00:23:05] for the world and shelling them and killing civilians. What did they do? Kill 10 people, there's a big [unintelligible - 00:23:16] about it. They killed almost 6,000, let alone the damage. The damage can always be fixed, but lives -- life is gone, you know. Once it's gone, it's gone. So I don't know what the -- what's going to happen. We got to do something to -- somewhere along the line though we've changed. We used to -- every year, immigrants had to register at the post office. Why did they discontinue that in this country? I don't know if you remember that, do you? Every year you had to go to the post office if you were an immigrant, your address, what you're doing and so forth. So they actually were [unintelligible - 00:23:59] they knew where all -- if they still had that, they would know that these guys, number one, that their visas had gone past and so forth. LINDA: I often wonder what the veterans of let's say World War II feel about the men going to fight now, because at least you knew who the enemy was. SETTIMIO: You don't know who the enemy is in this. This is what they -- you have to fight their game, which isn't -- there again, it's not fair. [Unintelligible - 00:24:37] we fought the Germans. We knew what they did. They were in front of us, we were on one side, you knew what you were doing. But to have somebody you can -- somebody in your home and you got terrorists and just get information, the next day you could be gone. LINDA: Anything else you'd like to share? SETTIMIO: Huh? LINDA: Is there anything else you'd like to share with us? SETTIMIO: One of the other things I thought is -- you see that package right there? That little one right there? You organize this; you're at the grocery store. He closed his grocery store so the Italian Colonial could start. LINDA: What was the Italian Colonial? SETTIMIO: Huh?11 LINDA: I don't -- what was the Italian Colonial? SETTIMIO: A grocery store. LINDA: A grocery store? SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:25:28] be one up there and they became a cooperative. They all bought shares, and he moved his grocery store right next to the other one with all the stuff that we had, you know. We wanted to leave once they start that. LINDA: Well… SPEAKER 3: They were all Italians that got together and formed this cooperative, Colonial -- SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:25:54]. SPEAKER 3: And when they finally disbanded, they all formed their own little corner stores [unintelligible - 00:26:03]. LINDA: So what was they -- where did they get -- would they be growing their own produce and bring it in, and… SPEAKER 3: Some of them did that. SETTIMIO: Oh no, they bought it. They bought everything, like a legitimate store [unintelligible - 00:26:20] -- I keep moving this don't I? LINDA: That's okay though, that's not important. SETTIMIO: Yes it is, or you wouldn't have it. LINDA: Or I wouldn't touch it. You're right. SETTIMIO: No, but the -- he was very instrumental in helping on getting this Italian Colonial, because he -- number one, if he can close his store, [unintelligible - 00:26:40] but… and then the other thing was bringing the Italian Colonial, you know, the Lincoln Hall in Leominster, which is now Saint Anne's Church, they started the Lincoln Hall, I believe, when -- in 1926, I believe it was. And it was -- the main purpose of it was to naturalize as many Italians as they could. They wanted to move their building because at that time all the different Italians that come from different parts -- Italy was not unified at that time. 12 It wasn't unified until I think in 1961, '56 or something like that, but all these people -- if one club was running the hall, the other clubs wouldn't go. One of those things that they -- that's why the Lincoln Hall failed, contrary to what their remarks they made in the book in the office at Saint Anne's. They said they foreclosed on them -- they foreclosed because none of them would join it. They shouldn't have lost that, you know. LINDA: So why is it they wouldn't join? SPEAKER 3: Parts of Italy, [Forgia, Saladini, Graphinio] had their own [unintelligible - 00:28:05]. SETTIMIO: You could almost [unintelligible - 00:28:08] Boston and then New York and then somebody in Chicago. If the guy in Chicago is on the organization we don't want nothing to do with it, and New York we don't if we're doing it, they don't want to, and that's what happened to that Lincoln Hall, which we can't -- that was one of the bad things the Italian Colonial let go. We don't -- otherwise we wouldn't have Saint Anne's now. So everything turned out pretty well. LINDA: Like who was Lincoln Hall -- who was affiliated with Lincoln Hall, which group? SETTIMIO: All the Italians. LINDA: Oh, so it was a mixture. SPEAKER 3: The functions they would hold there, if one little group was holding a dance or a social event, the other groups stayed away. SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:28:51]. This is a letter that was written in 1929, as much of it is in Italian, I don't know if you can understand it. But what it is that unless the people joined and paid their dues, they're going to lose the hall. They didn't do it, so… SPEAKER 3: Sounds like your brother, your brother. SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:29:24]. LINDA: So you said they were trying to naturalize as many Italians as they could. So Italians from any region? SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:29:34].13 LINDA: In Leominster or any region? SPEAKER 3: Yes. Danny [Cato]? SETTIMIO: Huh? SPEAKER 3: Danny Cato was on this Italian American [unintelligible - 00:29:45]. SETTIMIO: This is the bleeding Italian Americans in Massachusetts. LINDA: Oh, that's an honor. That's your father, right? SPEAKER 3: Mm-hmm. LINDA: So Ann, do you have anything to add? Can you think of anything? SPEAKER 3: Oh, you were speaking about that cooperative grocery store. Is that where some of the people, when they sold out, they would open up their own store like Chet's Grocery, [unintelligible - 00:30:24], all those little stores? SETTIMIO: Nemo had a little store too. SPEAKER 3: Who did? SETTIMIO: Nemo also. SPEAKER 3: Nemo? SETTIMIO: Yeah, it was very lucrative. You hear [unintelligible - 00:30:35]. I'll just tell you a little story about that. My father wanted to get it going good and at the time [unintelligible - 00:30:43] made cash registers, and he had six-drawer cash registers, so each clerk would have to punch their own if they bought it. So my father suggested that the salesmen should go there and sell it, and maybe it would keep them honest, you know, they'd have their own cash box. So at the last minute, my father told the salesman the night of the meeting, he says, "Now don't get alarmed, I'm going to vote against it." He says, "You called me, and now you're going to vote against it?" He said, "If I vote for it, they won't buy it." They bought it, they never used it. LINDA: So the coop -- did different people sell different things? SETTIMIO: Oh no, it was all -- it was a regular store but it was just owned by a cooperative. SPEAKER 3: It was owned by all of them.14 SETTIMIO: This is interesting too, nothing to do with Leominster, but [unintelligible - 00:31:33] they had in Boston in 1492 when Columbus -- it was unbelievable what they did [unintelligible - 00:31:43] try and list it on that. But you see where they -- just the parade and all -- look the way they decorated their buildings. LINDA: Wow, this is to celebrate Columbus Day? SETTIMIO: Yeah, it's unbelievable. It's all parades and all that. There's a state house. It's so unusual. There were no Italians -- I went through this. I couldn't find an Italian name, but it was a big deal for Columbus. Now, in 1992, nothing was done. LINDA: Wow. I know with my children in school, nowadays there's a big discussion whether or not you should even celebrate Columbus Day. SETTIMIO: [Unintelligible - 00:32:28], mm-hmm. SPEAKER 3: But October is the Italian Heritage Month and they have functions going on almost every day, either here or in Boston or some other place where there are Italians. LINDA: That brings up something interesting though. Did you -- when growing up, did you feel proud of Christopher Columbus and that he was an Italian? Do you remember? SETTIMIO: We felt proud of anyone that was Italian. [Unintelligible - 00:33:00] proud of any American that's done unusual things. I don't feel too proud when they name a building for some politician that got paid all his life and had to -- 15, 20, 30 years they name a building after him. What did he contribute actually as far as for the benefit of the people? But we still keep doing that, you know. SPEAKER 3: There are a lot of things -- there are a lot of Italians that have contributed to the world as we see it today, as we know it today, in the arts and the music, and… SETTIMIO: Did you read the one that I had -- the Italian [unintelligible - 00:33:45]? Did you ever see that one? Yeah? LINDA: No, no… where did this come from? From an Italian American?15 SPEAKER 3: I think I saw this on the board at the Italian Center in Leominster. LINDA: Do your children consider themselves Italian American? SPEAKER 3: Oh yeah. SETTIMIO: I hope so. I know my daughter; she spent more time in Italy than she does here now. Sabbaticals and so forth. In fact she's going there for -- she just got a grant to go there with the grade eight students, give a lecture over there. [Unintelligible - 00:34:30] also, you know, different parts of Rome and Florence and [unintelligible - 00:34:36]. SPEAKER 3: She has a doctorate in Italian. She has a doctorate in Italian History. SETTIMIO: She can read even the old script Italian. She's really -- she spent a lot of time there. She spent six years in Florence, so she can really -- in fact my daughter's very thin and so forth. We went up to visit her one day and went to the grocery store, and I saw my daughter do something that she never did. She literally, with her little frame, pushed a big Italian lady in the line. I said, "Linda, where did you learn that?" She said, "Dad, I'll be at the end of the line all day if I didn't do that." That's what they do. So she learned she's got to get in there. SPEAKER 3: Make her way. LINDA: Where does she teach? SETTIMIO: University of Delaware. LINDA: Oh. SETTIMIO: Yeah. LINDA: Have you -- you ever gone back to Italy? SETTIMIO: Oh yeah. I've been there three times. My wife keeps going, but she goes a little more than I do, because women like to travel more than men. My wife likes to travel. She's been to Jerusalem three times. She's been to Kenya; we both went to South America. LINDA: Did you ever go back to the village of your father? SETTIMIO: Went back up to where my mother was born and where my father was, and also where she was born. You know that. LINDA: Well, thank you.16 SETTIMIO: That's all? We're done? LINDA: It was a long time, two hours. Aren't you tired? It's tiring. SETTIMIO: I just tried to accept what I'm going to do every year what my father did from 19-, from when he came here up until he passed away. I want to make it complete. [Unintelligible - 00:36:47] yeah. That's one project I got to do. The other project I got to do is I got a lot of movie pictures that I took, and I want to put those on VHS and break them down. I got the floods of '38, and I got parades and all that sort of stuff, and I got also Saint Anne's -- the opening of Saint Anne's dedication. SPEAKER 3: Very good history. SETTIMIO: I have a library, and I'm a collector [unintelligible - 00:37:23] stuff. I'm proud of a lot of it too. I got all the directories going back -- that's why it was so easy to do this. I have all these downstairs, these books. I also have it on Fitchburg, I go back Fitchburg 1880, and I keep buying local history, whatever I can get, or anything that originally was made in Leominster, so forth. [Unintelligible - 00:37:51] LINDA: It's interesting. SETTIMIO: The only thing is time is running out. LINDA: Oh, it seems like you come from a long line. It seems like people live a long time in your family. SETTIMIO: Well, they try to do it. Whether they make it or not, I don't know. Time will tell. LINDA: Well, don't give up. SPEAKER 3: Don't give up. SETTIMIO: Oh, no. SPEAKER 3: You have a lot of good work here. SETTIMIO: Huh? SPEAKER 3: You have a lot of good things here. LINDA: Did you mention to me that you had your mother's -- maybe your grandmother's wedding dress? SETTIMIO: Yes, I have it.17 SPEAKER 3: Your mother's or your grandmother's? SETTIMIO: My mother's. SPEAKER 3: Your mother's wedding dress. LINDA: Wow. SPEAKER 3: That was 19 -- what? What year? SETTIMIO: They got married what would be the year 1902, I think, or something like that. LINDA: Wow. SETTIMIO: Would you like to see it? LINDA: I'd like to. SETTIMIO: I think it's in the closet. LINDA: Okay, hold on. This is the end of the interview. /AT/pa/rjh/es

Part two of an interview with Musa Ali of Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Topics include: Why and how he came to the U. S. to live. What his first impressions of the U.S. were. Stories of language and cultural differences he experienced. ; 1 ALI: Only due you were all the horse, everything, something like this you have to bribe and every dollar, like I say before, every dollar I have to give two and a half cents to the poor. See? Then, and this person he get help enough from all over and nobody know who help. See? This is the custom, all the Muslim religion. SPEAKER2: So your family was pretty well-off you said and living was kind of comfortable. ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: Yeah. Do you remember anything that was… any outstanding events in your life down…? And like you said meeting famous people was some… you know, you met a lot of the high officials in… ALI: Oh, yes. SPEAKER2: But do you… anything outstanding in your life that you remember – any specific events, anything special? ALI: What do you mean? SPEAKER2: Oh, just anything. Like, maybe you remember some fairs or things like that, big carnivals that you have inside the… ALI: No. SPEAKER2: Or holidays or things… ALI: Oh, yeah, holidays. We have holiday but we have once in a while horses. We like horses over there – who's fast. SPEAKER2: Oh, races? ALI: Races. Not money. SPEAKER2: No? ALI: No, no, no, no. We don't believe that at all. You never hear in the our country. Horse race. SPEAKER2: Not betting. ALI: No bet, nothing. But each one get, like I say, two, three time around here they have this level land and who is the horseman, 2 proud of his horse who's gonna beat. And he's going to the land and stand up together and say, "Come on, who's gonna win?" SPEAKER2: Yeah, so just for the fun of it. ALI: Just the fun, together. SPEAKER2: I see what you… ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: Why did you decide to come to this country? ALI: Well, I mix with politics too much. SPEAKER2: [Laughs] ALI: Every time I open my big mouth with me in jail, English government. See? And I say, well, my father say, "Ali, Mo?" I say, "Yes?" He say, "Best thing, sonny, don't stay here. You get trouble enough." SPEAKER2: Really? ALI: That's right. Even when I came here in this country, 1946 exactly, I get followed by American army. I went to Palestine. I took the boys training. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: For the house fight. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: Somebody squeal, the English government put me in jail, and I have to call my brother and my father, they bail me $1500 cash. When I went down there, I went out, I want to escape back to this country, my father give me hard time. He say, "Every time you come in you give me a hard time." I say, "Okay, dad, I won't come in anymore." I have wife, I have children there at that time. SPEAKER2: How old were you then? ALI: What year? SPEAKER2: How old were you? ALI: I don't know, 1946. SPEAKER2: Nineteen-forty six. About 30 years old, something like that.3 ALI: Yes, something like this. SPEAKER2: And you had a family. You had a wife and children. ALI: Yes, I had wife. My wife she died 1948. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: But I have three children, two boys and a girl. See? And I left; I went to take the boat from Haifa. When they see my passport, I found out the English government give my name all over. SPEAKER2: Ooh. ALI: They say, "No, we can't… you can't leave the country." So, okay, can't argument. I win. I went to American council. SPEAKER2: You won the argument? ALI: No, I can't win. SPEAKER2: Oh, you can't win. Oh. ALI: I went to American council, ambassador, his name Robert Ty. I say, "Cousin?" He say, "What?" I say, "I need your car." He say, "You got trouble?" I say, "Yes. I need your car and American flag and a chauffeur and I want your pipe." SPEAKER2: [Laughs] ALI: I never smoke in my life. He said, "What you do?" I say, "It's not your business; just give me your car." He says, "How I'm going home?" I say, "Take my car." I have… I took with me two car from here, Chevrolet 1946 premium. He says, "Where is your car?" I say, "I'm going to the coffee house, so such place and I leave the key there, and just give me your car." He give me his car and he give me chauffeur and I took sunglasses, I wear glasses, I took the pipe, I put in my mouth, I got magazine and the chauffeur driving and American flag flying both from the… SPEAKER2: Yeah, both sides. ALI: Both sides. And I went to the airport. I went under American council name and the fellow was looking for me. He salute to me and I returned the salute in the car and I went past him with a gun 4 on his shoulder looking for me. And I then land on Switzerland and I have a friend of mine in Switzerland, by a minister, his name Houseworth. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: I went to his home. I land and with no money, he pay my ticket. SPEAKER2: Yeah. This is in what, 1960? ALI: Nineteen forty-six. SPEAKER2: Forty-six? That was the first time you were coming to this country? ALI: No, I came here 1935. SPEAKER2: Thirty-five? ALI: Thirty-five. SPEAKER2: What was…? ALI: In 1946, I was already in American army, intelligence service. SPEAKER2: Oh, okay. So, when you… the first time when you decided to come, was that for political reasons, too? ALI: For politic because I want to be… almost get kicked out. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: And that's why I came here. SPEAKER2: So it was… did you have a thought of coming to America before you had trouble or did you ever think of it? ALI: No. SPEAKER2: No, you hadn't…. ALI: I have no idea of America at all but I have a brother here. Solomon. SPEAKER2: Yeah. He was here before? ALI: Yes, he came 1921-22 something like this, I think. SPEAKER2: And how did the other people feel about you going? You really had no choice so they. did anybody know you were going to America? ALI: No.5 SPEAKER2: No, they did not. ALI: Nobody know, even my father. When I land here, I have to send my brother. He send him telegram. He say, "Your son, here," because I'm the baby to the family. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: He said, "Young son. I hope he don't give us hard time like what he gave you." He said, "Well, please take care of him." SPEAKER2: How did you get here the first time – boat or plane? ALI: I came with boat. Yes. SPEAKER2: Do you remember how much it cost? ALI: You know, I can't tell you. SPEAKER2: Was it very expensive? ALI: No, not expensive but we stay almost 30 days. SPEAKER2: Did you go… would you leave Halifax then? ALI: No, I came from Haifa. SPEAKER2: Haifa. ALI: We came in Haifa; we land in Marseille, France. And we land from Marseille, I think, to Italy, Napoli. I don't know Napoli first or… SPEAKER2: Probably Italy first and then… ALI: Marseille. And after, we land here in New York. From New York, I took the boat again; I land in Boston, south Boston. Yes. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: One fellow Albanian was with me. He's the one who bring me to my brother. SPEAKER2: He's the only person that was with you that you knew. ALI: No, I met him in a boat. I met him… SPEAKER2: Otherwise, you were alone. ALI: Alone. SPEAKER2: Yeah, did you speak any English then?6 ALI: No, even when I… and I forget, when I was in Italy, I stayed 10 days, Napoli, afraid to give me and we didn't eat no pork. SPEAKER2: No. ALI: I suppose to be my hand, I look, I find the eggs. Now, I know where the eggs. Every morning I go there I say with my finger: Two, dinner, four, supper, four. SPEAKER2: That's all you ate? ALI: Ten days, I ate eggs – two eggs in the morning, four eggs at noon and four eggs at night for 10 days. SPEAKER2: How was the ride over itself? Was it a long trip or was it kinda crowded or uncomfortable? ALI: No, no, it's comfortable. It don't bother me. SPEAKER2: No? It's okay? Once you're on the way, did you have second thoughts about coming here, or really you had no choice? ALI: I had no choice. I come… at least my… I have a brother here. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: In my mind he help me and he teach me English. SPEAKER2: So you said you came to New York first? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: What was the first thing you saw in this country? Do you remember what you saw? ALI: I was tend to… when I see in New York, I don't believe it because when you land in New York you don't see big building. SPEAKER2: No? ALI: You see only small, small houses. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: And the houses is wood. I don't believe it because in our country you never see house with wood. SPEAKER2: No?7 ALI: Not big either. Stone. And the stone from outside and stone inside and cement in the middle. The wall one yard, yard and a quarter wide. SPEAKER2: On all houses? ALI: All the houses. SPEAKER2: Built the same? ALI: That's right. If you throw with a big gun, not rifle… SPEAKER2: Canon? ALI: Canon. It won't go through the wall. No, siree, because the wall stone from outside and it was stone from inside and cement in the middle with small stone. SPEAKER2: They're all built the same. ALI: All built the same. SPEAKER2: Why? Is this for protection or…? ALI: I didn't know because we don't have any trees there because English and Turk they cut all the trees. We don't have any wood. And I never see wood houses. When I came to this country, I was absolutely scared to walk up the stairs because wood. SPEAKER2: You didn't… ALI: Because when you walk you see the house shaking and you never see that in our country. You can dance in our country and nobody hear you even or mind or shaking. SPEAKER2: [Laughs] So the houses were small and were… were you probably a little disappointed maybe? ALI: Disappointed. SPEAKER2: Yeah? ALI: When I land in Boston, south Boston, it's worse. SPEAKER2: Right. I can believe that. So when did you come? What… do you remember what the date was when you got here? ALI: May 21st. SPEAKER2: May 21st, 19?8 ALI: Nineteen thirty-five. SPEAKER2: And how did you feel beside disappointment? Were you… did you… anything else make… anything make an impression on you that's good? ALI: No, nothing. SPEAKER2: No? ALI: Nothing. I didn't see nothing. SPEAKER2: There wasn't… was there any welcome for you? Was your brother here to meet you? ALI: Oh, yes. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: Yes. And after me and other brother came, the priest, older than me, we went, him and I, to Old Orchard Beach, opened a store. SPEAKER2: Really? Yeah? ALI: Yes. I came here May 21st; June first, I opened a store in Old Orchard Beach. The second door in your right-hand side before you get to railroad, you have railroad track, cut when you go to Old Orchard Beach. I was second door in your right-hand side. I opened dry goods. And I can't speak English. My brother hire three girls work for me and the first word teach me, bad word. SPEAKER2: [Laughs] Yeah? ALI: And one day they get busy and one lady came with a bathing suit, I never see that in my life, walk in the door with bathing suit. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: I was looking at, I got lost. My face turned red and everything. And then she looked [Fabiano's car] and I hold in my hand, I called the name because I thought it mean, "Good morning," or "Nice day," or something. SPEAKER2: Oh, you didn't know what the word meant. No. ALI: No. I call her. She hit the floor and she start talk to me, "I don't know what you're talking about." I repeat it again. You know, 9 repeat it again, three times. She left and she went called the policeman. SPEAKER2: Uh-oh. ALI: The policeman come in and he start talk to me, "I don't know what you're talking about." Maybe he gave me hell, maybe swear, I don't know what he say. I only one word she teach me, one of the girls and she was full of devil. See? And he said talk to me, a lot of thing, he gave me hell and swear to me. I don't know what he say. I just look at him like a statue, like stupid. And the girls started laughing inside, the three girls. He went and said, "What's wrong with this fellow? He said bad word, nice but why he don't say nothing now? He just look at me." He said, "The truth, he don't… he just come here and our fault. We teach him this word. He thinks it's something good maybe." And he came to me and say, "Passport." Well, Arabic and English same name, passport, passport. I thought it was only eight days. He talked to the girls, he say, "Well…" I don't know what he tell her. He say, "Okay." I say with my hand like this, goodbye. SPEAKER2: Goodbye. ALI: When brother the next Sunday he came, I told him. He said, "Oh, my gosh, look, you lucky, he don't go put you in jail. It's bad word." I never repeat it since that time. SPEAKER2: [Laughs] Once you got to… you said you went to south Boston was the first place you landed at. ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: And brother came with… did he go with on the boat there as well? ALI: No, the Albanian fellow. He bring me to my brother because I give him the address, 26 Tremont St., Palestine Oriental Company, the name. SPEAKER2: Was there any formalities getting into this country, like physical exams or anything like that? Do you remember?10 ALI: Not at that time. SPEAKER2: No? There wasn't anything? ALI: No. SPEAKER2: You didn't have to go through quarantine or anything? ALI: No, I get just the passport. I show them the passport and didn't look to my suitcase either. SPEAKER2: No? ALI: No. SPEAKER2: So once you got to south Boston, your brother was waiting for you? ALI: No. SPEAKER2: Was he waiting for in New York? ALI: No, in Boston, in his store. He don't know, he don't know what day I'm gonna be here. SPEAKER2: Oh, I see. ALI: That Albanian fellow. SPEAKER2: He took you there. ALI: It was because before he was a cook, I found out he's a cook in Worcester and he know English before me and he took me to my brother. I gave him my brother address and he took me to my brother. And even he pay for my cup of coffee. SPEAKER2: When you're getting to like where you were going to live, what were your impression of, like, say Boston? You know, it must've been… it was a totally different scenery and things in your country so. ALI: Yes, absolutely it's different. Jerusalem naturally is narrow street and the houses close to each other. And sometime, like you call a tunnel, the houses like a tunnel, you walk for two, three, four hundred feet, five hundred feet, you don't see no sign, all stores. See? And down there, every Friday, like I say, in Jerusalem, 11:30 [speaking in Arabic] beats, I don't know what you call in English, 11 beats, like [speaking in Arabic} I see in this country sometime between the door. Like… SPEAKER2: To stop the door from… ALI: Beats. You know hang up like this beats and you open it and you walk into… SPEAKER2: Oh, I see what you mean. Yeah, I know what you mean, the beads. Yeah. ALI: Yeah. Grab this one in the store, jewelry, grocery, dry goods, anything you think and leave the door like this, go to church till 12:30, 1:00, and nobody get to the stores. SPEAKER2: They would not go in? ALI: Nobody, because this is prayer time, for Friday. See? And nobody touch nothing. So nothing lost. SPEAKER2: So the people trust each other. ALI: That's right. When I came here, I saw even nighttime you see the policeman come in and try to open the door to see door open or locked. I told my brother, "What's the matter with this fellow? Crazy?" He say, "No." I say, "Why he try to open the door?" He say, "He wants to see if the door is open or closed because sometime somebody come and steal the door." SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: I don't believe that. I don't hear that before either. SPEAKER2: What about the scenery like, or the temperature and things like that, that was…? ALI: Yes, the temperature, we didn't have any… 10 below, 5 below… SPEAKER2: Snow or anything like that. ALI: I live there in over 25 years; I never snow in my life. The first time I saw snow I was in St. Johnsbury, Vermont; it's 1936, between 36, 35 in that… in this time of year, in January, because I came in May 1st in the wintertime. I was named Dr. Moore, he was living in my father's house, even in the three months, without 12 my father don't charge. Accident in his house tourist and I ring the bell to look for a room, and when he see me he remember me, but I don't remember him. I walk and he say, "You know Mr. so-and-so?" I say, "Yes." "He's American man." He says, "You know Mr. so-and-so?" And I say, "Yes." "How you know? You're not Arabian." He say, "No, I'm not Arabian. I'm American." I say, "Well, how you know these people?" He say, "Want to see the picture, too?" I say, "Yes." He bring inside; he went show me my father picture. SPEAKER2: Yeah? ALI: Yeah. I don't believe it. He say, "Your name Moussa?" I say, "That's right." He say, "Come in. Look for what you want." I say, "I'm looking for room." He say, "If I have no room, I'll give you my room, because I live in your father home three months he don't charge me a penny. Now you're gonna live in my house. I won't charge you nothing." I say, "No, mister, I'm gonna pay you." He say, "No, no, no pay." SPEAKER2: That's nice. ALI: I stay in his home and I drive the car. I saw somebody drive in pickup up down the river. SPEAKER2: You had seen cars before. ALI: I know I see cars. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: But I never see truck, pickup driving on top the river. I was thinking he gonna fall down. How driving the truck top of the water? I say, "This is not Jesus Christ." No truck float on top of the water. I use the horn, I use the horn, he don't pay attention to me; he think I'm drunk or crazy. And I think he's drunk or crazy or Jesus Christ. Would drive way down in the river, stop the car, lock the room and he went inside. I went and talked to Dr. Moore, I said, "I saw Jesus Christ today." He say, "Are you crazy, Mo?" I 13 say, "No. He drive the pickup the top of the river and the truck it don't drown." He say, "The water freeze." SPEAKER2: Ice, oh. ALI: I say, "Freeze? And it can hold the truck?" He say, "Sure." I say, "I don't believe it." He call his daughter and he call his wife, he say, "We have a crazy man who's gonna show me Jesus Christ." He drive me in his car, him and I and his wife and daughter. His daughter is school teacher. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: Went down there, I show him. He say, "You know what he's doing?" I say, "No." He say, "He's fishing. You have a hole…" SPEAKER2: Ice fishing, yeah. ALI: Ice fishing. I say, "How the water froze enough to hold the truck?" He say, "It can hold it tanks, never mind truck." It's first time and I don't believe my eyes. I was… give me million dollars, I won't walk in because I can't swim. SPEAKER2: [Laughs] ALI: This is first surprise in my life. If I go and tell all country I saw that, they think I'm crazy. SPEAKER2: All right. Did you notice difference in the people? Were they not as friendly as back home? ALI: Yes, yes. You have to… here, you have to watch your step in this country. No friendship either here. See? Especially when they know you're stranger, they're scared from you. See? Down there if you know a stranger, they hug you from all over. SPEAKER2: They give you lots of hug. ALI: Yeah, they give you lots of hug even, like I told you, you can stay in the home, three months, without ask you, "What's your name?" even. Just call you Miss or Mister or Uncle. In our country they have one thing is good I like very much maybe I'm… because I grew with this. Your age, you call her sister. Older than you, call 14 her auntie. They're old, call her mother. And men, they call brother, uncle or dad. See? Here, if you call old man "dad," he say, "I'm not dad." You have to call him young man. The old lady you have to call young lady. In our country, the old lady you can't call young lady. She get insulted; it means she's stupid, "I'm not young lady." The old man, if you call, in our country, "Hello, young man," he get insulted. He say, "I'm not young man. I'm old man." You have your respect. When you call them "dad," you have to respect him, mean you respect that man when you call him dad. But here you can't call man dad or uncle or brother or something; they laugh at you. SPEAKER2: Right. They don't understand. ALI: Now, here, I get habit; I call everybody cousin. See? Just call to Fitchburg, all over Fitchburg, say, "You know where, cousin?" I don't care boy, girl, man, woman. "Oh, yes, Mo. Right away." Because sometime I say cousin, they say, "I'm not your cousin." I say, "If you're not my cousin, you're my brother then." We are not the skin we are same thing. SPEAKER2: Right. ALI: They look at me they think I'm crazy. I don't care what they think. SPEAKER2: But you did find the people not as friendly here. ALI: Not friendly here, no. SPEAKER2: So were you sort of disappointed when you first came here? ALI: Not really disappointed but you get used to it after. Like now I don't care. SPEAKER2: No? ALI: But when you go home, you get lost just the same. You have to… you get lost. You have to back again, "Hi, Auntie." "Hi, Sister," "Hi, Dad." "Hi, Ma." SPEAKER2: You have to get readjusted.15 ALI: Yeah. "Hi, Mother." They look at you, look funny, just the same like you look at me here when I came funny. When I go there, they look me funny when I say to the lady I never say, "Hi, Mama." SPEAKER2: What was the first place that you lived in, south Boston? ALI: No. SPEAKER2: Up in Old Boston, would you say? ALI: No, I stay with my brother. He was behind state house. I forgot the name, the smallest street… SPEAKER2: In Boston? ALI: In Boston. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: It's close to the Tremont Street. SPEAKER2: So he helped take care of you… ALI: Yes. And after he took me to Old Orchard Beach in the summer, he opened a store for me. SPEAKER2: So he helped you. He was your only means of communication, right? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: You couldn't talk English and things like that. ALI: No, he hired… even he was the one hired the girls for me. See? SPEAKER2: Where did you go from there? ALI: Then I start salesman. SPEAKER2: Salesman? ALI: Salesman. That's why I say I went to St. Johnsbury, Vermont. I went to Vermont; I went to New Hampshire in the state of Maine, three states, all summer. And after, I don't like it. SPEAKER2: What were you selling? ALI: Dry goods. SPEAKER2: Yeah.16 ALI: I saw something here when you're salesman. Sometime rich people in Maine, New Hampshire, old lady, old man or somebody rich, you see a sign on the door, "No allowed salesman, bad luck and dog." I see the sign. I say, "Jesus Christ, if bad luck and dog same thing, I don't wanna be bad luck. I wanna be salesman." I give up. I went to Lawrence, Mass. I saw barber, they have two chairs. I'm not barber. I say, "The easy way and the clean way…" I say, his name Blanchard. I say, "You want to sell your shop?" "Is you a barber?" I say, "No." "Why you buy it?" I say, "I like it." I bought it $450, two chairs, 332 Broadway, and I named the barber, Brother Barbershop. And he say, "Well, how you're gonna cut the hair?" I say, "You can work for me." He said, "Ten dollars a day." I said, "I'll give you $10 a day." The first day he even gave me, I think, 7.50; that's all he give me. His business, that time was 40 cents haircut, 1940. And shave 25 cents and haircut 40 cents. Well, I'm not barber. I started pick up the kids from the street. I get trouble if they had to eat. I give the kid haircut and I gave him 10 cents. SPEAKER2: You gave him 10 cents? ALI: I gave him 10 cents because I wanna learn. SPEAKER2: Yeah. Oh, experimenting. ALI: Yeah, and after I finish, I let the barber finish it for me. SPEAKER2: Fix it up, yeah. ALI: And I watch him. The kid one day he tell his mother, because not one kid, you know. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: A lot of kid. Anyone kid come upon the street I call them, "Come on, cousin. Come on, honey." I cut his hair for nothing and I give you 10 cents to buy ice cream and the kid like ice cream. SPEAKER2: Yeah.17 ALI: One day, one kid he went tell his mother and his mother says, "Why?" She came, starts swear to me. "Why you give my son a haircut?" Well, I find only one way to make her stop to swear and mad and she thinks I'm a bad man, why give the kid a haircut and money beside. I say, "Honey, I come from Holy Land and I love kid, I have seven kids myself. And your son look like my son but I have no way to bring my children, and there's no reason one kid like my son I don't give him a haircut. There's no reason because I don't hurt him. I love him but I don't kiss him either, because I love to kiss him because he look like my son exactly." She say, "You have seven kids?" I say, "Yes, Ma'am. I have seven kids." No, I have three kids by right but I make big… SPEAKER2: Oh, you're telling a story. ALI: Tell a story to the lady. SPEAKER2: Oh, okay. ALI: Because she's mad, "Why you give my son a haircut?" SPEAKER2: And he didn't look like your son at all, did he? ALI: No. And then I say, "You want a cup of coffee?" She say, "No." I say, "Lady, I won't bite you. I'll guarantee you, the restaurant there is named Jack Joubert, 22 waitresses, he have big restaurant. I took her there. We have cup of coffee, we sit down talking. And she believed me and she like it and send me her husband. Before one year, I have 11 people work for me. SPEAKER2: Really? ALI: That's right. And I went get my licensed barber, too. He say, "What?" I say, "I'm a barber in our country. I get my license. SPEAKER2: [Unintelligible – 00:26:28] How did you…? You said you were talking English to these people. Did you just pick it up, English, bit by bit? ALI: Yeah, but not like now. SPEAKER2: No, you didn't go to school or anything.18 ALI: No, but I pick up from here and there, you know. Sometime they understand me; sometime they don't understand me. I don't know how I talk to them that time but I talk like this like I talk to you now in my idea. I mean, I hope you understand me. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: I try my best. SPEAKER2: Did you… what else did you do besides being a barber? Did you do anything else then? ALI: No, I just barber. And even in Lawrence, when they start fighting that war, I give my… this Saturday to every widow women in Lawrence. And widow, her son has been get killed. All my money belong to her, I give it to her. SPEAKER2: Every widow or…? ALI: Every widow. SPEAKER2: Honestly, all the money you made? ALI: All the money I make Saturday, I go to the Boston office, I give the money to the Boston office, and the Boston office split it between the widow women and her husband get killed in Lawrence, Mass. SPEAKER2: Oh, wow. ALI: I say, you can look to the Lawrence papers. I get to be with me even the paper sometime. See? I give to the widow. SPEAKER2: So you kept at that job. Did you ever do anything else besides that? That's… ALI: No, now I went to the army, American army. SPEAKER2: You went to the army? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER2: And how long did you serve? ALI: Ten and a half years. SPEAKER2: Ten and a half years? ALI: Ten and a half years in service.19 SPEAKER2: And what was your rank? ALI: Captain. SPEAKER2: Captain? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER2: Really? ALI: J2. SPEAKER2: J2? Gee. And then you came back and went into… ALI: And I came back here, I opened restaurant. SPEAKER2: Where was that? ALI: In Boston. SPEAKER2: Boston. ALI: Boston. I opened restaurant. And actually there was two Greek restaurant next to me, one here and one here, I was in middle. I started to go to Greek church and I studied Greek in newspaper. SPEAKER2: You did? You knew Greek? ALI: Yes. A little bit. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: And then my neighbor, he find out I'm not a Greek. He stand up from the door and he say, "He's a jerk. He's a Turk." And I went and ask him to become a… put him aside to beat him up. He called the policeman, station four, and policeman, they knew about me and I was work with him that time, too. CG2, detective, and I mess with him in [IG Salovon], the headman of PI was my friend and I work with him at El Barker, the hitman of Secret Service who work with President Roosevelt, if you remember, if you see in the papers. He went with President Roosevelt to King Saud, Abdul Aziz. See? Harry L. Barker, he went with him and he was my friend in Boston. See? And in a way and then they told him, "Forget, don't argue with him, don't bother Mo." He called me Mo. And I try to beat him up and he went with me and say to me, 20 "Ali, please. Don't touch him on sidewalk. Sidewalk is not belong to you." Well, he killed my business. SPEAKER2: Yeah. ALI: I say, "Okay." I went to Chinatown' I bought Chinese restaurant equipment. My hire he cook, Chinese cook, I hire dishwasher, I hire waiter, I hire condiment Chinese. And I opened that time till two o'clock in the morning, three o'clock, because every place in Boston, after one o'clock drunk, no place to go. SPEAKER2: Lonely, yeah. ALI: Yeah, and they come to my place and I open especially for that. I pick up all my business after that. And I hire somebody to write change in name, was that time Blue Mira Restaurant. I changed to Chinese Restaurant. And the man he came to change my name with a car, with high beam the light. He signed my name after three o'clock in the morning in my window. Next morning I turned to Chinese Restaurant in one night. And I started working downstairs. And the Chinese food, he tell me how you cut celery and onion, I start cut celery and onion. Six months I didn't go upstairs, just nighttime… SPEAKER2: You worked there yourself. ALI: I work myself. Supply the wine from the cellar. I walk in cooler, the food and the Chinese cook upstairs. The neighbor, the Greek fellow, he said, "You're a [unintelligible - 00:31:19] restaurant." He say, "Where is Mo?" "We know no Mo." "Where is Mo?" "No Mo. This is Chinese restaurant. That's all." He start coming eat in my restaurant. The fellow he was with, he call me Turk. After six months, I went upstairs, I fire the dishwasher. I started dishwashing. Six months again, the cook –/AT/jf/jc/ee

Part four of an interview with Musa Ali of Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Topics include: What marriage customs are like in Saudi Arabia. How he feels about life in the U.S. His feelings about politics. ; 1 ALI: And after, they come in to the club. Remember, I told you about it before, the club. And they step there, there's the food, the mother, the boy, mother and father. Not the girl, mother and father – the boy, mother and father. The food in the house, they bring the food, see, into the club. Everybody eat. And after, when they finish to eat, son would wear-wear white towel and everybody start give, give money. SPEAKER 1: Give money. ALI: Money. No. SPEAKER 1: But you can't. ALI: No gift. Up to you – 50 cents, $10, $100, $3, how much you can afford it. And you give to this man and this man with big voice, "Thank you, girl. Thank you, Mo. Thank you, Mike. Thank you, J.R." And each one, how much he say, he-he say. SPEAKER 1: Thank you for the 50 cents? ALI: Fifty cents. Thank you for the $10. Thank you for $3. Thank you for-for 10 cents, because sometime kid, 10 years old, come in. He [unintelligible - 00:00:54]. "Thank you Mr. so and so," and make even more big name, little one, see. And, uh, the money belong to the boy. And after 9 o'clock at night, they go pick up the girls from her mother and father home. They bring her to the close friend to her husband, or the father. the, her father-in-law. They stay there and they bring the girl same thing. They give her present. All the women give the girl present, see. And after the special limit and the girls go out and the boy walk into the girl, his wife. And that night, they stay together. Everyone talk about it. SPEAKER 1: [Laughs] ALI: And after, next morning, you see the girl, everything, virgin or not. If she's a virgin, she stay. If not virgin, send her back to her mother and father. SPEAKER 1: They can send her back? 2 ALI: That's right. She gets killed. SPEAKER 1: She gets killed? ALI: That's right. She has to tell who is the man. SPEAKER 1: If she tells who the man is. ALI: She had to. She had to. SPEAKER 1: Otherwise, she gets killed? Or she gets killed anyway? ALI: She gets killed and her boyfriend gets killed. They both. SPEAKER 1: Still? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: That's legal? ALI: Legal. That's why you go down there, any girl if she live even 50 years, she is miss. Here, 14 years old, no. SPEAKER 1: [Laughs] ALI: You know. SPEAKER 1: Yeah, I know what you mean. ALI: We can't talk about it. SPEAKER 1: Yeah, I know what you mean. ALI: See? SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: And if everything okay. because even the boy mother and the girl mother, they have to go together. The girl sister and the boy sister, the girl aunt and the boy aunt get to be both side female. Sometime, the boy don't have no mother. He have aunt. The girl aunt, she have to bring her aunt. The boy do not have sister. They bring sister, the girl sister. They both have to be same, you know. SPEAKER 1: Rank, type thing. ALI: Yeah, and bring the girl, examine the girl. If everything okay, they stay the next morning. Next morning, after, the mother and father, both give you present again. Your mother and father and the boy mother and father give the girl present. And you go for the honeymoon. 3 SPEAKER 1: Otherwise you get killed. ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Still, huh? That's strange. ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Wow, that's. any other customs, things that you miss? The weddings are not like that now that you go to, not in this country at least. It's not, definitely not legal. ALI: No. SPEAKER 1: You know, you can't. ALI: See, the first wedding I saw in my life. because I don't like to go to the wedding because you have to drink, see. I'll never forget it, to change the subject. I once go with a girl, Lebanese girl, in Boston. She work in a radio. She could sing, have beautiful voice, and I like good time. I love good time. I can walk a hundred miles just to enjoy myself, like I told you when I go have dinner. I like to go to opera and listen. I love a good time. And I was go with her over three years, that girl. And she's Catholic, too. One day, her birthday coming. She say, "Mo, now, today my birthday. I want you to come to my birthday." [Unintelligible - 00:04:18] see. I want to give her present. "No, you have to come give me present in front of everybody because you're my boyfriend." Jesus Christ! What am I going to do? I have to take my brother and my cousin with me, the three of us together because I feel ashamed to go alone. We went together with a lot of people. And everybody drink. And the Lebanese drink arak. I don't know if you understand that. SPEAKER 1: Adac? ALI: Arak. This white whiskey like vodka. It's strong, 100 proof. Everybody drink arak because Lebanese they love that even for dinner. You have to drink a glass of arak before you eat, see. "Mo, drink. I'm your girlfriend." "Honey, I can't drink." "Drink 4 beer." "I can't drink." "Wine." "I can't drink nothing." "Smoke." "I can't smoke." "Dance." "I can't dance." SPEAKER 1: Dance is against your religion, too? ALI: No, I love dance but. SPEAKER 1: You don't know how? ALI: I feel ashamed. I don't know how to dance. I went to school here when I came to Fitchburg. SPEAKER 1: A dance school? ALI: Dance school. SPEAKER 1: Rice, Marion Rice? ALI: No. One there. I forgot their name. She live behind State Teacher College. SPEAKER 1: Oh, I don't remember. ALI: She move from here now. And her husband don't like it. Her husband, he don't like me to dance with her because she take me to her home, private lesson. SPEAKER 1: Oh, private lessons. Yeah. ALI: See? And her husband don't like it. I say, "Honey, what." She say, "Mo, I'm sorry. I come sometime." She come and start teach me. And after. I love to dance. If I find somebody teach me now, honest to god, I will go. But not somebody I know. Somebody I know, my feet start to go like this, like rubber. I feel ashamed, see. And she give me. I say, "Give me a glass of water," to my girlfriend. She's [unintelligible - 00:06:10]. Her father big lawyer in Boston. SPEAKER 1: Yeah? ALI: Yeah. I say, "Give me glass of water, white water." SPEAKER 1: So it looks like. ALI: It look like arak. She carries the food. She give me glass. There was beer in it and it is not washed. When I put in my mouth, I get sick. 5 SPEAKER 1: Really? ALI: Yes. And I would drink the beer but. it smelled like beer but was not washed, not clean, see. You see, dishes I wash myself here because I know what I do, see. And I get sick three weeks. SPEAKER 1: Because of that? ALI: That's right. Everything I eat, come out. That's right. Since that time, I don't like to go to some party. SPEAKER 1: And you didn't see that girlfriend again? ALI: No, we break up. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. I was going to say. I know you have a newspaper and stuff like that, so you at least keep in touch that way with the Arabic newspaper. You can read the news in your own language and things like that. ALI: Yes. SPEAKER 1: Do you have any books? Do you read any books that are still Arabic? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER 1: You can get hold of.? ALI: Yes. I show my library. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. You buy books and things like that? ALI: No, no, American library. I'm going to open American library in old country. SPEAKER 1: Oh, you are? ALI: Yes. When you stop it, I'll show you. SPEAKER 1: So you have books at least. ALI: Yes. I love library. I love books. I love to meet somebody, talk different subject because I like to learn something. SPEAKER 1: Did you ever think of going back to school maybe? Or going to school? ALI: I like to do it if I find somebody to teach me slowly, then I learn. I love to go. I went two years to night school here in Leominster 6 High School. But after I met a lot of people, I quit. They say, "Jesus Christ, Mo, shame on you. Big man like you go to school?" I say, "I want to learn." SPEAKER 1: Yeah, you should keep going anyway. ALI: I feel ashamed. SPEAKER 1: You shouldn't. You should go. I mean, that's really good that you want it, at least. Do you miss a lot of the people back home or.? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: But now, after 39 years. SPEAKER 1: You have new friends. ALI: Yeah. And I tell you now, when I went to this trip, honest I do not know not much people. SPEAKER 1: No? ALI: No. SPEAKER 1: Just family or.? ALI: Just family and old boys and girls. I don't know them. They have to introduce themselves, "You know my father, Mr. so and so. You know my mother, Mrs." "Oh, yes." [Unintelligible - 00:08:38] I get lost. I don't know them. Even my real cousin, I don't know until they introduce themselves to me, see. You know, 39 years I'm here. When I go there, I stay one month, 20 days, 45 days, see. I come back. I don't have no time to learn. And down there like you see here, everybody invites you. Everybody invites you. And they fight. "You have to come to my house. You have to come to my house." If you say no, you insult them. Like Arabian custom, they have bad habit. If you come to my house, you have to eat. You have to drink. If you can't eat, at least have a cup of coffee. Have a cup of tea. Have a glass of milk. Have ginger ale. If you don't have, you insult me, see. You have to. 7 Now, my nephew, you see, he want to take me tomorrow and take me Saturday. "No, I don't want it two days." SPEAKER 1: But you are insulting him then? ALI: But no, I said once. I say, "I go with you once." SPEAKER 1: Oh, you go with him once? ALI: I say, "I told you I'll go tomorrow." SPEAKER 1: Oh, okay. That makes it better, I suppose. ALI: You have to go, see. SPEAKER 1: What were some of the things that you enjoyed most about your life here, the new things? Like maybe you had more freedom or things like that? ALI: Here, like I say. freedom, yes. Not over there. Down there, you never see men put their leg on top of each other. SPEAKER 1: Cross his legs? No? ALI: No, because now, I sit down here, see and you sit down here. I put my feet like that, right? All right, you sit down here. Me, I insult you. You're just nothing, only like my sole. SPEAKER 1: Oh, I see. ALI: See? SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: When it happen to me in Vermont, Montpelier, Vermont. I told you when I was [unintelligible - 00:10:32]. I went to some store, I sold them oriental rugs, 9 x 12, and I got my license, $50 they charge me. The state. I thought that state meant state, every place. But by the law, no. The state, only in the highway. The city different, the town different. I don't know that. When I get the license, Montpelier, the capital, I went to Main Street. Even I bought three suit because you see I don't have no money, the first customer. I say, "I buy clothes from you. Make it three." I took three suit, three shoes, three shirts, unique tie from them. I say, "Make it three." I sold the rugs. I took all the stuff. I make a 8 profit of $20 besides, see. When I walk out, two policemen coming. One hold my arm, one hold my arm and carry my suitcase, took me to the jail. Down there, the court always the judge wear black. Down there in Montpelier, Vermont, when they took me to the court, old men fight, spit coming in his lips here, and he put his feet in front of my face like this. SPEAKER 1: Really? On the table? ALI: On the table. I was down there and he's down here and he put his feet close to my face. I grab his feet and throw them down. Old man, he fall down and break his hip. They took him to the hospital. The policeman right away pick me up, put me in jail with the. SPEAKER 1: Handcuffs? ALI: No. Steel in the window. SPEAKER 1: Oh, bars. ALI: Bars. He say, "That man is crazy. He hit the judge." See, I'm a man. You don't have to put. his feet is not familiar to me. My brother look for me for dinner. No, 6 o'clock. I mean, 3 o'clock, 4 o'clock, 5 o'clock, 6 o'clock. No more. He had to call the policeman. He say, "Maybe this man is a crazy man." "What do you mean crazy man? How he look?" He told him. He say, "That's him." He came. He say, "What are you doing?" I said, "You know, look, they put me here." And I can't speak much English that time either. SPEAKER 1: Right. Yeah. ALI: He say, "What you done?" I told him. "One old buck son of a gun." I was swearing like a devil. "He foot almost close to my nose. I'm not a mat. He should put his feet in the floor, get to be, you know." SPEAKER 1: Right on the floor. 9 ALI: "Right flat in the floor like a gentleman." He say, "No, this not your country. This is American country." Now, I don't care. I go to lawyer sometime. Him and I, we talk together. He put his feet like this. "Blah, blah, blah, blah." SPEAKER 1: It's hard to get used to these things. ALI: You get used to it. SPEAKER 1: Oh, yeah, I could see. It gets you in a lot of trouble, especially like getting thrown in jail. ALI: And this country, we are most [unintelligible - 00:13:34] you know, and my brother [unintelligible - 00:13:39], see. And the judge was [unintelligible - 00:13:43] and mother was [unintelligible - 00:13:45]. They are brothers. "You see, well this, you know, this man is a young fellow. He's a crazy man. [Unintelligible - 00:13:54] He say, "No, you are dismissed. Just pay $28 fine." SPEAKER 1: Oh, geez. ALI: I pay through my brother the $28 fine and he take me out. I never throw no man no more then. SPEAKER 1: What were some other things that you liked? Things like TV and stuff like that, that must have been something different, right? ALI: Well, honey, the TV just now. But in my time, they have no TV, even not radio. SPEAKER 1: No? ALI: No. Now, we have TV just exactly like here. Only naturally, the people, the act is different. They speak a different language, see. Just like here. Sometimes, you see Spanish, see. SPEAKER 1: But you think you have more privileges as being an American citizen or. like you said, you probably have more freedom, things like. well, voting, you must have had. ALI: Here? SPEAKER 1: Yeah. 10 ALI: Yes, here. there is more freedom here. You can say what you like to say. When I run for mayor, I sit down in the city hall, Fitchburg City Hall, I call the mayor anything I want in two radio station, WFGL and WEIM. I was in the middle and Mayor George Burton, our representative, he was in front of me and John [unintelligible - 00:15:07] was next to me. I talk anything I want against him, see. And nobody can say nothing to me. SPEAKER 1: Because you're their equal. ALI: That's right. I'm American citizen. I'm a taxpayer, see. Any way they look at me, I'm there – American citizen, taxpayer, city man. I live in here 22 years now, see. SPEAKER 1: How long have you lived in this place now? Three years, right here? ALI: I think more than three years. Yeah. I built it. SPEAKER 1: You built this house? ALI: Yes. It was two houses here. I throw them out. I bring this truck, push them, throw them in the. they have brook here, see. And I build this house. SPEAKER 1: Really? ALI: Yeah, because I like to be alone. I don't want nobody bother me because, you know, when you work for the government, you get a lot of trouble. I told you a while ago about what happened in Boston, see. When I came here, I say, "I don't want nobody, just guest." Like now, you and I, we're talking. I don't have to be worried. We don't have to insult nobody. We don't have to go under order. "You have to do this. You have to do that." See? A lot of trouble! This way, I say, "I'm here. Shut the door. Leave my dog loose and nobody come. If somebody use the phone, I'm not here." If you're not here, you won't see no light here. I say, "I'll watch TV until I fall asleep." And I go to bed. I open the radio – when you're not here. When you're here, we're talking. I 11 like company, somebody talking. At least, when your mouth busy, your mind relax. You know that. SPEAKER 1: That's true. ALI: When your mouth close, your mind working, see. I like to have company but I won't invite any person either, because when you mix with low, you don't have nothing to learn. You have to mix with somebody smart more than you to learn something. SPEAKER 1: Does that mean I'm smarter than you are? [Laughs] ALI: You're smart. SPEAKER 1: [Laughs] Oh, I don't know. I don't agree with you but, yeah, I can see your point. You can learn something from just about everybody. ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: So you had your own like newspapers and magazines. Did you have a radio station or anything like that? ALI: Yes, just Sunday. SPEAKER 1: Just on Sunday? In Arabic? ALI: Yes, in Boston. SPEAKER 1: Yeah? Does it still exist now? ALI: Yes. Nine o'clock in the morning. SPEAKER 1: And those are on your native language. Did you have any trouble reading English or do you. can you read English that well now? ALI: I read English but some words I don't understand. SPEAKER 1: Yeah, bigger words, yeah. But you do. you know, pretty well, right? ALI: If you read all the sentence sometime, you get the idea. SPEAKER 1: Right, yeah. But you're self-taught really, too. ALI: Oh, I teach myself. SPEAKER 1: Yeah, that's something. Do you have any political. so you've talked about how involved you are in politics – do you have any political preference? Do you belong to a certain party? 12 ALI: Before, I was in Democrat Party, until Mr. Kennedy [unintelligible - 00:18:19] politics. One Arabian girl in Boston, she call him up by phone. She say, "Why, you [unintelligible - 00:18:28] against the Arabs?" He wrote her a letter. He say, "[Unintelligible - 00:18:35] to Washington to clean all the Arab, to kill all the Arabs." SPEAKER 1: President Kennedy? ALI: That's right. No, not president. SPEAKER 1: Oh, senator. ALI: Senator, yeah, which we have now. And the girl, actually she's Arabian. He thought she's a Jewish. And she in touch with me. And I get the letter and his signature. I took to Fitchburg Sentinel and he refuse to print for me. I say, "How much you want? I'll pay." SPEAKER 1: Yeah. He wouldn't publish it. ALI: He wouldn't publish it. I went to [unintelligible - 00:19:14] telegram. [Dave] Martin, do you know him? SPEAKER 1: No, but I. ALI: He's the manager. SPEAKER 1: Manager? ALI: I say, "Cousin, I'll pay all you want, just take the letter, put in a paper." SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: "You can't deny that is his signature." He say, "Jesus Christ, I know." I say, "I'm not [unintelligible - 00:19:33]. I'm not Democrat, I'm Republican." SPEAKER 1: Oh, you changed about that. You didn't get it published in any paper? ALI: No. SPEAKER 1: This is a Kennedy statement. ALI: That's right. 13 SPEAKER 1: So that really changed your. are you active now or.? ALI: No. SPEAKER 1: Are you still Republican? ALI: No. I'm changed now to independent. I have. SPEAKER 1: Political situation up to. so you're not really an active member anymore? ALI: No. See, I have a mail sent. I have from government. SPEAKER 1: Sergeant? ALI: No. Sergeant once work for me. SPEAKER 1: Sergeant worked for you? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Where was this? ALI: In the hotel. SPEAKER 1: Oh, really? ALI: As a waiter. SPEAKER 1: He was a waiter? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Really? That's nice. [Laughs] ALI: I have a letter from Governor. in Texas. What's his name? Reagan. SPEAKER 1: Reagan? ALI: Yeah, he writes to me. SPEAKER 1: Really? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Geez. So you're just independent and you're not that active anymore? You try to keep out of politics? ALI: No, I only try to keep out. SPEAKER 1: Yes, that's probably the same thing. So after you lived here for a while, you went back a couple times or did you write back to the people back home? Did you ever encourage people to come here to live? Did you.?14 ALI: No, [unintelligible - 00:20:57] no because. SPEAKER 1: They were happier there. ALI: If we work over there, much work in here. We make money more for them, more in here, see. If we sacrifice our time, like what we do is sacrifice here. we are down there, we happy more we are here. At least down there, nobody call you damn foreigner. I don't care what you do in here. They call me damn foreigner, see. When I ask even the chief of police here, when he call me that word, I say, "Why your face black, mister?" He say, "I'm not black." I say, "Look to your face, black." He say, "I'm Irishman." I say, "Thank god, you're Irishman." He say, "Why?" I say, "At least, the Arabs, we have a language. The Irish don't have no language." The judge kick me out, see. Then he's a foreigner, too. When he say, "I'm Irish," I say, "Thank god, you're Irishman. At least, I have a language. You have no language and you are damn foreigner, too, mister." The judge kick me out. Here, I don't care what you do, honey, still when they get mad on you. SPEAKER 1: You're still a foreigner. ALI: They call you foreigner. But by the United States Constitution, we're all foreigner. But we don't like this word, call you damn foreigner. I know I'm foreigner but I don't like somebody call me damn foreigner. I'm just like. SPEAKER 1: You've got the rights of the rest of us. ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. So you never encouraged any of your relatives or friends to come over here? ALI: No. SPEAKER 1: No. Would you ever consider going back there to live? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER 1: Yeah? You think you will? ALI: Yes, yes. If I stay there, I have more property, I have 34 stores. 15 SPEAKER 1: In.? ALI: In Palestine. SPEAKER 1: Really? ALI: That's right. I have two factories, blacksmith factories, and I have tiles to the floor. And tile factory, not like what we have tile here. Down there, cement tile, one inch think, the cement and they have a design. When you put it in the floor. I wish I got a picture to show you. When you put it in the floor, you could just swear to god, they are oriental rugs. SPEAKER 1: Really? ALI: Yes. And you could wash it, you wash it, you wash it, never fade because mixed with the cement. It's a cement tile. It's 1 inch thick, 9 inches square. I have a factory down there. I have [unintelligible - 00:23:32] stores, four apartment. I have two houses besides that – one house, five apartment, one house, four apartment. If I collect the rent, I'm happy down there. SPEAKER 1: So you've got really everything going for you back there? ALI: That's right. SPEAKER 1: And you think you will probably go back? ALI: Yes. SPEAKER 1: Yeah? ALI: Now, I hope. this week, I sold one building here, $300,000, in Fitchburg. Yeah, this week it can be sold. In [unintelligible - 00:24:02] I'll take it to market myself. No interest. I don't want no interest. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. Yeah, I can see that. ALI: I think I told you before. No interest and you pay me like the bank monthly. You pay me $500 a month, 15 years, see. I could live in $500 a month alone. I'm not. I'm not expensive man, do drinking and go to party. I don't do that, see. I could live just in one building alone. Forget the hotel. Forget the restaurant and 16 different property. I have house. I sold two houses, one in Franklin Street, one Westminster Street, see. I have house in Summer Street. I have house in Pleasant Street, see. I sell them and I take the mortgage. No bank. You pay me by monthly fee and send me check. You don't have to see me. I don't have to see you. Send me check every month. You have a book and I have a book, you know, record, see. SPEAKER 1: Do you think that your life has worked out better for you here than it would have in your native land or.? ALI: No, I can't do it if I stayed there. Politics is dirty, see. I can't help it. I'm a man. I like to be freedom. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. You like to say what you feel. ALI: I like to say. if I say, "I like you," I say, "I like you." If I don't like you, I say, "I don't like you," face to face. But this is against me. If I tell you in face, "I like you," as soon you turn your back, I start to talk about you. That's against me. I can't say that. I believe my opinion and what I believe in my heart. If I don't like you, I say in your face, I don't like you. SPEAKER 1: Not behind my back. ALI: In your back, if somebody ask me, "How's the girl?" I say, "She's a good girl. She is wonderful." I never say nothing bad, because human being is funny. Never repeat the same word. I don't know if I told you that story, one man he had four children. His wife, she cook him two eggs every single day – hard boiled eggs. The human being, I don't know if you know that, two kind. Some of us, if you work hard, you eat more. Some of us, if you work hard, more appetite. This man, his kind if he work hard, no appetite. She give him everyday two eggs. One day, that day, some day, you know, one day, he hit the trees. He's a woodcutter. That time, no coal, no gas. You have to cook hot water, everything by wood. When he cut the trees that day, he come in hardwood. He can't cut 17 it fast. He's wear out his arm tight. He went home, he eat one egg, he left one egg. Now, as soon as he went home, he throw himself in the floor. That time, no mattress, no bed, a long time ago. One egg roll from his pocket. At 2 o'clock in the morning, his wife she [unintelligible - 00:27:25] put that wood, tell the donkey to go to the city, sell [unintelligible - 00:27:30]. Then she went back to bed, wake up in the morning, she took the blanket, throw the blanket, she find the egg. She say, "Aha! He have a girlfriend, my husband." Yesterday, he didn't meet his girlfriend. That's why he left the eggs in his pocket." See? SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: Every day, when he come back from work, sell the wood then come back, see, until the next morning. Now, he got up. He didn't want to go to cut wood again. She comes say, "Honey, don't feel bad. Someday we have four children and someday they're going to be big boys, help you and help me. We don't have to work our life." You know. That day, he come in and say, "Have I anything to eat, honey?" "Don't honey me. You know what you get in your house. Go ahead and eat." "Geez, what happened to you? You changed." "Don't talk to me anymore. Don't bother me." "Honey, I'm not god. Just tell me what's your trouble." She say, "I'll tell you what's your trouble. I'm not enough for you? So why?" She say, "Yesterday, you don't meet your girlfriend. You don't give her the eggs. Huh? You have girlfriend beside me. Why don't you divorce me?" He laugh. The man was smart enough. He laugh. She say, "Why are you laughing?" He say, "Did you hear the rooster, he lay one egg a year?" Maybe you hear that story. The rooster always. like impossible. He say the rooster he lay one egg a year. She say, "Yes, I hear that." "Is the rooster male or female?" She say, "Male." He say, "Man, male or female?" She say, "Male." He say, "What's the difference? 18 Every male, he lay egg a year." She say, "Why didn't you lay before?" He say, "Before, I come lay wood. This time, I come lay egg. I can't help it. That's all." [Unintelligible - 00:29:25] Poor lady, she believe it. She smile to him and she cook for him and make dinner, but she can't wait. She went to tell her mother. "Mommy, my husband lay big egg like this." "This here eggs? They're chicken eggs, not." The mother say, "Crazy." "No, mommy. I pick it up with my hand, mommy." Her mother told her daughter. "You know, your brother-in-law can lay two eggs, eggs like this." The girls natural when they go in the old country, they have no city water. You have to go four or five miles to bring water, on the top of the head. You maybe see that picture. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: No, I don't have any here. SPEAKER 1: Yeah. ALI: See? They carry the water. They tell each other. They went to the judge, to the court. "The man lay 99 eggs a day." In that time, he collect the tax, [unintelligible - 00:30:27] every ninth, the government take one tenth, see. The judge he get 99. He can't take 10. You have to make hundred until he get 10 eggs. He sent the policeman after this man. He say, "Mister, you steal the government." He say, "What?" He say, "You lay eggs, a hundred eggs a day. You didn't give the government tax." The man laughed. He say, "Judge, you crazy? You drunk?" "Why?" "I can't lay eggs." He say, "Yes, you lay eggs, hundred eggs a day." [Unintelligible - 00:31:09] and he tell me the story, "I have four kids and [unintelligible - 00:31:11]." "Listen, I know you're poor. You have big family to support." He say, "We forget what past. But tomorrow morning, don't knock my door. Leave 10 eggs behind my door. I have breakfast, me and my children." Ten eggs because tenth of the hundred. The man smiled. He say, 19 "Judge, please listen to me, and say what you want after." He say, "What?" He say such and such story, "I lie to my wife because I can't take care of her four children. I lie to her to please her. If she break my house, she's going to leave me and I can't cook for the kids, I can't give bath to kids. I lie to her just to keep her happy. I say one egg a year like a rooster." The judge start thinking, "Could be because no man lay./AT/mb/ee

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Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to-yourself. Address H. S. BONER, Supt. * .-»,.,. . I. ,,» 1»,.« .,,»« -mt YI |€ g>tubents, professors, j&lumnt anb all Hopal 41 jikipportersof tlje ©range I anb JHue from coast to 4* i coast, a most glabsome # £ £ (greeting: j toeet Cfjrisitmasi jop be tftine, ,# ^f Co make mp fonbesit breams complete Wyt belte ring out mp menage stoeet, 4t &nb tins; is! tofjat tfcep seem to slap: 'P ■- ———-- j .-■"--,-.,.■ THE MERCURY. 233 orator, Garfield, McKinley, the model and martyred President, Wanamaker and Rhodes, the capitalists, and scores of men just as representative. The difficulties and peculiar disadvantages suffered and surmounted by these models for all time in their struggle to the top reveals to us something of the nature of the perilous ascent. It does more. It shows the long period of •development and training of the equilibrium necessary to the keeping of the heights once reached. And next for an intelligent combat we would know what is and makes success ? We are compelled once again to force the rusty lock and cast a rapid glance thro the moldy pages of the past. In a critical analysis of the characters that have pre-served to us their sacred memory we find—no matter in what sphere their greatness has been achieved, in war or politics, letters or trade, supremacy in any and all—four mighty forces blending in perfect harmony and forming the prime factors, the foundation rock upon which has been constructed the tow-ers of strength, wisdom, leadership and learning of all time. Docility, Receptivity—with power to assimilate, indomitable Virility and Be-at-it-ive-ness. These are the weapons with which success is conquered and by the keen edges of which names are inscribed in immortality. Subtract from this super-structure one block or modify it an iota and the edifice of fame will crumble and fall, leaving, not success, but pitiful ruin. If then success and the ship of fortune rests with greater safety and more frequency in the four harbors herein designated; if the crowns of ivy and laurel, resting upon the heads of the world's greatest men, commemorate bloody battles, years of endurance and hardships; and finally, if what is commonly understood as " a good chance in life " is in nowise conducive to a strong development of the requisites necessary for success, as shown by the adverse circumstances in connection with the early lives of our honored living and dead, then it must be conceded that for this present age and generation " a good chance in life " has not much to do with success. c. E. B. '05. .1 >.,. ,11 II,, 234 THE MERCURY. ' i THE FASCINATION OF WAR. [Contributed for the Pen and Sword Prise Essay contest.'] "GEORGE MERITT." IN these modern times when eminent men, representing the most advanced nations in the world, assemble for the pur-pose of promoting international comity and universal peace, the subject ol war, in whatsoever phase, is receiving wide con-sideration. And yet, in this present period of the world's his-tory, during which the most rapid strides are being made to-ward the peaceful solution of all difficulties between nations, there is being waged a mighty war in the East, a conflict of tremendous import not only to the contesting empires, Russia and Japan, but to the world at large. Thus the propagation of the world's peace movement and, in direct contrast, the struggle between the subjects of the Czar and the Mikado have both, on accoimt of their overshadowing importance, given rise to wide discussion as to the nature of war, its general causes and some of its subjective properties. It is one of these pro-perties, the fascination of war, which will form the subject of this essay. From time immemorial war has had a peculiar fascination for all peoples. The barbaric warfare, with all its cruelty, appeals ever to the savage, and the glory of military renown continues to attract the civilized soldier. Though among the more advanced countries the main causes of war lie in agres-sion, territorial or otherwise, devotion to some great principle, or racial enmity, nevertheless struggles between barbarous or semi-civilized peoples are in part due to an eagerness for the clash of arms—a desire to find some outlet for savage instincts. True, the more important causes manifest themselves but back of it all is that fascination for war, that longing for military re-nown to be gained by heroism on the field of battle. And even in our modern times do not "the trumpet's call, the roll of drums and the tramp of marching feet" thrill our hearts with patriotic pride and exercise a strange fascination for us ? Do we not gaze upon the soldier, arrayed in uniform of military splendor, with envious though admiring eyes ? Human nature never fails to manifest itself and from ages back all have worship- ,.,.Miiw mMiwwi>w."■■»!> - THE MERCURY. 235 ped at the shrine of the soldier-hero. The recital of mighty con-flicts, in which innumerable hosts incurred every danger and countless thousands bled and died, never fails to arouse to the highest pitch of excitement and to fascinate by sublime awful-ness. The valor, us services rendered on the field of battle by the phalanxes of Philip of Macedon, the fierce charges of the Roman legions of old, the mighty victories of the Saxons over the Saracen hordes, the brilliant campaigns of Napoleon Bona-parte and the heroism of the Japanese armies in the. present struggle, arouse the intensest interest and exercise a strong fascination over all. And not only is this fascination displayed on occasions of renowned and brilliant martial achievments but it is manifest in the lesser experiences of military life. So thor-oughly has the admiration for martial pomp been implanted within our natures, that we are captivated, as it were, by camp and barrack life, with its drill, dress parade and reviews. We applaud the marching troops of state militia and flock in great numbers to view their annual camps. The soldierly young cadets of West Point and the well trained ensigns from Anna-polis inspire admiration and enthusiastic praise at all times. Thus we see the fascination, which all things martial has for us, is no idle term but is deeply imbued within us. Having shown that war truly means a potent spell of fascina-tion, the question naturally arises, Will this love of conflict, this attraction for war materially hinder the success of the world's peace movement ? General Sherman's famous utterance, "War is hell," ex-presses with keen and incisive force what men have been think-ing for years, and it is a gratifying fact that to-day the most eminent statesmen in the world are allied on the side of uni-versal peace. They are striving to settle all difficulties by arbitration and The Hague Tribunal stands as a monument to their splendid efforts. There are those who believe that war can never be made simply a thing of the past. They claim, despite the rapid strides made by the peace movement, that nations will continue to be more inclined to settle their disputes through force of arms than to submit them to a mediator. They assert, in addition, that the inherent love of all peoples 236 THE MERCURY. for military glory and the fascination warlike achievments ex-ercise over them will render the attainment of universal peace impossible. Faulty statements at best, as has been shown by the decided inclination of nearly every advanced country, through its head ruler, minister of state and other eminent men, to be identified with such a cause, and in every instance that nation's position has met with the approval of the great majority of subjects, who do not allow the fascination that war may exert over them to obscure their judgment or weaken their sympathetic concern for humanity's welfare. Our own worthy President and his distinguished Secretary of State have been allowed with the World's Peace idea, no abler presenta-tion of the question having been made?' than that delivered by the latter in his address to the World's Peace Congress, re-cently assembled at Boston. Also in other countries the trend seems to be toward the just conclusion that "war is useless slaughter" and should be prevented. Therefore, we are justified in saying that the fascination of war, strong as is its influence, cannot seriously impede the ad-vance of this noblest of ideas, which gaining strength with every day, and enlisting in its service the truly great men of the world, sTtall finally achieve a glorious triumph and secure for the earth Universal peace. WHO IS AMERICA'S GREATEST POET? BY "LAEUUS." EDGAR ALLEN POE, whom many foreign critics regard as the one American poet possessed of the elusive quality called genius, was born in Boston in 1809 and died in Baltimore forty years later. Like Scotland's great Burns, he is one of whom we can not but ask, what might have been? With respect to each, the question was pertinent until death closed the scene and put its warning finger on the lips of the scorner. We may ask the question ; but there we must stop. A friend wise enough, and strong enough, might have guided Poe's steps into the path of respectability, just as one wise enough and strong enough might have made of Burns a fit companion for THE MERCURY. 237 the languid gentility of his time. The lightning, controlled, is no longer the lightning; and genius in the leading strings of respectable mediocrity is no longer genius. The day of vindictive discussions of Poe is long passed. We of the present generation may grieve over his weaknesses and "his excesses; but we can not profit ourselves or others, by blaming him for being what he was. True, it is a thousand •pities, that he was not himself, plus the power of self-direction, that could have made of him as great a man as he was a poet. This one thing he lacked. He paid the price of weakness and waywardness, dying in disgrace at an age, when Bryant, Lowell, Longfellow and Whittier were in the midst of their careers as poets, and as men whom the nation delighted to honor. It is to be fixed in mind that these men who, like Poe, were New Englanders by birth, were also New Englandersby inheritance and by education. The Puritan spirit was the guide of their lives. Poe was of the South, born though he was in Boston. His parents were nomadic actors, and the child's first impress-ions were those of the unreal and dangerous life of the stage. Besides, he was a wonderfully precocious boy, and was robbed of the real childhood that ought to be the birthright of all who come into the world. The real drama of life is dramatic enough ; the real tragedies of life are tragic enough. Is it any wonder, that the child trained in an environment of pretense should lose or never acquire that balance of char-acter and of conduct, without which no man is completely a man. Under the thin disguise of the title, this essay is intended to be a suggestive study of the poetry of the man, whose passage across the heavens of our literature was not entirely like that of the lightning uncontrolled. There was the brilliant flashing of his strange genius; there remains the memory of the strik-ing impression he made upon his own generation. He was one •of the first American authors, who dared to have a literary opinion different from that of England. He did more to es-tablish a native American literature than all the writers that preceded him. Let it never be forgotten, that Poe conferred upon our country the glory of having produced the most origi- 238 THE MERCURY. nal poet of the century. He, like obscurity, that takes its shape in a glimmer of light, ascended the "Acropolis" of Literary-fame. His master poems stand alone in poetry, as the Venus-in sculpture, and the Transfiguration in painting. He left more than an empty name. The line of light that follows the meteor dies and disappears quickly, and leaves the darkness as it was. Poe's meteoric career was more than meteoric. He is and will be a genuine force in our literature. The power that was-in him, and that made him what he was has not disappeared from the earth. Bryant wrote his first boyish verses before Poe was born, and, long after Poe's ashes had been laid in the grave, Bryant continued to sing in his high, pure and manly-strain; yet as a poet, Poe, with his handful of appealing versesr counts for much more in the world of literature than the author of "Thanatopsis," in spite of the latter's long and blameless-life, devoted to high ideals in literature, journalism, and citizen-ship. Such is the irony of the fate, that almost shapes the man's career before his birth ! Of its kind, there is nothing better in the language than Longfellow's "Skeleton in Armor," with its splendid lyric swing; and the "Village Blacksmith," and "The Wreck of the Hesperus" are almost as good in their humble sphere. "Evan-geline," his masterpiece, is the most beautiful and the most •touching tale in verse yet told by any American poet; its-charm is increased greatly by the natural scenery of America, and our varying seasons. The easy verses sing themselves into> the memory of all who read his poems. His poetic gift con-tinued to ripen and to bear mellow fruit to the end of his life- The chief reason for Longfellow's popularity as a poet, both at home and abroad, is due to his firm belief and ardent trust iro his fellowmen. He, however, is not a musician in verse like: Poe, neither are his poems so characteristic of his own life, as Poe's masterpieces are of their author. Whittier was early brought into that intimate communion; with Mother Earth, and with Nature, which comes not by mere to observation, and which gives such a peculiar charm of pictur-esque truth to so many of his poems. How much he thus-learned, and to how good profit he put it, are visible in many of ■ . ■ > .1 ' '.' ■ 111111 i>iiPiiiyi.iMHiii>nii>i|pipiiWi'-w~--^j- • m THE MERCURY. 239 his poems, but specially in his "Snow-Bound," which, in addi-tion to its other merits, has now also an historical value, as a vivid picture of modes of life, even then obsolescent, and now almost as far away as those pictures of Homer. And not only will the scenery of New England, both outward and domestic, live in his verse ; but it is worth remark, that the nobler quali-ties of the Puritans have nowhere found such adequate literary expression since Milton, as in this member of a sect which they did their utmost to suppress. "Maud Muller" is perhaps the most popular of all his briefpoems. In some of his stanzas there is a lyrical melody, that sings itself into the memory. The best of his ballads have an easy grace of movement. True, he has won his place among American poets, and is very popular. Yet his poems are not interpreted and recited by our great en-tertainers, as are the masterpieces of Longfellow and Poe. I began with the suggestion that Poe was to be understood through his poetry, rather than through any analysis of his life. Indeed, all real and vital literature must be appreciated at first hand, or not be appreciated at all. To know the names and dates of all Poe's poems, and to be able to describe every drunken debauch of his unfortunate career, is not to know Poe as a poet, as a composer of literature, which appeals to the instincts of the possible, and yet impos-sible poet, in every man, who dares to dream dreams, and to build air-castles. Poe touches our inner feelings. It may well be questioned if he quite gets at what is truest and best within us. Certainly he "glides into our darker musings;" but he does not steal away their sadness, he rather intensifies it, and makes us feel what strange compounds we are of the simple, the sublime and the mysterious. In his essay on " The Poetic Principle," Poe said, in praise of Bryant's poem entitled "June," that it always affected him in a remarkable manner. The intense melancholy which seems to well up, perforce, to the surface of all the poet's cheerful sayings about his grave, we find thrilling us to the soul, while there is the truest poetic elevation in the thrill. The impres-sion left is one of pleasurable sadness. /, ■ranvMiBHiwtiiqi^^ttriffltfifl^ 24O THE MERCURY. With Poe, the "feeling of sadness and longing " was real and very present during the most of his life. Perhaps this fact suggests, as powerfully as any other, his title to greatness as a poet. In his " Fable for Critics," Lowell describes himself as a poet burdened with a pack of isms—a burden which was certain to keep him from reaching the greatest success as a poet. Poe had no isms. His one passion was pure poetry—the poetry that is divorced from preaching and moralizing, and which exists for itself, or as a purposeless ex-pression of the poet's feeling for beauty. So, whatever theme he touched, he made musical aud beautiful. However disgraceful Poe's life may have been in many of its outward manifestations, there can be no doubt, but that it had its beautiful side. He knew beauty, purity and truth, even though he also knew their opposites too well. His best poems are almost perfect in their beauty : but with this beauty, there occasionally come incongruous suggestions, that make the flesh of the spirit creep. Perhaps it is no mean service to make sorrow and suffering beautiful in themselves. Some of our best loved poets help us to see the beauty and the joy, which are seen the better through tears, and after pain. Poe would seem to have in-tended to show the sweetness of the bitter, the very joy of sorrow, the exquisite pleasure of pain—so strange, so seemingly contradictory to the man and his writings. It has been hinted that Poe is better understood now, than fifty years ago. He came into the realm of American litera-ture very much as an interloper. But before death closed the scene, the splendor of poetical brilliancy shown through his drooping eye-brows with marked clearness. He was unlike other poets of the first rank. They were men of irreproachable character, with a vital interest in the life that was being lived, and the thought that dominated their generation. Here was a man, who represented poetry from another side. Here was a man who professed to speak the language of the poets, but who lived almost the life of an out-cast. And he seemed to care very little—so much the worse for him then!—for the feelings and the conventionalities of the time. • mrm'1+r r?; T f-fmriwiV THE MERCURY. 24I The puzzling first stanza of " Dreamland " is very character-istic of Poe's life ; for even yet he is a good deal of an enigma— out of space, out of time—to those who know him best. "By a route obscure and lonely, Haunted by ill-angels only, Where an Eidolon, named night, On a black throne reigns upright, I have reached these lands, but newly, From an ultimate dim Thule— From a wild, weird clime that lieth sublime Out of space—out of time." BEGIN NOW. You will read in song or story Of the men of sturdy will Who have fought for^jold and glory And have scaled Achievement's Hill; But to make the application And to draw the moral true, If you'd win that lofty station, Start today ! It's up to you! EARNEST NEAL LYON IN|N. Y. PRESS. "I'll try to steal her heart," quothjhe, "And win her sweetest smiles." "I'll try to steel my heart," said she, "Against love's subtle wiles." So both in steel began to deal And, as you may opine, Love soon declared a dividend And started a combine.—Ex. There was a crowd, for there were three, The girl, the parlor lamp and he ; Two is company, and no doubt That's the reason the lamp went out.—Ex. Ill . u iBimmiteHftt THE MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Vol. XIII GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1904 No. 7 Editor-in-chief C. EDWIN BUTLER, '05 Exchange Editor CHARLES GAUGER, '05 Business Manager A. L. DILLENBECK, '05 Asst. Business Manage} JOHN M. VAN DORKN, '06 Associate Editors H. C. BRILLHART, '06 ALBERT BILLHEIMER, '06 H. BRUA CAMPBELL, '06 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, LITT.D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M.D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D.D. Published each month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. • Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Busi-ness Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address" THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. Our college weekly, The Gettysburgian, very profitably de-votes two pages, in each issue, to the discussion of the impor-tant, vital and present needs of the college and student body. Consequently topics of immediate interest are limited and the difficulty of finding subjects which may be treated with the brevity required in these columns suggests the theme of want. Surely, at this season, few topics more apropos or relevant could claim our interest and attention. Just now, we want, more time for study, more time for lec-tures and recitations, more time for collateral reading, more time for recreation, more time for thought on the problems that confront us. Indeed we could almost wish for a thousand hours in one day. Our wants are legion. We want more un-selfishness, a wider dispensation of the little cups of cold water ; we want to make every one happy and cheerful. •"** in THE MERCURY. 243 Ask a fellow-student to participate in this little service, to make himself responsible for some worthy project, to do this or that and the ever ready cry is "no time, too busy." What a multitude of unperformed ideal services could be accomplished if we only had more time! But what use do we make of the many odd ten and fifteen minute periods in each day ? An-other year has almost passed and a statement will need to be' forthcoming. Count the debit and credit columns and ascer-tain the heavy losses sustained. Is there sufficient capital to engage in business for another year? As a suggestion, ■"The Economical use of Time" might afford abundant material for the pen of some brilliant essayist. . I > Culture in its wide ethnographic sense means a thorough acquaintance with all intellectual activity. It comprises know-ledge, art, belief, morals, law, custom and numerous habits and capabilities of man when considered as a member of society. All men are more or less cultured ; some more but a vast num-ber less. While a college is intended to and does impart, to a degree, polish and culture yet a brilliant lustre is impossible if the material be crude and unsculptural. "One gets out of life just what he puts into it" and this is especially true of college life. Many men go through the course for the culture that can be had, others with a more definite aim in view and quite a number with no aim or purpose. The two former will in all probability attain their object but what of the latter ? His lackadaisical spirit somehow gets a diploma for him, which sig-nifies neither culture nor purpose, and with this he takes his exit to help advertise his fostering mother. How incongruous! Shall his class-fellows, with the interest and welfare of their alma mater burning in their hearts, permit such an one to leave the ranks, with none of the distinguishing characteristics of a •college man, uncultured, and unenthusiastic ? This type of student is no stranger in any of our colleges. Engage him in conversation and he is soon distinguished as profoundly ignor-ant of the topic under discussion ; in his very gait he gives no •chance for a false conception as to his general make-up. Is it impossible to invent some moral or physical law, designing it to ll-nl'lUUI 244 THE MERCURY. operate on his kind, so that within the next decade perhaps the species may become extinct ? Could such a happy solution of the difficulty be reached it would confer untold blessings upon all institutions and add a very valuable specimen to collections-in the museum. But not in books, alone or a close application to what might be termed college duties is culture to be found. These are often pursued at the sacrifice of other things which have not a little of the polishing element in them. Culture is synonymous with civilization and for its perfection and realiza-tion must have a wider scope than is found immediately within a college curriculum. Fortunate is the institution that has a variety and number of societies and social organizations, the doors of which are ever open to all students, and wise is the man who enters and improves the social and literary oppor-tunities offered there. Contact with the other man is bound tc» augment personality, develop consideration, create thought power and as a consequence impart a depth of culture or civili-zation obtainable in no other manner. EXCHANGES. There is a growing tendency on the part of our exchangesr to picture in burning colors the hero and the coward; the brawny champion of the grid-iron and the insignificant strip-ling ; the bluffer and the grind ; the society man and the "Stag ;" the busy-body and the recluse, in short, every character, whether unique or commonplace, of the academic world. We remark that this is a healthy tendency ; for it not only displays college life in its excentricities but also gives us a glimpse of human character, in its formative period, as found in different colleges. It further sets up ideals, in part, creations of the mind tho they may be, as goals toward which many a student strives or from which he turns in contempt and disgust according as he either sees his ideal or the reverse of his ideal exemplified on the pages of his alma mater journal. Evidently the writer of "The New Sphere for Women" in the Washington Collegian was limited in printing space or is of very tender years and rather inclined to partiality. ■ • • ■ PATKOMZE OUK ADVEKTISEKS. FURNITURE Mattresses, Bed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. * Telephone No. 97. H- IB. Bendei 37 Baltimore St., Gettysburg, Pa. THE STEWART & STEEN CO. College Engravers cuncL (P-rinteTS 1024 ArchJSt., Philadelphia, Pa. 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Baskground. One of the priority directions of scientific research in the field of social medicine and health care is the development and substantiation of the best models for the organization of an affordable, high-quality and efficient PHC System in Ukraine, that requires the formation of a state policy of the PHC support and its implementation with taking into account the best international and national experience, opportunities and conditions of the country. The urgency of the problem and the global need for PHC are growing in connection with the unbridled aging of the population and the spread of severe chronic progressive diseases, including those, a treatment of which is ineffective or hopeless. Purpose: to carry through a medical and social analysis of the current legal framework (CLF) of Ukrainian and some international documents regulating the PHC providing organization, that are the basis for the creation and development of affordable, high-quality and efficient PHC System to the population in Ukraine. Materials and methods. In our analysis Ukrainian and international normative and legal documents, scientific literature were used. The following research methods were applied: system-analytical, comparative content analysis, system approach, generalization and grouping. Results. The legal regulation of the provision of PHC to the population of Ukraine at the state level is carried out by the relevant Laws of Ukraine, decrees of the President of Ukraine, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, orders of the Ministry of Health (MOH) of Ukraine and the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine. In particular, the Law of Ukraine "On the Basis of the Legislation of Ukraine on Health Care" dated 19.11.1992, No. 2801-XII, for the first time at the legislative level in 2011, palliative care was recognized as a form of medical care, as well as the definition of the term "palliative care" was defined. Provision of PHC to cancer patients and TB patients was foreseen in the relevant Laws of Ukraine, which are not valid today. Currently, only the "National Targeted Social Program for HIV/AIDS Response for 2014-2018" is in force, which was approved by the Law of Ukraine dated 20.10.2014 No.1708-VII, which defined certain tasks related to the organization and access to PHC to people who live with HIV, training the appropriate staff to provide such care. Unfortunately, the tasks defined by these laws were not implemented: the PHC standards to patients in the facilities of palliative and hospice medicine (PCM) of the MOH of Ukraine have not yet been approved, the system of training has not been implemented, etc. Also today, PHC in Ukraine are regulated by a number of departmental regulatory acts, in particular, by Order of the MOH of Ukraine of 21.01.2013 № 41 "On the organization of palliative care in Ukraine", but there is now a significant need to complete and improve this order, taking into account Ukrainian and international development PHC experience, the results of reforming the Health Care System in Ukraine, new WHO documents, Council of Europe, EAPC, ІАНРС. It is important that valid clinical protocols from different nosologies are complemented by sections "PHC" or "Palliative Medical Care and Care at the End of Life", which has both practical and legal significance. Of particular importance is the Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine dated January 29, 2016, No. 58 "On Approval of the State Standard of Palliative Care", which regulates the activities of social protection institutions for the provision of PHC to patients in outpatient settings and at home, and other orders. Conclusions. 1. The content-analysis of the current Laws of Ukraine and some documents of WHO, the Council of Europe, ЕАРС, ІАНРС and other authoritative international institutes on the PHC organization allowed us to identify positive trends, in particular, the legislative approval of palliative care in Ukraine as a type of medical care, but only in relation to incurable patients with limited predictive life expectancy, and this fact goes in to a discrepancy with modern international documents. 2. The main shortcomings of the acts regulating the PHC organization delivery in Ukraine are the lack of systematic and coordinated regulatory norms, the uncertainty of the criteria of PPs with different nosologies, the lack of mechanisms for determining the status of PPs, the problems of the organization of the PHC providing for incurable sick in both in-patient and out-patient conditions and at home. 3. The aforecited statements require the urgent development and approval of the Order "About the Procedure for the Providing of Palliative Medical Care to the Population in Ukraine and the List of Medical Indications for Its Delivery" by the MOH of Ukraine, in which mechanisms and coordination of the various levels of medical care providing, standards of palliative care and maintenance of various category of PPs, criteria for the status of PPs definition, etc should be determined. 4. In order to optimize Ukrainian legislation in its part of the PHC providing organization to the population of Ukraine, there is an urgent need for the elaboration and adoption of a Law of Ukraine "About Palliative Care" by Ukrainian Parliament, in which the priorities of state policy, adequate financing of PHC from the State and Regional Budgets and extrabudgetary sources, clearly outline the system of such type of care, determine the state regulation of the provision of PHC, provide a systemicity, continuity and structuring of Ukrainian PHC, help to eliminate inter-departmental barriers on personnel policy issues, provide motivation for specialists in PHC training, PPs and their families with adequate drugs, care facilities, social, psychological and spiritual support etc. 5. An extremely urgent task that will ensure the development of an accessible, high-quality and efficient PHC System is the development and approval of the "State Social Program for the Development of Palliative and Hospice Care in Ukraine" by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and Parliament of Ukraine. This document will help to realize a right of palliative patients and their families members for appropriate quality of life and its worthful ending. ; Актуальность. Одним из приоритетных направлений научных исследований в области социальной медицины и организации здравоохранения является разработка и обоснование оптимальных моделей организации доступной, качественной и эффективной системы паллиативной и хосписной помощи (ПХП) населению в Украине, что требует формирования государственной политики поддержки ПХП и внедрение оптимальной нормативно-правовой базы (НПБ), которая учитывает лучший международный и национальный опыт, возможности и условия страны. Глобальная потребность в ПХП будет и дальше возрастать в связи с неуклонным старением населения и распространением тяжелых хронических прогрессирующих заболеваний, в т.ч. в терминальной стадии их развития, лечение которых, направленное на излечение (выздоровление пациента), является неэффективным или бесперспективным. Цель исследования: осуществление медико-социального анализа действующей НПБ Украины и некоторых международных документов, регулирующих организацию оказания ПХП, что является основой для создания и развития доступной, качественной и эффективной системы ПХП в Украине. Материалы и методы. В работе были использованы отечественные и международные нормативно-правовые документы, отечественная и зарубежная научная литература и применены следующие методы исследования: системно-аналитический, сравнительный контент-анализ, системного подхода, обобщения и группировки. Результаты. Правовое регулирование оказания ПХП населению Украины на государственном уровне осуществляется Конституцией Украины, соответствующими Законами Украины, указами Президента Украины, постановлениями Кабинета Министров Украины, приказами Министерства здравоохранения (МЗ) Украины и Министерства социальной политики Украины. В частности, в 2011 году Законом Украины «Основы законодательства Украины о здравоохранении» от 19.11.1992 года № 2801-XII впервые на законодательном уровне паллиативная помощь была определена как вид медицинской помощи, а также дано определение понятия «паллиативная помощь». Оказание ПХП онкологическим больным и больным туберкулезом было предусмотрено в соответствующих законах Украины, которые сегодня не действуют. На сегодня действует только «Общегосударственная целевая социальная программа противодействия ВИЧ-инфекции/СПИДа на 2014-2018 годы», которая была утверждена Законом Украины от 20.10.2014 № 1708-VII, в которой определены конкретные задачи по обеспечению организации и доступа к ПХП людям, живущих с ВИЧ, подготовка соответствующих кадров для оказания такой помощи. К сожалению, задачи, которые были определены этими законами не были выполнены: стандарты оказания ПХП больным в условиях учреждений паллиативной и хосписной медицины (ПХМ) МОЗ Украины до сих пор не утвердило, система подготовки кадров не внедрена и т. д. Также сегодня ПХП в Украине регулируется рядом ведомственных нормативно-правовых актов, в частности, приказом МЗ Украины от 21.01.2013 № 41 «Об организации паллиативной помощи в Украине», но сейчас существует значительная потребность дополнить и усовершенствовать этот приказ, учитывая украинский и международный опыт развития ПХП, результаты реформирования системы здравоохранения в Украине, новые документы ВОЗ, Совета Европы, ЕАРС, ІАНРС. Важно, чтобы действующие клинические протоколы по разным нозологиям были дополнены разделами «ПХП» или «Медицинская помощь и уход в конце жизни», что имеет как практическое, так и юридическое значение. Чрезвычайно важным является приказ Министерства социальной политики Украины от 29.01.2016 № 58 «Об утверждении Государственного стандарта паллиативного ухода», регламентирующий деятельность учреждений социальной защиты населения в вопросах предоставления паллиативного ухода пациентам в амбулаторных условиях и на дому, и другие приказы. Выводы. 1. Контент-анализ действующей НПБ Украины и некоторых документов ВОЗ, Совета Европы, ЕАРС, ІАНРС и других авторитетных международных организаций по вопросам организации оказания ПХП населению позволил определить положительные тенденции, в частности законодательное определение в Украине паллиативной помощи как вида медицинской помощи, которая применяется только в отношении инкурабельных больных с ограниченным прогнозом продолжительности жизни, что не соответствует современным международным документам. 2. Основными недостатками законодательных и нормативно-правовых актов, регламентирующих организацию оказания ПХП в Украине, является отсутствие системности и скоординированности регулирующих норм, неопределенность критериев паллиативных пациентов (ПП) с различными нозологиями соответствующими клиническими протоколами, отсутствие механизмов определения статуса ПП, недостаточно решены проблемы организации оказания ПХП инкурабельным больным как в стационарах заведениях ПХМ, так и в амбулаторно-поликлинических условиях и дома, что требует оптимизации нормотворческой деятельно МЗ Украины и скоординированности разрабатываемых нормативно-правовых актов, с действующими постановлениями КМУ, приказами Министерства социальной политики Украины и других органов государственной власти. 3. Указанное выше требует неотложной разработки и утверждения МЗ Украины приказа «О порядке оказания паллиативной медицинской помощи населению в Украине и Переченя медицинских показаний для ее оказания», который определит и обеспечит механизмы и скоординированность различных уровней оказания медицинской помощи, стандартов паллиативного лечения и содержания различных категорий ПП, критерии определения и порядок предоставления статуса ПП, особенности ПП детского и старческого возраста и т. п. 4. С целью оптимизации отечественного законодательства по организации оказания ПХП и паллиативного ухода в Украине есть необходимость в разработке и принятию Верховным Советом Украины отдельного Закона Украины «О паллиативной помощи», который должен определить приоритеты государственной политики, обеспечить адекватное финансирование ПХП и паллиативного ухода из Государственного и региональных бюджетов и внебюджетных источников, четко очертить систему такой помощи, главные аспекты межведомственной координации в этой области, определить порядок государственного регулирования оказания ПХП и основные требования к учреждентям ПХМ, а также обеспечить системность, преемственность и структурированность отечественного законодательства в области ПХП и паллиативного ухода, способствовать устранению межведомственных барьеров, с четким определением юридической, медицинской, социальной составляющей ПХП. 5. Очень актуальной задачей, которая обеспечит развитие доступной, качественной и эффективной системы ПХП, является разработка и утверждение Кабинетом Министров Украины и Верховным Советом Украины «Государственной целевой социальной программы развития паллиативной и хосписной помощи населению в Украине», что позволит реализовать право паллиативных больных и членов их семей на соответствующее качество жизни и достойне его завершение. ; Актуальність. Одним з пріоритетних напрямів наукових досліджень у галузі соціальної медицини і організації охорони здоров'я є розробка та обґрунтування оптимальних моделей організації доступної, якісної та ефективної системи паліативної та хоспісної допомоги (ПХД) населенню в Україні, що потребує формування державної політики підтримки ПХД та впровадження оптимальної нормативно-правової бази (НПБ), яка враховує кращий міжнародний і національний досвід, можливості та умови країни. Глобальна потреба у ПХД буде і далі зростати у зв'язку з неухильним постарінням населення і поширенням важких хронічних прогресуючих захворювань, у т.ч. у термінальній стадії їх розвитку, лікування яких, що спрямоване на вилікування (одужання пацієнта), є неефективним або безперспективним. Мета дослідження: здійснення медико-соціального аналізу чинної НПБ України і деяких міжнародних документів, які регулюють організацію надання ПХД, що є основою для створення і розвитку доступної, якісної та ефективної системи ПХД населенню в Україні. Матеріали та методи. У роботі були використані вітчизняні та міжнародні нормативно-правові документи, вітчизняна та зарубіжна наукова література та застосовані наступні методи дослідження: системно-аналітичний, порівняльний контент-аналіз, системного підходу, узагальнення та групування. Результати. Правове регулювання надання ПХД населенню України на державному рівні здійснюється Конституцією України, відповідними Законами України, указами Президента України, постановами Кабінету Міністрів України, наказами Міністерства охорони здоров'я (МОЗ) України та Міністерства соціальної політики України. Зокрема, у 2011 р. Законом України «Основи законодавства України про охорону здоров'я» від 19.11.1992 року № 2801-XII вперше на законодавчому рівні паліативну допомогу було визнано як вид медичної допомоги, а також дано визначення поняття «паліативна допомога». Надання ПХД онкологічним хворим та хворим на туберкульоз було передбачене у відповідних Законах України, які сьогодні не чинні. На сьогодні чинна лише «Загальнодержавна цільова соціальна програма протидії ВІЛ-інфекції/СНІДу на 2014-2018 роки», що була затверджена Законом України від 20.10.2014 № 1708-VII, якою визначені певні завдання щодо забезпечення організації та доступу до ПХД людям, які живуть з ВІЛ, підготовка відповідних кадрів для надання такої допомоги. На жаль, завдання, що були визначені цими законами не були виконані: стандарти надання ПХД хворим в умовах закладів паліативної і хоспісної медицини (ПХМ) МОЗ України досі не затвердило, система підготовки кадрів не впроваджена тощо. Також сьогодні ПХД в Україні регулюється низкою відомчих нормативно-правових актів, зокрема, наказом МОЗ України від 21.01.2013 № 41 «Про організацію паліативної допомоги в Україні», але зараз існує значна потреба доповнити і удосконалити цей наказ, враховуючи український і міжнародний досвід розвитку ПХД, результати реформування системи охорони здоров'я в Україні, нові документи ВООЗ, Ради Європи, ЕАРС, ІАНРС. Важливо, щоб чинні клінічні протоколи з різних нозологій були доповнені розділами «ПХД» або «Медична допомога і догляд наприкінці життя», що має як практичне, так і юридичне значення. Надзвичайно важливим є наказ Міністерства соціальної політики України від 29.01.2016 № 58 «Про затвердження Державного стандарту паліативного догляду», який регламентує діяльність закладів соціального захисту населення у питаннях надання паліативного догляду пацієнтам в амбулаторних умовах і вдома, та інші накази. Висновки. 1. Контент-аналіз чинної НПБ України та деяких документів ВООЗ, Ради Європи, ЕАРС, ІАНРС та інших авторитетних міжнародних організацій з питань організації надання ПХД населенню дозволив визначити позитивні тенденції, зокрема законодавче затвердження в Україні паліативної допомоги як виду медичної допомоги, яка застосовується тільки стосовно інкурабельних хворих з обмеженим прогнозом тривалості життя, що має невідповідність з сучасними міжнародними документами. 2. Основними недоліками законодавчих та нормативно-правових актів, що регламентують організацію надання ПХД в Україні, є відсутність системності і координованості регулюючих норм, невизначеність критеріїв паліативних пацієнтів (ПП) з різними нозологіями відповідними клінічними протоколами, відсутність механізмів визначення статусу ПП, недостатньо вирішені проблеми організації надання ПХД інкурабельним хворим як в стаціонарних закладах ПХМ, так і в амбулаторно-поліклінічних умовах та вдома, що потребує оптимізації нормотворчої діяльності МОЗ України і координованості нормативно-правових актів, що розробляються, з чинними постановами КМУ, наказами Міністерства соціальної політики України та інших органів державної влади. 3. Зазначене вище вимагає нагальної розробки та затвердження МОЗ України наказу «Про порядок надання паліативної медичної допомоги населенню в Україні та Перелік медичних показань для її надання», що визначить та забезпечить механізми та скоординованість різних рівнів надання медичної допомоги, стандартів паліативного лікування та утримання різних категорій ПП, критерії визначення та порядок надання статусу ПП, особливості ПП дитячого і старечого віку тощо. 4. З метою оптимізації вітчизняного законодавства щодо організації наданні ПХД та паліативного догляду в Україні є нагальна потреба розробки і прийняття Верховною Радою України окремого Закону України «Про паліативну допомогу», який мав би визначити пріоритети державної політики, забезпечити адекватне фінансування ПХД та паліативного догляду з Державного і регіональних бюджетів та позабюджетних джерел, чітко окреслити систему такої допомоги, головні аспекти міжвідомчої координації у цій галузі, визначити порядок державного регулювання надання ПХД й основні вимоги до закладів ПХМ, а також забезпечити системність, наступність та структурованість вітчизняного законодавства у галузі ПХД та паліативного догляду, сприяти усуненню міжвідомчих бар'єрів, із чітким визначенням юридичної, медичної, соціальної складової ПХД. 5. Надзвичайно актуальним завданням, що забезпечить розвиток доступної, якісної та ефективної системи ПХД, є розробка та затвердження Кабінетом Міністрів України та Верховною Радою України «Державної цільової соціальної програми розвитку паліативної та хоспісної допомоги населенню в Україні», що дозволить реалізувати право паліативних хворих і членів їх родин на належну якість життя і гідне його завершення.

LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, Fermi GBM, INTEGRAL, IceCube Collaboration, AstroSat Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager Team, IPN Collaboration, The Insight-HXMT Collaboration, ANTARES Collaboration, The Swift Collaboration, AGILE Team, The 1M2H Team, The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration, The DLT40 Collaboration, GRAWITA: GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm, The Fermi Large Area Telescope Collaboration, ATCA: Australia Telescope Compact Array, ASKAP: Australian SKA Pathfinder, Las Cumbres Observatory Group, OzGrav, DWF (Deeper, Wider, Faster Program), AST3, and CAASTRO Collaborations, The VINROUGE Collaboration, MASTER Collaboration, J-GEM, GROWTH, JAGWAR, CaltechNRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR Collaborations, Pan-STARRS, The MAXI Team, TZAC Consortium, KU Collaboration, Nordic Optical Telescope, ePESSTO, GROND, Texas Tech University, SALT Group, TOROS: Transient Robotic Observatory of the South Collaboration, The BOOTES Collaboration, MWA: Murchison Widefield Array, The CALET Collaboration, IKI-GW Follow-up Collaboration, H.E.S.S. Collaboration, LOFAR Collaboration, LWA: Long Wavelength Array, HAWC Collaboration, The Pierre Auger Collaboration, ALMA Collaboration, Euro VLBI Team, Pi of the Sky Collaboration, The Chandra Team at McGill University, DFN: Desert Fireball Network, ATLAS, High Time Resolution Universe Survey, RIMAS and RATIR, and SKA South Africa/MeerKAT ; On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Niels Bohr International Academy ; DARK Cosmology Centre ; National Science Foundation (NSF) AST-1518052 AST-141242 AST-1411763 AST-1714498 AST-1517649 PHY-1607291 AST-1412421 AST-1313484 ; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation ; Heising-Simons Foundation ; Alfred P. 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Poland towards Russia between 1992 and 2015 and outline their specifics. The author attempted at a synthesis of major manifestations of Polish-Russian cooperation and most sticking points in the intergovernmental (international) relations during that period. An important objective was to show the sources and examples of a divergence of interests, and point to the goals, which were based on these premises, established by the foreign policy-makers in Poland and Russia and pursued in mutual relations and international affairs. Between 1992 and 2015, in Poland's foreign policy towards the East and national security policy, the relations with Russia and the Ukraine were of utmost importance. On the economic level, considering the volume of mutual trade turnover, Poland's main partner in the East was the Russian Federation, whereas on the political level, the Ukraine was seen as a strategic partner. Along with the Ukraine, Russia played a key role in Poland's security policy in the discussed period. It should be emphasized that Polish-Russian and Polish-Ukrainian relations were very closely linked, and so was Poland's policy towards Russia and the Ukraine. In Poland's foreign policy towards Russia, or in broader terms, in Polish-Russian relations between 1992 and 2015, seven stages can be distinguished; each having their own characteristic. Despite some new specifics in each particular stage, they all shared an element of continuity. The constant theme was a great divergence of interests between Poland and Russia, particularly with regard to the European security system, and the role of NATO in shaping this security, as well as further stages of the alliance's enlargement, especially by countries of the post-Soviet area; energy security and Poland's strive for diversification of fuels supplies faced with Russia's actions aimed at the diversification of routes of sending its gas and crude oil to Western Europe bypassing the Ukraine and Poland; a historic dispute, in which a thorough, satisfying for the Poles, explanation of the Katyn Forest massacre was particularly high on the agenda among other issues; opposing visions of building an order in Eastern Europe, and first and foremost, in the Ukraine. With the passing of time, especially after Poland's NATO and the EU accession, the future of Eastern European countries, particularly the Ukraine and Belarus, has become a fundamental issue in Polish-Russian relations. Both Russia and Poland treated Eastern European countries as a sort of a safety buffer. However, the two countries had entirely different visions of how this buffer ought to be shaped. The political leadership in Poland saw the strenghtening of national security in the strenghtening of the Ukrainian buffer through the Ukraine's membership in NATO and the EU, whereas for the political leadership in Russia, the strenghtening of national security through Ukrainian buffer meant preserving its outside NATO status, or incorporating it in the the security system built under the aegis of Russia on the area of CIS. A characteristic of the Polish-Russian relations in that period was a great imbalance to Poland's disadvantage, resulting from the differences in broadly understood physical potential of the two countries and, consequently, their international roles (Poland being a medium-size country situated in Central Europe and Russia being a superpower in Central Eurasia). The capacities of Poland to shape the situation in Eastern Europe on its own were incomparably lower than Russia's. Therefore, Poland was trying to make use of European and Euro-Atlantic multirateral structures, mainly through the Eastern Dimension realized by the EU and NATO, to have as much influence as possible, on the desired developments in Eastern Europe. The eastern policy under successive RP governments was characterized by their overrating, frequently, of their own capacities, lack of objectivity in assessment of the situation across our eastern border, and application of double standards, particularly in the policy towards Russia. Polish-Russian political relations throughout the post-Cold War period were critical, and improvements were relatively short-lasting. Not only Russia, but also Poland is to blame for such a state of events. The Polish side, due to historical reasons and imbalance of potential, expected Russia to take more initiative in coming to an agreement with Poland. However, it has to be admitted that in many activities undertaken by Poland with regard to European security, in particular Eastern European subregion, the interests of Russia were completly disregarded, although they did not have to be accepted fully. An example of this was Polish diplomacy in the second half of 2013 intended not to allow Russia to be included in the negotiations on the EU association agreement with the Ukraine about issues that had economic implications for Russia's interests. In their policy towards Russia, foreign policy-makers in Poland, forgot, all too often, or, were unwilling to remember, about the principle that in order to meet the security needs of one's own country, one should also consider the security needs of other countries, the neighbouring ones in the first place. Analyzing the policies under succesive III RP governments on European security and relations with the post-Soviet countries, it is hard to share the view prevailing in our country that Poland did its best to develop partnership and good neighbourly relations with Russia. Among politicians, publicists and the Polish society, there was a large group of people who took a stance, though it was not always formally articulated, that Poland has a right, or even a duty to remain hostile towards Russia. On the other hand, Russia should not act unfavourably towards Poland, regardless of Poland's anti-Russian policy, although, obviously, it was declared otherwise. One of the few stages showing a distinct improvement in Poland's policy towards Russia and a mutual willingness to normalize our political relations, was the one between 2008 and 2010, when an unsuccesful attempt was made at pragmatizing foreign policy towards Russia. Since the end of 2007, this new foreign policy, gradually encompassing other areas, led to a greater or lesser modification of the policy to date towards Russia, the Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia by basing it on the so-called positive realism. These new trends increased cooperation between Poland and Russia and, eventually, a considerable progress was achieved in normalizing our relations. Between 2008 and 2010, Polish policy towards the East not only changed in practice, it was also a conceptual change. The crash of the presidential plane at Smoleńsk (April 10th, 2010), in which 96 peple were killed, including President of RP Lech Kaczyński and His Spouse, was a major, if not primary reason why the normalization process (2008–2010) was seriously hampered to the point of a standstill between 2011 and 2013. The Smoleńsk air disaster, and conflicting stands over its causes in particular, exacerbated divisions in the Polish society and strenghtened reluctance, if not hostility, towards Russia. A large part of the Polish political class and society did not accept a version of an inadvertent air disaster (plane crash), whose causes, like not following correct procedures, lay on both Poles and Russians. The surveys conducted during the years following the Smoleńsk air disaster showed that over 30% of the Polish society were convinced that it had been an attempt on the life of the Polish delegation en route to a commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Katyn Forrest massacre, and that the Russian government and secret services had been involved. After the Smoleńsk air disaster, foreign policy towards Russia and Polish-Russian relations became a ground for political struggle in our country. For many politicians and conservatist right-wing journalists, a demonstrated degree of anti-Russian sentiment became the main criterion of patriotism. In a large part of the Polish society, a belief was strenghtened that actions should be taken to weaken and isolate Russia, and to minimize, rather than increase cooperation between the two countries. This meant that internal conditions within our country, which could possibly motivate the foreign policy-makers to stop viewing Russia as the main threat and encourage a breakthrough in thinking about that issue, deteriorated markedly. Consequently, Polish-Russian relations between 2011 and 2013 remained in a state of deadlock. In the foreign policy of Poland between 1992 and 2015, Russia played the leading role. This, however, stemmed from Russia being perceived by the policy-makers as the main threat to our national security, not a recognized partner in pursuing this security. Throughout that period, in all successive stages of Polish security policy, Russia was regarded as the main threat. Each political leadership in Poland, especially since the mid 1990s, treated Russia in this way, and these were not merely anti-Russian declarations, but a guiding principle of the foreign policy. Behind it, was a conviction that Russian imperialism was timeless and Russia would never accept the sovereignty of Poland. It was an obvious reference to the classical Polish geopolitical thought about Russia posing main threats to our national security. During the crisis and conflict in eastern Ukraine, between 2014 and 2015, the foreign policymakers in Poland revived the stance of a military threat on the part of Russia. For the first time since the end of the Cold War, such loud voices were heard about a possible military attack on Poland. Unlike the earlier periods, when there was an informal presumption that Russia was a threat to the security of Poland, in 2014, for the first time, in III RP's security policy, Russia was formally pointed to as a direct military threat. It was articulated in official state documents, including Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej from November, 2014, and in addresses delivered by the Polish government officials (for instance in exposé of Foreign Minister R. Sikorski and his follower G. Schetyna). The crisis and conflict in south-eastern Ukraine did not substantially change Poland's policy towards Russia. What did change between 2014 and 2015, however, was that much more emphasis than ever was placed on Russia being a threat to our national security, and there being a serious risk of a Russian direct invasion of Poland. During 2014 and 2015, the process of politicizing fear (policy of fear) of Russia was at its height. For Poland, a major outcome of the Ukrainian conflict and crisis was decreased national security and growing fears, among them the fear of Russian invasion, which does not mean that such a threat was real. During the years 2014 and 2015, Polish-Russian political relations at the highest level came almost to the point of being frozen. Important direct implications of the Ukrainian conflict for Poland's security were, apart from a growing fear of Russia, increased desires towards strenghtening its own defense capability, strenghtening NATO cohesion, increased involvement of NATO in our sub-region's security and closer bilateral Polish-American cooperation regarding military security. Resolving the conflict in eastern Ukraine as quickly as possible was in the interests of Poland. However, Polish diplomacy did not engage much in the conflict deescalation. They were very sceptical about the successive agreements aimed at ending the military operations negotiated within the frames of the so-called Normandy format (Mińsk I and Mińsk II). It seems that, considering the geopolitical situation in the Ukraine and divisions of the Ukrainian society, this country should remain a buffer state. Alternatively, coming out of this role should occur gradually, through a simultaneous Europeization of the Ukraine and Russia. Poland should not be interested in the "revolutionary" speeding up of the processes occuring in the Ukrainian society. Responsible politicians willing to serve the best interests of their nation should be aware of the limitations in pursuing even the most support worthy goals. The policy of every country, the foreign policy of Poland and the Ukraine included, should be founded on a realistic assessment of one's own capabilities so that aspirations would not outgrow the real possibilities of their attainment. Poland, aspiring to the role of the EU main expert in Russian and the post-Soviet area affairs, through insisting in the EU on the earliest possible Ukraine association with the EU, contributed in a way to the situation when the Ukraine had to choose between the EU and Russia. Polish politicians did not anticpate the negative outcomes of such acceleration for the Ukraine itself (including the loss of Crimea and strong separatist tendencies in the East of the Ukraine), as well as for Russian- Ukrainian relations and the security of Poland. Therefore, the firm support and involvement of the Polish political class in the so-called democratic revolution in the Ukraine during 2013 and 2014, can hardly be regarded as a succcess. Polish policy towards the East ended in yet another failure, which was shown as confirmation when Poland was not included in the talks aimed at resolving the Ukrainian crisis, which were held by officials from the Ukraine, Russia, Germany and France since the middle of 2014. The Ukrainian crisis and conflict was a turning point in Polish security policy and Polish-Russian relations. The Polish government officially began to treat Russia as the largest threat to the national and international security. A considerable part of the political elites in Poland did not see the threat in excessive dependence of Polish economy on Russian energy resources or other economic threats, but in a direct military attack. Generally speaking, it is unknown to what extent the Ukrainian crisis and conflict will, in the long run, have an impact on changes in Polish policy towards the East, particularly towards Russia and the Ukraine. It exposed the ineffectiveness of our foreign policy to date towards the East. In this context, a question arises: What will be mid- and long-term implications of the Ukrainian conflict for the modification or a radical alteration to Polish foreign policy towards the East? Another fundamental question pertains to Polish-Russian relations: What policy should Poland pursue towards Russia now and in the future? Will the foreign policy and security policy be directed, like in 2014 and 2015, at instransigence and confrontation, or will the normalization tendency prevail as regards Russia, and will the relations with the Ukraine be redefined? However, at the end of 2015, nothing implied that the foreign and security policy-makers intended to transform in any way the policy towards Russia and the Ukraine to date. It does not mean that changes will not be implemented in the years to come. It will be closely connected with the impact of the Ukrainian conflict on the modification of the policy of Germany and the entire European Union as well as the policy of the United States on the post-Soviet area. The crisis and conflict in eastern Ukraine strenghtened the legitimacy of argumentation that the main player in the post-Soviet area is Russia. None of the serious problems in this area can be resolved without the participation of Russia, and all the more, against Russia, which obviously, does not mean that the proponents of this stance overrate the capabilities of Russia in terms of shaping the closer and farther international environment. On this account, Polish policy will be hardly effective if at least some of Russia's interests in the post-Soviet area, especially in Eastern Europe, are taken into consideration, as was proven to date. Bearing in mind long-term consquences, the strategic conceptions of the Polish policy towards the East, should opt for the closest possible ties of Russia with political and economic structures of the EU and Euro-Atlantic structures (Europeization of Russia). This, in turn, should result in the evolution of the economic-political system of Russia into liberal democracy. The Ukrainian crisis and conflict classified the effectiveness of the Polish conception aimed at occidentalizing the Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova without simultaneously occidentalizing Russia. As was indicated by the proponents of this conception, its implementation assumed an inevitable cost such as a political conflict with Russia. The crisis and conflict in the Ukraine between 2014 and 2015 should be a good reason to change this stance. The biggest price for its implementation was paid by the Ukraininas themselves. Therefore, in the context of these experiences, Poland should suport not in opposition to Russia, but together with Russia, which does not imply that this process has to be fully synchronized. The direction of actions in this matter is of key importance. Despite the many contentious issues in Polish-Russian relations and different historical memory of Poles and Russians, in the long-term interests of Poland's security, lies implementing a cooperative and integrating, not a confrontational conception. For the normalization of Polish-Russian relations, it is essential that the successive governemnets of Poland and Russia should have a political will to a less confrontational approach towards disputable issues and resolve emerging problems in a compromising way, which is one of the "scarcest commodities" in the Polish-Russian relations. A compromise should not be treated as a failure, as is often believed, also by the Poles. It also requires changes in mutual perception. A true normalization of mutual relations between Poland and Russia will not be possible if the majority of political elites, media and society in both countries will see the other not even as a difficult partner of rival, but an enemy. The divergence of interests does not have to lead to hostility. The governing groups in Poland and Russia face a challenge in improving Polish-Russian relations. They can either attempt to broaden the area of common interests or to highlight the discrepancies and divergence of interests, and thus strenghten social attitudes prone to either cooperation or confrontation.

En el trabajo se analizó la cuestión de la inadecuación temporal de los procesos sea en el ámbito administrativo o judicial, que es un tema amplio y referido, aunque no sea una preocupación reciente, su estudio no trajo conclusiones definitivas, de modo que el tema continúa en construcción, mientras que los ordenamientos jurídicos, a su vez, no logran delimitar satisfactoriamente el alcance de ello. De hecho, esta garantía abstracta reclama aplicación práctica, cuya importancia se eleva en la medida en que es evidente el crecimiento de las expectativas jurídicas del ciudadano, que no se conforma con el mero derecho a la protección jurídica en el marco de las garantías tradicionales, sino también reclama acceso a una justicia eficiente bajo el aspecto práctico, es decir, en la consecución eficaz de sus fines sustantivos como de la protección integral de los derechos de los justiciables. Por otro lado, es notorio el considerable incremento ¿ cualitativo y cuantitativo ¿ de las demandas a ser atendidas por la administración de justicia, circunstancias que agravan la progresiva demora en la resolución de los procesos judiciales. Está claro que los Estados no han sabido ofertar una respuesta adecuada y ágil a la nueva configuración de los conflictos, en una sociedad velozmente transformada por la incorporación de tecnologías innovadoras y en evolución continua. Esto provocó la crisis de una administración de justicia que no consigue abarcar todos los casos de que se ocupa el sistema sin mencionar aquellos que no lo son ¿ y, menos aún, resolverlos en plazo razonable. Al traer este problema para el campo tributario hay un aspecto agravante, aunque el Estado ejerza (en posibilidad) una triple función en relación fiscal, pues produce la ley obligacional, ejecuta sus comandos ¿ en cuanto sujeto activo de la relación de crédito ¿ y en condición de acreedor, ejecuta (o recibe) el titulo por él constituido, al juzgar los litigios en los cuales figura como parte (en los casos litigiosos), es considerado, en Brasil (diferentemente de España), el lado débil de la relación, reclamando una tutela protectora diferenciada, rodeada de privilegios. Sin embargo lo que hay, realmente, desde luego, es una fragilidad del contribuyente en relación a la Hacienda Pública que lo vuelve vulnerable. Las cuestiones presentadas, objeto de la investigación, fueron discutidas, preferentemente, de forma amplia, con las necesarias referencias específicas del ordenamiento jurídico brasileño y español. La elección de una metodología comparatista - en dos planos normativos diversos ¿ Español-Brasileño deriva, en principio, de mis condiciones personales, con formación y nacionalidad brasileñas, conjugada al hecho del trabajo estar desarrollado y presentado en España. De otra banda me movió la necesidad de comprender y estudiar un derecho fundamental poco desarrollado en Brasil y en América Latina en un contexto específico, cual sea: el tributario, a la luz de una perspectiva europea. Antes de introducirse al plano Brasil-España, el trabajo presenta, también, un estudio América-Europa, pues creemos ser posible buscar en la victoriosa experiencia europea de protección de derechos fundamentales ¿ en particular en el derecho a la razonable duración del proceso (que la constitución española trata en su artículo 24 con la expresión ¿derecho al proceso sin dilaciones indebidas¿) ¿ subsidios para el desarrollo de los sistemas de protección de América Latina, claramente en el incipiente sistema continental. Esto porque la moderna comprensión de los derechos fundamentales está a exigir que estos sean apreciados no sólo bajo una reductora perspectiva nacional, pero atento a los continuos estímulos que las experiencias internacionales ¿ supranacionales y de derecho extranjero ¿ propicia. De otra manera, en un análisis más específico, se puede concluir que estamos prestes a ver la ¿mundialización¿ del derecho constitucional-tributario, fruto de una consagración internacional de los principios rectores de esas ciencias. Contenido de la Investigación La primera parte del trabajo está dedicada al derecho a un proceso en tiempo razonable o derecho a un proceso sin dilaciones indebidas (expresiones sinónimas), bajo la óptica jurídico-constitucional, siendo cierto que los valores contenidos en los textos constitucionales e internacionales, en regla, se aplican indistintamente a las varias disciplinas en que se divide el derecho procesal, inclusive el tributario. En una segunda etapa, con el traspase al específico campo tributario, se buscó demostrar, desde luego, que la noción corriente, en Brasil, de debilidad de Hacienda Pública hay que ser revisada considerando los parámetros actuales de su relación con el contribuyente. Luego, se articuló elementos demostradores de la vulnerabilidad del contribuyente en los campos material, formal y procesal, con la percepción de la medida en que esta vulnerabilidad se exacerba al tratarse del aspecto particular del derecho al proceso en tiempo razonable. Conclusión Compendiando las ideas del trabajo, en secuencia lógica, es posible decir que: El análisis práctico abarcado por este estudio en los modelos judiciales español y brasileño, observó que la crónica morosidad de los procesos judiciales se presenta como una característica común a los dos modelos. En efecto, la morosidad de los procesos vulnera el derecho a la seguridad jurídica: por un lado, se extiende la inseguridad jurídica que la pendencia de los procesos judiciales ocasiona, siendo cierto que, también, hace dubio (o hace dudosa) la interpretación que prevalece acerca de una determinada ley. En el campo procesal tributario, abordando, específicamente los litigios que envuelven los contribuyentes y la Hacienda Pública, constatase que la concesión de plazos indiscriminados al Poder Público, en el proceso brasileño, vulnera el derecho fundamental al proceso en tiempo razonable, impidiendo su concretización en los hechos en que se litiga en contra al Estado. La doctrina contemporánea reconoce la importancia del fenómeno procesal y su influencia en el campo de la relación jurídica tributaria, admitiéndose el derecho tributario formal como el complemento indispensable del derecho tributario material, puesto que contienen las normas que la administración fiscal utiliza para comprobar si compite a cierta persona el pago de determinado tributo y a cuanto corresponderá esa obligación. No se puede olvidar que el Derecho Tributario rige una de las relaciones más peculiares del derecho, puesto que mientras en las relaciones contractuales o patrimoniales entre particulares se registra, como regla, el elemento volitivo, o sea, la manifestación de la voluntad con relación a las condiciones pactadas, en la relación tributaria, diversamente, esta expresión volitiva se opera, de modo relativo e indirecto, a través de sus representantes legislativos. Si por un lado, hay que reconocerse la necesidad de que el Estado reciba apropiado instrumental para su actuación, de modo que, al funcionar como aglutinador de la suma de los intereses individuales, disponga en el contexto del Estado de Derecho, de instrumental jurídico material diferenciado de aquel puesto a la disposición de los particulares (predominancia del interés público sobre el privado). De otra parte, no se puede quitar al administrado la búsqueda de la anulación del acto administrativo (de la Hacienda Pública) por medio de la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva y en tiempo razonable (las potestades y privilegios de la Administración deben conyugarse con las garantías fundamentales del contribuyente). Considerando que la relación jurídica tributaria es dotada de carácter peculiar, así también necesariamente se dará con la demanda tributaria y, por tanto, con el proceso destinado a su solución. El Derecho Procesal Tributario, entonces, pasa a ser diseñado con contornos propios, particulares, tornándose un proceso diferenciado. Así, al percibirse la peculiaridad de la relación tributaria pronto nos deparamos con la diferenciación de la demanda nascida en el recorrido dinámico de esta relación. La comprensión de la tributación en cuanto fenómeno socioeconómico permanece, a veces, atada a antiguos conceptos, entre los cuales, el axioma de la debilidad de la Hacienda Pública que se firmó, en Brasil, a lo largo del recorrido histórico de construcción del Derecho Tributario. Sin embargo, desde la tributación de las primeras décadas del siglo XX para la tributación actual importantes cambios culturales y tecnológicos repercutieron profundamente en la fisionomía de la relación fiscal. Sociedad, economía, Estado y tecnología ya no son los mismos. La informatización afecta decisivamente las relaciones entre Estado y ciudadano particularmente en el ámbito fiscal. En la sociedad contemporánea, el antiguo dogma brasileño de la fragilidad del Estado hacía el contribuyente debe que ser revisado, considerando la frecuencia de su utilización por la doctrina y jurisprudencia, no se puede concebir que el sistema procesal, a propósito de garantizar la protección del interés público venga a subvertir derechos individuales fundamentales basándose en la necesidad de corregir una vulnerabilidad estatal no demostrada ni en el aspecto jurídico ni fático. En análisis comparativo se observo que España trata el tema de forma distinta ya que el Tribunal Constitucional ha establecido el carácter de potentior persona de la administración tributaria, pues la Constitución española al configurar el deber tributario como deber constitucional, está autorizando al legislador para que, dentro de un sistema tributario justo, adopte las medidas que sean eficaces y atribuya a la Administración las potestades que sean necesarias para exigir y lograr el exacto cumplimiento de sus obligaciones fiscales por parte de los contribuyentes, potestades que por esencia sitúan a la Administración en una situación de superioridad sobre los contribuyentes. El Tribunal ha declarado la constitucionalidad de diversas prerrogativas o de situaciones de superioridad, en general, a las Administraciones Públicas, pero siempre a partir de la existencia de algún bien o principio constitucional cuya preservación justificara su reconocimiento. Así, respecto de la auto-tutela, con fundamento en el principio de eficacia (SSTC 22/1984, 148/1993 y 78/1996), o de los intereses a favor de la Hacienda por el impago de los tributos, para evitar riesgos en el funcionamiento del sistema tributario (STC 76/1990); del mismo modo, ha atendido a la demora inercial o institucional de la Hacienda para justificar una menor cuantía de los intereses procesales que ha de satisfacer (STC 206/1993). Por tanto, solo se admite, en España, el trato privilegiado de la Hacienda cuando exista un bien o principio constitucional cuya protección exige este trato. Al fin, se propone la urgente desmitificación del axioma brasileño de debilidad de la Hacienda Pública en la relación tributaria reconociéndose, como en España, el carácter potentior persona de la Hacienda Pública en las relaciones tributarias, buscándose la disminución de la desigualdad de fuerzas. Considerando que la función jurisdiccional del Estado, a pesar de ser uno de los más valiosos instrumentos de defensa del contribuyente, es capaz de generar susceptibilidad, siendo la vulnerabilidad procesal de este palpable y cotidianamente sentida en los distintos tribunales, hay que establecerse procedimientos céleres, con carácter especial, a los procesos tributarios, bajo la concepción que los efectos del tiempo en el proceso están directamente relacionados con la condición de específica vulnerabilidad del contribuyente en el proceso tributario, y sus consecuencias jurídicas pueden ser verificadas tanto en las situaciones de demora excesiva del proceso como en aquellas circunstancias en que se da la reducción abrupta de las fases procesales o mismo la extinción prematura del proceso. Debe que reconocerse que la garantía del proceso tributario en tiempo razonable es destinada, sobretodo, al individuo en cuanto parte y no al Estado, que, aún siendo parte en algunas situaciones, también es el responsable por la actividad juzgadora. En virtud de la característica de la relatividad del tiempo en razón de la persona es que los daños del proceso de duración no razonable deben ser evaluados distintamente, cuando se trate del Estado o del individuo. Bibliografía más relevante ALBARIÑO, J.: Los pactos internacionales de las Naciones Unidas de 16 de Diciembre de 1966. In: CASADEVANTE ROMANI, C. F. (org.). Derecho Internacional de los derechos humanos. Madrid: Dilex, 2000. ALEXY, Robert.: Teoría de los Derechos Fundamentales. (Trad. Ernesto Garzón Valdés). 1 ed. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2002. ÁLVAREZ SACRISTÁN, Isidoro.: La justicia y su eficacia ¿ De la constitución al proceso. Madrid: Editorial Colex, 1999. ANDOLINA, Italo.: ¿Cognizione¿ ed ¿esecuzione forzata¿ nel sistema della tutela giurisdizionale. Milano: Guiufrè, 1983. ANDRADE MARCONI, Marina: Metodologia científica para o curso de Direito. São Paulo; Atlas, 2000. ASIS ROIG, R. de; ANSAUTEGUI ROIG, F.J.: Los Derechos Humanos en las colonias de Norteamérica. In: PECES-BARBA MARTÍNEZ, G.; FERNÁNDEZ, E. (dir.) Historia de los derechos fundamentales. Madrid: Dykinson, 1998. T. 1. BANDRES SANCHEZ-CRUZAT, José Manuel.: Derecho fundamental al proceso debido y el Tribunal Constitucional. Cizur Menor (Navarra): Aranzadi. 1992. BASTIDA FREIJEDO, Francisco J.; VILLAVERDE MENÉNDEZ, Ignacio; REQUEJO RODRIGUEZ, Paloma; PRESNO LINERA, Miguel Ángel; ALÁEZ CORRAL, Benito; FERNÁNDÉZ SARASOLA, Ignacio.: Teoría general de los derechos fundamentales en la constitución española de 1978. Madrid: Tecnos, 2004. BECCARIA, C.: De los delitos y de las penas. (Trad. Juan Antonio de las Casas). Madrid: Alianza, 1980. BECK, U.: La Sociedad del Riesgo. Barcelona: Paidós, 1998. BELLOCH JULBE, J.A.: Las dilaciones indebidas. In Madrid: Jueces para la Democracia, num. 07. 1989. BELTRÁN, Jorge Ruben.: El principio constitucional de adecuada tutela jurisdiccional en materia tributaria, estudios de derecho constitucional tributaria ¿ en homenaje al Prof. Juan Carlos Luqui (Coordinación Horacio A. García Belsunce). Buenos Aires: Depalma, 1994. BERLIRI, Antonio.: Principios de Derecho Tributario. Prólogo ao volumen III, Madrid: Ed. Derecho Financiero, 1964. BETTINI, R.; PELLEGRNI, F.: Circolo vizioso giudizirio o circolo legislativo? La durata del procedimenti giudiziari in Italia. In: Rivista Trim. di Diritto Procedura Civile, n. 1, anno 54, mar-2000. BOBBIO, N.: El tiempo de los derechos. Madrid: Editoral Sistema, 1991. CABRAL BARRETO, I.: Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem. Lisboa: Editorial Notícias, 1995. CABRAL BARRETO, Irineu.: Jurisprudência do novo Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos. In: Revista Sub Judice ¿ Justiça e Sociedade. Nº. 28. outubro/2004. CARRASCO PARRILLA, Pedro José.: Consecuencias del retraso en el pago de las deudas tributarias. Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2000. CORDÓN MORENO, F.: Sobre la titularidad por parte de los poderes públicos del derecho fundamental a la tutela efectiva. In Madrid: La Ley, 1983. t.3. pp. 58-64. COSSIO DÍAZ, José Ramón.: Estado social y derechos de prestación. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 1989. COSTA ANDRADE, Manuel.: Sobre as proibições de prova no processo penal. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1992. COUTURE, Eduardo.: Estudios de derecho procesal civil. 2. ed. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Depalma, 1978. CRUZ E TUCCI, J. R.: Tempo e processo. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 1997. DE GIORDI, R.: Democracia e risco. Porto Alegre: Sergio Antonio Fabris, 1998. DELGADO BARRIO, Javier.: Proyección de las decisiones del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos en la jurisprudencia española. VVAA, ¿El Poder Judicial en Europa (Ponencia de la conferencia en Madrid de los Presidentes y Fiscales Generales de los Tribunales Supremos de los Estados miembros de las Comunidades Europeas¿, 1989. t. II DÍEZ-PICAZO, I.G.: Reflexiones sobre algunas facetas del derecho fundamental a la tutela judicial efectiva. In: Madrid: Cuadernos de Derecho Público, n. 10, pp.13-37, mayo-ago, 2000. FAVOREU, Luís.: La jurisprudencia constitucional de los derechos fundamentales. VVAA. La garantía constitucional de los derechos fundamentales. Alemania, España, Francia e Italia. Madrid: Civitas, 1991. FERNÁNDEZ RUIZ, Jorge.: Derecho Administrativo. 1. ed. México: McGraw-Hill/Interamericana, 1997. FERNÁNDEZ-VIAGAS BARTOLOME, Placido.: El derecho a un proceso sin dilaciones indebidas. Madrid: Civitas, 1994. FERRAJOLI, L.: Derechos y garantías. Madrid: Trotta, 1999. FERREIRA MENDES, G.; MÁRTIRES COELHO, I.; GONET BRANCO, P.G.: Hermenêutica constitucional e direitos fundamentais. Brasília: Brasília Jurídica, 2000. FERREIRO LAPATZA, José Juan.: Curso de Derecho Financiero Español. 18. ed. Madrid: Marcial Pons, 1996. FIGUERUELO BURRIEZA, Ángela.: El derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva. Madrid: Tecnos, 1990. FREIXES SANJUAN, Teresa.: Estructura jurídica y función constitucional de los derechos. Introducción al sistema de derechos de la Constitución española de 1978. Barcelona: PPU, 1992. GARCÍA MORILLO, J.: La justicia en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional. Madrid: Ministerio de Justicia. 1987. GARCÍA PONS, Enrique.: Responsabilidad del Estado: La justicia y sus límites temporales. Barcelona: José María Bosch, 1997. GIMENO SENDRA, Vicente.: Constitución y Proceso. Madrid: Tecnos, 1988. GOMES CANOTILHO, J.J.: Direito Constitucional e Teoria da Constituição. 7. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2003. GOMES CANOTILHO, J.J; MOREIRA, V.: Constituição da República Portuguesa anotada. 3. ed. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora, 1993. HÄBERLE, P.: Pluralismo y constitución. Madrid: Tecnos, 2002. HESSE, K.: Elementos de Direito Constitucional da República Federal da Alemanha. Porto Alegre: Sergio Antonio Fabris, 1998. KONDER COMPARATO, Fabio.: A afirmação Histórica dos Direitos Humanos. 5. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2007. LARENZ, K.: Derecho justo: fundamentos de ética jurídica. Madrid: Civitas, 1985. LECCISOTTI, Mario.: Introduzione. Il Contencioso Tributário: Probleme e Propesttive di Riforma. Milano: Cedam, 1992. LEDESMA, H.: El sistema interamericano de protección de los derechos humanos. 2. ed. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, 1999. PASTOR PRIETO, Santos.: ¡Ah de la justicia! Política judicial y economía. Madrid: Civitas, 1993. PASTOR, Daniel R.: El Plazo Razonable en el Proceso del Estado de Derecho. Buenos Aires: Ad-Hoc, 2002. PEREZ LUÑO, A.E.: Los derechos fundamentales. 5. ed. Madrid: Tecnos, 1993. PÉREZ ROYO, J.: Curso de derecho constitucional. 7. ed. Madrid: Marcial Póns, 2000. PRIETO RODRÍGUEZ, J.I.: Dilaciones indebidas y Derecho penal. Madrid: Akal Ediciones, 1997. REPORT of the Evaluation Group to the Committee of Ministers on the European Court of Human Rights. In: Human Rights Law Journal, v. 22, n. 5-8, nov-2001. RIBA TREPAT, C.: La eficacia temporal del proceso. El juicio sin dilaciones indebidas. Barcelona: Bosch, 1997. SOUSA SANTOS, Boaventura (org.).: Conhecimento Prudente para uma Vida Decente: `Um Discurso sobre as Ciências¿ revisitado. 2. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2006. VIEIRA ANDRADE, J.C.: Os direitos fundamentais na Constituição portuguesa de 1976. 2. ed. Coimbra: Almedina, 2001.

"Una gran parte de la población sigue encerrada en la jaula de la melancolía, (…). El priísmo es una enfermedad política y muchos mexicanos son portadores del virus."(…) "En México (…) creció una cultura política que definió un carácter nacional sumergido en la desidia, la zozobra, el relajo, el sentimentalismo, el resentimiento y la evasión. En esta cultura no había espacio para la dignidad. El pueblo era definido como una masa de indios agachados y de pelados albureros. En esta cultura cantinflesca (donde) no cabía la dignidad democrática (se) legitimó al autoritarismo nacionalista del que surgió esa patología, ese morbo melancólico que engendró el régimen de la revolución institucionalizada"ROGER BARTRA"La Jaula Abierta"Noviembre 2011I.- Situación GeneralLa prensa internacional ha hecho amplio eco a la desaparición y presumible ejecución de 43 normalistas rurales provenientes del poblado de Ayotzinapan, Guerrero, cuando manifestaban en la ciudad de Iguala, en el mismo Estado. Quizás menos conocida para los lectores sea otra matanza que se llevó a cabo unos días previos en Tlatlaya, Estado de México, de 22 personas, hasta donde se sabe inocentes de todo crimen, en manos de elementos del ejército mexicano.Los casos de Iguala y Tlatlaya "son las peores atrocidades que hemos visto en México en años, pero no se trata de incidentes aislados", dijo José Miguel Vivanco Director Ejecutivo para las Américas de Human Rights Watch. El Director Ejecutivo Vivanco es muy joven o está mal informado.La historia del PRI y del régimen populista mexicano es la historia de, cómo mínimo, cuarenta años de un autoritarismo sangriento, sólo superado en el mundo, eso sí, por los totalitarismos comunistas stalinistas-maoistas, los nazi-fascistas o los regímenes dictatoriales militares que pulularon en América Latina.La memoria popular cotidiana de la ciudadanía mexicana indica claramente que, arrancando por la monumental (e incomensurada hasta hoy) masacre de Tlatelolco en 1968 (era necesario "preservar la imagen de México" porque venían las Olimpíadas para lo cual los soldados ametrallaron a mansalva a miles de estudiantes), siguiendo por la muerte sistemática, año tras año, de periodistas que colocan a México en el top más peligroso del ranking americano de la organización Reporteros Sin Fronteras ("México es uno de los países más peligrosos del mundo para los periodistas; las amenazas y los asesinatos a manos del crimen organizado –incluso de las autoridades corruptas– son cosa de todos los días. Este clima de miedo, junto con la impunidad que prevalece, genera autocensura, perjudicial para la libertad de información". http://es.rsf.org/report-mexico,184.html), o las más de 5000 mujeres asesinadas en Ciudad Juárez en los últimos años, o las muchas centenas de asesinatos masivos llevados a cabo en los Estados del Norte del país, el régimen priísta ha sido históricamente uno de los más represivos.Un solo ejemplo más del año 2010. En agosto de ese año, 72 trabajadores migrantes fueron acribillados en San Fernando, estado de Tamaulipas, presumiblemente por los narco-traficantes de la banda de Los Zetas. Cuatro años después sólo 12 cadáveres han sido identificados.Y podríamos terminar disgustando al lector con una macabra enumeración de muertos, fosas comunes, asesinatos masivos, arreglos de cuentas entre facciones políticas, sindicales, amaneceres en los pueblos con cadáveres colgando de los puentes, traficantes de vidas humanas, de armas, de drogas y de todo lo que sea posible imaginar.Así que, lo que sí es pertinente de lo que denuncia recientemente Human Rights Watch, es que "…no son incidentes aislados…", aunque estén muy lejos de ser "las peores atrocidades".Como sucede casi de rutina, el gobierno mexicano es sistemáticamente reticente a investigar. En el caso que nos interesa ahora, por reciente y actual, las autoridades llevaron a cabo investigaciones tardías y, hasta ahora, ineficaces sobre las desapariciones forzadas de los 43 estudiantes en Iguala, Guerrero y sobre el asesinato de 22 personas en Tlatlaya, Estado de México. Human Rights Watch denuncia que, en el caso de Tlatlaya, los ministerios públicos estatales procuraron encubrir la actuación de militares obteniendo testimonios coaccionados de las testigos de los hechos.No solamente las procuradurías estatales no colaboran ni intentan aclarar lo acontecido: "Por el contrario, estos homicidios y desapariciones forzadas reflejan un patrón más amplio de abusos y son en buena medida consecuencia del persistente fracaso de las autoridades mexicanas para abordar este problema" (HRW). La situación no es muy distinta en lo referente a la Procuraduría a nivel federal. "No obstante, la respuesta inicial de la Procuraduría General de la República (PGR) a estos casos ha estado marcada por demoras significativas". (HRW)II.- Los dos casos recientes (en base a Informe de Human Rights Watch)A.- En el caso de Iguala, las autoridades iniciaron la investigación 10 días después de que los estudiantes desaparecieran."Estas demoras inexcusables han dañado fuertemente la credibilidad de la PGR y han generado una presión creciente para que este organismo muestre resultados", sostuvo Vivanco. "Pero sería un grave error que la PGR pasara de hacer poco o nada sobre estos casos a apurarse a llegar a conclusiones infundadas para dar respuestas sin sustento a los casos".En Iguala, cerca de 30 miembros de la policía municipal abrieron fuego sin previo aviso el 26 de septiembre contra tres autobuses que llevaban aproximadamente 90 normalistas de Ayotzinapa, hiriendo a más de 15 estudiantes, incluido uno que recibió un disparo en la cabeza y se encuentra en estado vegetativo. Durante este incidente y uno posterior en el cual personas no identificadas dispararon en contra de los estudiantes y otros civiles, seis personas perdieron la vida.Los estudiantes estaban regresando luego de haber tomado autobuses en Iguala con el propósito de viajar al Distrito Federal para participar en las manifestaciones conmemorativas del 2 de octubre, aniversario de la ya mencionada matanza de Tlatelolco.Los policías ordenaron a los estudiantes del tercer autobús que bajaran y los golpearon y los obligaron a punta de pistola a acostarse al costado del camino, dijeron testigos a Human Rights Watch. Luego, los policías obligaron a los estudiantes a subir a por lo menos tres autos de la policía, en los cuales se los llevaron. Aún se desconoce el paradero de 43 estudiantes.Las autoridades federales y estatales no intervinieron para proteger a los estudiantes, a pesar de que grupos locales de derechos humanos alertaron al gobierno del estado sobre los incidentes en el momento que estaba ocurriendo, y los autobuses fueron parados a 100 metros de una base militar.Más de 50 personas han sido detenidas y más de 20 han sido consignadas por su presunta participación en los hechos en Iguala. En sus sucesivas conferencias de prensa, el Procurador General de la Nación no ha aportado más que obviedades o generalidades salvo en lo que concierne a la evidente connivencia entre las autoridades municipales de Iguala que aparecen comprometidas y el gobernador de Guerrero (que ya comienza a "desaparecer" del caso) con el grupo del crimen organizado "Guerreros Unidos", con el que hay una notoria complicidad. Es de hacer notar que en la búsqueda de los 43 normalistas desaparecidos han aparecido varias fosas comunes de cuya existencia no se tenía conocimiento. Y se han encontrado cadáveres, calcinados algunos, en bolsas arrojadas a un río, otros que no coinciden con los desaparecidos. Todo indica que en los alrededores de Iguala están asentadas muchas fosas comunes o enterraderos de cadáveres de los que no se tenía el menor conocimiento.B.- En el episodio de Tlatlaya, la PGR tardó tres meses en intervenir.Los militares mataron a 22 personas que se encontraban dentro de una bodega vacía el 30 de junio. Según testigos y un informe de la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CNDH), al menos 12 de ellos fueron ejecutados extrajudicialmente.Fiscales detuvieron a dos de las tres testigos, las golpearon, asfixiaron repetidamente con una bolsa y amenazaron con abusar sexualmente para forzarlas a confesar que tenían vínculos con las personas asesinadas en los incidentes y a señalar que los militares no eran responsables de los asesinatos, determinó la CNDH. Una tercera testigo, quien vio cómo los militares ejecutaban a su hija, también fue amenazada y maltratada. Además, policías obligaron a las tres testigos a firmar documentos, cuyo contenido no pudieron leer.Durante semanas, la Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, el gobernador del Estado de México, y el Procurador General de Justicia del Estado de México sostuvieron la versión oficial, según la cual las personas ejecutadas habían muerto en un enfrentamiento y los militares habían actuado de forma adecuada.La PGR sólo intervino en la investigación de las presuntas ejecuciones tres meses después, luego de que la revista Esquire publicara el 17 de septiembre una entrevista a una de las testigos con su versión de los hechos.El 25 de septiembre detuvieron a 24 soldados y un teniente que presuntamente participaron en los incidentes, y consignó a ocho de ellos por violaciones a la disciplina militar. El 30 de septiembre, la PGR consignó a siete soldados y al teniente de "ejercicio indebido del servicio público". Tres de ellos además fueron acusados de "abuso de autoridad, homicidio calificado en agravio de ocho personas y alteración ilícita del lugar y vestigios del hecho delictivo".C.- En febrero de 2013, Human Rights Watch publicó un informe titulado "Los desaparecidos de México: el persistente costo de una crisis ignorada", donde se documentan 149 casos de desapariciones forzadas en los cuales existe evidencia convincente de la participación de agentes de todas las fuerzas de seguridad en los hechos, cometidos durante el gobierno de Felipe Calderón. Nadie ha sido condenado en estos casos de desaparición forzada ni en ningún otro cometido después de 2006, según información oficial. Estamos a fines de 2014 y la situación es la reseñada.III.- De la naturaleza del régimen mexicanoEl 11/10/1990, la Revista "Vuelta" organizó, bajo el título "La experiencia de la libertad", una serie de eventos televisivos en México donde concurrieron un buen número de intelectuales y periodistas. En la última entrega del ciclo (ciclo organizado, conviene precisarlo, en homenaje a la caída del Muro de Berlín y el desmantelamiento del comunismo del bloque soviético), Mario Vargas Llosa pronunció su conocida expresión: "El PRI es la dictadura perfecta". (Ver https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvHQIn21HJQ)Las anécdotas a próposito de esa caracterización, más bien imprecisa y algo efectista, los conflictos que ella desató entre Vargas Llosa, Octavio Paz y Enrique Krauze, entre otros, no son de particular interés aquí. Lo que conviene retener en esta nota editorial era que Vargas Llosa estaba utilizando un lenguaje equivocado para designar un estado de cosas brutalmente autoritario pero que no podía ser llamado "dictadura". De lo que Vargas Llosa hablaba era de un régimen populista y, como tal, brutalmente autoritario, como acaban de demostrar los acontecimientos hoy tratados por toda la prensa mundial.Nada de esto es nuevo. Ni siquiera la denominación que usamos que, quizás, lo único que aporta es una cierta precisión.El proceso de enquistamiento del populismo en México se relaciona con la historia posterior a la Revolución de 1910 en ese país. Si bien durante el siglo XIX, desde la Independencia hasta la caída de Porfirio Díaz, México padeció, por períodos, los clásicos procesos de caudillismo y autoritarismo que caracterizaron a toda América Latina, también es cierto que la lucha contra la ocupación francesa y el intento imperial de Maximiliano de Austria le dan a la historia mexicana de ese período una marcada originalidad.Entre otras, destaca el papel de Benito Juárez, en más de un sentido fundador y punto de partida del poderoso pensamiento liberal del México decimonónico, probablemente uno de los más significativos de América Latina.En un ya clásico y descollante texto ("México. A Biography of Power. A History of Modern México, 1810-1996", 1997, HarperCollins, NY.), Enrique Krauze da cuenta del paulatino proceso de distorsión y adulteración del liberalismo juarista a lo largo del extenso período porfiriano que terminará capturado por el positivismo (como sucedió en el Brasil, por ejemplo). Así y todo, tal era la fuerza del pensamiento liberal en México que la propia Revolución estallará como una reivindicación liberal y democrática en la voz de su primer líder y "Apóstol de la democracia", Francisco I. Madero.Al mismo tiempo Krauze explica cómo, algo más tarde, asesinado Madero, el régimen populista emergido de la Revolución del 10 reinventará e impondrá por la fuerza una historia antiliberal y autoritaria destinada a borrar el origen liberal y democrático de la Revolución y publicitará un relato caudillesco, autoritario, sanguinario, revanchista y antidemocrático que será la base de la tragedia populista mexicana hasta la fecha.El populismo mexicano se instauró, entonces, como la peor de las salidas políticas posibles a la Revolución iniciada en 1910. Luego de casi 20 años de guerra civil, la idea de construir una "solución política" que terminase con la hobbesiana "guerra de todos contra todos" que reinaba, se abre camino y se echan las bases del populismo mexicano. En lugar de intentar continuar en el camino de algunos tibios intentos de construir instituciones jurídicas civilizadas (como lo intenta Carranza), la solución para "detener la Revolución" tomará la forma de la construcción de un enorme aparato-partido corporativo, vertical y prácticamente único que se erigió en "El conductor" de la siempre castigada sociedad civil mexicana.La vigencia de este Leviatán populista va, al menos, de 1929 a la fecha. El nacimiento del Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), en 1929 bajo Calles, luego su mutación, en 1938, en el Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM) de Cárdenas y, finalmente, a partir de 1946, se verá emerger el increíble nombre de "Partido Revolucionario Institucional o PRI" que refleja, en su semántica intrínsecamente contradictoria, el carácter particularmente perverso ("la revolución institucionalizada") del régimen que describe Roger Bartra en nuestro acápite. Como se sabe, el PRI perderá las elecciones en el 2000 y, sorprendentemente, cederá el poder, permitiendo una alternancia política pacífica sorpresiva, luego del larguísimo período de autoritarismo populista resumido. Sin embargo, en 2012, el primer "tele-presidente" de México como acaba de bautizarlo Juan Villoro (redesquintopoder.com/villoro-reinodeoz/) asume el poder con la ya añeja tradición populista del PRI sobre sus esmirriados hombros.A diferencia de los recientes neo-populismos de circunstancia que nos aquejan hoy en América Latina, desde que fracasó el retorno de la democracia (chavismos, kirchnerismos, "correísmos", "orteguismos" y otros populismos parvenus), el populismo mexicano tiene más de 80 años cumplidos y es bastante "mayor" que el también sobreviviente peronismo. A diferencia de éste, el populismo mexicano en ocho décadas transformó a México en una sociedad altamente desigual, a la vez tradicional-campesina por un lado y moderna y razonablemente avanzada por el otro, al punto que es la socia comercial principal de los EE.UU. en la actualidad.Sin embargo, aunque el PRI fue un actor clave en la construcción de México que se visualiza a sí mismo como "moderno", nada de democráticamente muy rescatable hay en este desempeño histórico político.Comparte las características de muchos populismos (corrupción generalizada, carencias fundamentales en el funcionamiento del Estado de derecho, pervivencia de modalidades particularmente inciviles de manejo del Estado con la sociedad civil y una larguísima lista de problemas para gerenciar democráticamente al país) que están y siguen presentes en México. En la última década, el crimen organizado, que está destruyendo sectores enteros de la sociedad, es un proceso que, sin dudas, guarda relación con la raigambre populista del México post-revolucionario. Esto se ha transformado en una patología dentro de la patología política mexicana en la medida en que la élite política del país está en proceso de imbricación con los sectores sociales del crimen organizado.El ejemplo mexicano y sus probables derroteros son relevantes porque es el único caso, en América Latina, en el que el populismo se ha entronizado en "régimen". Si, en otros casos, el populismo puede concebirse como meras "formas de hacer política", "procesos de transición", "coyunturas fundacionales", o "intervenciones" populistas, en México el populismo se instaló como un verdadero régimen político cuya estabilidad/permanencia descansa (no en las instituciones del Estado de derecho) en las reglas consuetudinarias no escritas de la clase política "revolucionaria" emergente de la Revolución mexicana.La multiplicación de autoritarismos populistas a lo largo y a lo ancho de América Latina (y también más allá, pero eso no nos compete aquí) y el evidente retroceso de las formas democráticas republicanas, liberales y representativas nos obligan a vigilar al régimen mexicano con particular atención.N. de EditorialistaEn el momento de la redacción de esta nota, el régimen de Peña Nieto ha optado por detener y acusar de delincuencia organizada, motín, terrorismo y tentativa de homicidio a 11 estudiantes manifestantes detenidos en el desalojo del Zócalo de la Capital. No han tenido acceso a otro abogado que un defensor de oficio y ya han sido trasladados a cárceles de alta seguridad, sin juicio alguno, en Veracruz, los hombres, y en Nayarit, las mujeres.

Arlo Mueller ; The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, WeberState University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ; 8p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 video disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Arlo Mueller Interviewed By Steven F. Crane 12 March 2013 i ii Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Arlo Mueller Interviewed by Steven F. Crane 12 March 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Weber State University, Stewart Library iii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in the University Archives, which also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, Weber State University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Mueller, Arlo, an oral history by Steven F. Crane, 12 March 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. Arlo Mueller March 12, 2013 1 Abstract: Arlo Mueller participated in an oral history interview with Steve Crane of the Ogden Rotary Club on March 12, 2013 to share his experiences as a veteran of the Marine Corps. Arlo voluntarily enlisted in the Marines in 1942 and served in World War II with the Marine Air Squadron as a guard and an anti-aircraft machine gun operator. After separating from the military in 1945, Arlo became a member of the Ogden Fire Department from which he retired in 1968. He then worked as a fire inspector at Hill Field (Hill Air Force Base) and retired in 1975. SC: This is the fourth session of the 2013 Rotary Club and Weber State University Veteran's History project held March 12, 2013 at the George E. Whalen Ogden Veteran's Home. My name is Steve Crane, a member of the Ogden Rotary Club and I will be conducting this interview. Also present are Stacie Gallagher from Weber State University and my wife, Donna Crane. Our guest at this session is Arlo Mueller and we will be talking about Mr. Mueller's experiences in the military. First, I would like to thank you very much for being here, we appreciate your time. I would like to ask a few questions to start. I understand you were in the Marines and your date of birth is May 4, 1922. You were in the Marines from 1942 to 1945 and your rank was Corporal. You say your position was to do anything you were told. AM: I was trained with a 50 caliber machine gun for anti-aircraft fire and trained in the aircraft identification. I was with the Marine Air Squadron. My job was guard duty and it took a five man crew to run the machine gun. I had done just about anything that needed done, but most of it was guard duty. SC: How did you come to be in the Marines? 2 AM: The day after Pearl Harbor, my buddy and I went down to enlist in the Navy and we got there and the line was about two blocks long and we had to get back to work. So at about 11:00, we went to work and I didn't join until later on. SC: You said the Navy, but you ended up joining the Marines? AM: Yes. We were going to join the Navy, but it was such a long line and we got tired of waiting and went back to work and sometime later I joined the Marines. SC: Where did you receive your training? AM: San Diego. SC: When you went overseas, where did you go? What were some of the locations that you served? AM: When I left boot camp, I was in the hospital and the platoon was graduating and I was by myself. They sent me to North Lyre which was a Navy base and were starting a brand new squadron now, so we were a charter member of the checkerboard squadron. We left there and I went to school in Norman, Oklahoma and they went to Cherry Point, South Carolina, which was a Marine boot camp. We spent three months gathering other people to get the squadron formed. Then we went to Hawaii for three months of training in Hawaii. That's where I got my experience with the 50 caliber machine gun. From San Diego, we were on a new aircraft carrier Hornet, the old one got sunk. There were 6,000 men and 300 airplanes on this one ship. We slept on the deck on a cot underneath the wing of the airplane. We had two meals a day. After we had our three months or so, we got on another aircraft carrier and went to Espirito Santos, it was a staging point 3 for all the battles in the war in the Pacific. There was a big base there. We had this crew of ground defense and these other guys to protect the pilots and I was on guard duty. They sent this crew of 25 of us to Ulithi. Rabal is a Japanese base comparable to the one that we left and they were given some trouble up around Ulithi. Our squadron was supposed to go up and eliminate this problem. We got there and the planes never showed up. They got sent to the Palawan Islands owned by the British, they had some problems there. So, we had to turn around and come back by an old merchant marine ship to go back to Espirito Santos. As we came out, they had that submarine hatch closed and they opened that up to let us and the merchant marine ship in front of us got torpedoed by a submarine and we had to go 1000 miles all by ourselves. No escort or anything and this old thing would only go ten miles an hour. It was going downhill and no light, no noise or anything. It was a long way back. SC: Which islands were you headed for? AM: We went to Ulithi to get the planes to bomb the Japs in Rabal, then we'd come back to Ulithi. Our planes never arrived, so we went back and regrouped. So, we got all regrouped and the 1st of March, they put us aboard an LST, do you know what that is? SC: A landing craft? AM: It's a landing craft. We call it a "Long Slow Target." It's actually a landing ship for tanks and stuff like that. So we started to load this LST and we got everything all together and we just floated around out in the ocean waiting for the invasion of Okinawa to get all our things together. In the China seas, the ground swells are 4 about 35 to 40 feet. I was sitting on my bunk and there was not much room between the bunks, they were so crowded. All of a sudden, a guy came up and starting beating the heck out of me and pounding on me. All I could do was reach up and grab him around the waist. It's a good thing I did that because his appendix had ruptured and if I would have hit him or anything it would have killed him. They took him to the galley, tied him down and took his appendix out when the whole ship was floating around there. The L-day was April 1, 1945 for Okinawa. SC: That was the invasion day? AM: Yes. It was a very easy landing. I thought, "Gee, this is a cakewalk." They didn't get into any trouble on the third day and the Japanese never put an opposition for landing, but they had ten years to build caves. I called them killing fields. They had everything zero-in on this little valley and let these guys walk into it. Our planes came in about April 6, 1945 and we didn't know it, but up on the mountain across the way there was a 6-inch German Naval gun on railroad tracks that had everything zeroed-in for twenty miles around where we were at. He shelled us for about two months. We called him "Pistol Pete." One day, he took a pot shot at a battleship in the bay and it blew him out of the hill with a 14-inch shell after about two months. SC: The battleship fired back at him and took him out? AM: Yes, he got too cocky I guess. We said, "They got "Pistol Pete" last night. SC: How long were you on Okinawa? 5 AM: Three months. We left just a few days before it was over and I had my 18 months in and I was on my way home. This army started shooting artillery and saying, "The war is over, the war over." They jerked us off of the ship and took the occupation troops to Japan. We unloaded beer for about two weeks until we got a new ship. It was a converted luxury liner and there were thousands of people on that ship. I had the best duty of my whole career on that ship. They gave me a belt and I'd walk the nurse's quarters and keep the officers off. SC: Keep the officers away from the nurses? AM: Yes. We'd keep the officers away from the nurses and walk the corridors where there were 45 of them. SC: Were you on any other islands other than Okinawa? AM: We had been through almost all the others on the ship, but we never actually had any battle or anything. SC: How close contact did you come with the enemy? AM: Well, I don't want to talk too much about what actually happened. When I came in here I had a monkey on my back, and now I've got an angel on my shoulder. So, I'd rather not go into any details that happened. My wife is the only one that knew that I was this way until I told the doctor in here about what my problems were. SC: Were you ever wounded yourself? AM: No, thank God. I had a lot of fun. Well, it wasn't fun either, but – SC: Did you make some close friends in the Marines? 6 AM: It's funny, the guys from the East Coast were hard to get acquainted with. The Westerners were really easy to get acquainted with. If you'd make a friend with one of those guys you had a real friend. The guys from different parts of the country were different. SC: Have you remained close with any of your Marine friends? AM: No. There was one guy I kept for a while, but I haven't contacted any of the others at all. Our Lieutenant disappeared when we went ashore. We didn't know what happened to him. Two years after the war, I was just reading a magazine article that said, "True War Stories." It told about this doctor from Oregon that had to put sandbags on the operating table with this guy that had a live 20mm round in his thigh because he didn't want to explode. He had to put his arms in sandbags to operate on this Marine. I found out that it was our Lieutenant Stevens. It's strange, you know. SC: What have you done since your service? AM: When I came home on my 30 day leave, my uncle worked in the fire department and I stopped by to talk to him. He said, "There's going to be an opening here, what are you waiting for?" So, I put in my application. When I came back on the train the next day I took the test and about a year later I got hired. I retired from the Ogden Fire Department in 1968 and I went to Hill Field and retired from Hill Field in 1975 as a fire inspector. SC: So you've been a fireman and a fire inspector in your life? Do you have children? AM: I have one son. He's 66 years old. 7 SC: Where is he living? AM: He lives in West Point. We've been going to the Golden Corral for breakfast every morning for about seven years. SC: Is that right? AM: Yes, and they know us. We go at 10:30 a.m. and have breakfast and stay for a couple hours and talk. SC: How many grandchildren? AM: My son has three children and the one son had two and the other one has four and had another one yesterday, so I've got seven. SC: Has your wife passed away or is she still with you? AM: She passed away with Alzheimer's. I took care of her for about three years and I couldn't go any further so we put her in a rest home and she died two weeks later. SC: Arlo, thank you for being with us. Is there anything else you would like to share with us that you think we ought to know about your life and your experiences? AM: I lived in South Ogden for forty years and for thirty years I've been to every council meeting in South Ogden. I videotape their meetings and all kinds of stuff. They didn't like me too well, but I kept them on the straight and narrow. I took one mayor to the grand jury. SC: You did? AM: Yes, I was a nice fellow. 8 SC: Sometimes we need citizens to keep track of our elected officials, don't we? AM: That's true. I could say a lot of stuff, but we won't go into it. SC: Well, thank you for being here. It's been a wonderful experience getting to know you and I just want to thank you for your service. My generation is the next generation from yours. My dad served in the World War II and we really appreciate what you did for us. I think the world is a better place for what you did. DC: I hope when I'm 90 years old, I'm in as good a shape as you. SC: I hope she's here when she's ninety years old. AM: Yes. I never smoked and I never drank and I worked hard. That's why I enjoy it here. This is all I own right here is that pair of pants and I'm just as happy. No pressure or anything. I'm enjoying it. SC: Sometimes, the simple life is the best. AM: I've never wanted to be the mayor or the president or anything. I just want to be left alone and be me. SC: Well, thank you for coming. We sure do appreciate you.

AMÉRICA LATINAEl priista Peña Nieto sobrevive al segundo debate electoral en México.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18392041 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339389512_089683.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339388032_196682.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481215-pena-nieto-consolida-su-ventaja#comentar http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/06/12090303-mexican-presidential-candidate-becomes-poster-boy-for-infidelity?lite http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/americas/mexicos-final-presidential-debate-lacks-fire.html?ref=world&gwh=9DB2BB122D5C378AFD9CCC79BC75B592Estado mexicano sigue luchando la guerra contra el narcotráfico.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18418374http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47783671/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/#.T9f80FLMqw4 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/americas/us-braces-for-mexican-shift-in-drug-war-focus.html?_r=1&ref=world&gwh=F45FE3DDEDDB5A073BD231F284902C8B http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47733123/ns/world_news-americas/#.T9f8_FLMqw4Islas Malvinas votará a través de referéndum su status político.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18412195 http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/12/world/americas/falklands-referendum/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/ilhas-malvinas-decidirao-em-referendo-se-continuam-britanicas-5177979#ixzz1xdOjkSIA http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/12/12185386-falkland-islands-to-hold-referendum-on-rule-by-britain-or-argentina?lite7Presidenta argentina lleva caso de Malvinas a la ONU.http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/852945.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cristina-fernndez-reclamar-las-malvinas-en-la-onu_11941302-4Chávez presenta su candidatura para perpetuarse dos décadas más en el poder.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/americas/venezuela-http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/chavez-de-governante-onipresente-candidato-virtual-5170666http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481271-chavez-se-inscribio-para-luchar-por-la-reeleccion#comentarhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18403483chavez/index.html?hpt=wo_bn http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/6F70BA90-B40A-4B0F-92CE-ABD32EF33991.htm?id={6F70BA90-B40A-4B0F-92CE-ABD32EF33991}http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/world/americas/mexico-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339408816_653974.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/americas/venezuela-chavez/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8El líder opositor venezolano también formaliza su candidatura en un acto multitudinario.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339408816_653974.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/miles-de-personas-marchan-en-caracas-con-el-candidato-de-la-oposicin_11935185-4Venezuela tendrá fábrica de pólvora y de aviones no tripulados: Chávez.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/chavez-impulsara-fabrica-de-polvora-y-de-aviones-no-tripulados_11942783-4El homenaje a Pinochet se celebra en Chile pese a la indignación ciudadana.http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/video/2012/06/11/un-hommage-a-pinochet-vire-a-l-affrontement-dans-les-rues-de-santiago_1716206_3222.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/10/actualidad/1339342219_508856.html http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/americas/chileans-protest-pro-pinochet-film-screening.html?ref=world&gwh=51257F566C91D6730BAB7494ACD8BBFA http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18388571Crimen amenaza el Día de los Enamorados en Brasil. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18417137 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/world/americas/in-brazil-violence-hits-tribes-in-scramble-for-land.html?ref=world&gwh=E2EFFCBDB6B44EB0CA8B5A2E4BF68943Presidente de Brasil, Dilma Rousseff, orgullosa de su política de protección a la forestación.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18396917Bolivia critica la posición de Brasil de dar asilo a líder de la oposición.http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/bolivia-critica-decisao-do-brasil-de-dar-asilo-lider-da-oposicao-5180916#ixzz1xdOyw08rRescatadores buscan sobrevivientes de barco con migrantes haitianos que se hundió en Bahamas.http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/12/2846324/survivors-mourn-haitian-migrants.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/12/world/americas/haiti-boat-deaths/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Colombia es el país más bélico de Latinoamérica, según índice global.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/los-pases-ms-pacficos-y-ms-blicos-del-mundo_11937541-4Arrestado ex jefe de la armada boliviana.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/12/world/americas/bolivia-ex-general-arrested/index.htmlPolémica en Ecuador por cierre de seis medios por incumplir contratohttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/polmica-en-ecuador-por-cierre-de-seis-medios-por-incumplir-contrato_11941303-4Perú: 14 muertos en accidente en helicóptero.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/world/americas/peru-helicopter/index.htmlSecretaría de Unasur pasa a Venezuelahttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/internacional/noticias/832EE726-CAD8-4FCA-810E-172D26C29564.htm?id={832EE726-CAD8-4FCA-810E-172D26C29564}http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/unasur-pasa-este-lunes-a-manos-venezolanas_11935482-4Narco jamaiquino condenado a 23 años de prisión.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/08/world/americas/jamaica-drug-lord-sentenced/index.htmlNo se llega a un acuerdo entre las naciones sobre Cumbre Rio+20.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18412306"BBC" publica: "El agua no llega a La Habana".http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2012/06/120612_video_cuba_agua_tuberias_cch.shtmlGuatemala abre extraditación de capo del cártel de Sinaloa.http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/853099.html Alianza del Pacífico El nuevo bloque latinoamericano. http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/2C64B9D6-09A0-4DC2-87DF-F8D9610CB5D3.htm?id={2C64B9D6-09A0-4DC2-87DF-F8D9610CB5D3} ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁDiversos medios hacen referencia a elecciones en Estados Unidos.http://elpais.com/tag/elecciones_eeuu_2012/a/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/853125.htmlhttp://clesnes.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/06/07/romney-depasse-obama-dans-la-course-a-largent/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/853087.html"El País" de Madrid analiza: "Obama deja su reelección en manos de Europa".http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/08/actualidad/1339185138_833447.htmlClinton busca soluciones para la escalada de violencia en Siria. http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/12/12190111-clinton-says-russia-is-sending-gunships-to-syria-could-escalate-conflict-quite-dramatically?liteTiroteo en Alabama deja tres muertos y dos heridos.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/tiroteo-en-alabama-deja-tres-muertos-y-dos-heridos_11935063-4http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eua-tiroteio-deixa-vitimas-perto-de-universidade-no-alabama-5161815#ixzz1xdP8JTbJ Joe Arpaio, la pesadilla de los hispanos en Arizona.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/joe-arpaio-la-pesadilla-de-los-hispanos-en-arizona_11934955-4Estados Unidos exime a 7 economías de las sanciones de petróleo iraní . http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15494317.htmPoder adquisitivo de los estadounidenses se redujo casi un 40%.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/poder-adquisitivo-de-los-estadounidenses-se-redujo_11937522-4Fallece la segunda víctima del tiroteo en centro comercial de Toronto. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/americas/canada-mall-shooting/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8Obama: "No todo puede ser recortar mientras el desempleo crece".http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/08/actualidad/1339167796_597012.htmlPolicía de Montreal dispersa manifestantes que atacaron bancos.http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2012/06/11/montreal-la-police-disperse-des-manifestants-qui-s-en-sont-pris-a-des-banques_1716059_3222.htmlLatinos, gran potencial electoral en Estados Unidos, pero indecisos. http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/latinos-gran-potencial-electoral-en-ee-uu-pero-indecisos_11934184-4"The Economist" analiza situación económica de los Estados Unidos.http://www.economist.com/node/21556585 EUROPA"Le Monde" publica: "Italia se hunde en vías de la recesión".http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/06/11/en-italie-la-recession-se-confirme-au-premier-trimestre_1716176_3234.htmlDiversos medios hacen referencia a la crisis de la eurozona.http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/06/09/les-banques-espagnoles-auraient-besoin-de-40-milliards-d-euros-supplementaires_1715497_3234.htmlhttp://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15494235.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/05/world/europe/europe-banks-euros/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/business/global/banks-living-on-borrowed-money-and-time.html?ref=world&gwh=8F9CF71AAA58DB190906D048B46A9B11http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/06/euro-crisis-2La ayuda a los bancos de España: el rescate desilusiona a los mercados.http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2012/06/11/la-zone-euro-se-donne-un-repit-en-volant-au-secours-de-l-espagne_1716140_3214.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/mariano-rajoy-of-spain-steps-up-in-debt-crisis.html?ref=world&gwh=9661CEF65E30D0722921CFBAA4791AB8http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/06/11/rasserene-par-le-plan-d-aide-aux-banques-madrid-s-engage-a-poursuivre-les-reformes_1716136_3234.htmlhttp://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/business/spain-aid-questions-remain/index.html?hpt=wo_t5 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18405729 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1480985-mas-presion-sobre-rajoy-tras-el-rescate#comentar http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15496745.htmEl FMI dice que la Unión Europea debe tomar "medidas decisivas".http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481389-el-fmi-dice-que-que-la-union-europea-debe-tomar-medidas-decisivas#comentarLagarde pide una institución paneuropea que actúe directamente sobre los bancos.http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339213227_126831.htmlHollande anuncia el retiro de tropas francesas de Afganistán a comienzos de julio.http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/06/11/afghanistan-la-france-assure-maintenir-le-cap_1716182_3216.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339236734_178636.html http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2012/06/11/londres-s-oppose-a-bruxelles-sur-la-securite-des-forages_1716184_3244.htmlLa policía registra casas de opositores en vísperas de otra manifestación en Moscú.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339252648_995241.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339401160_501497.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/russia-arrests-5-more-people-in-protest-investigation.html?ref=world&gwh=6230662EA1BE339789560717631C718DManifestaciones contra presidente Putin: policía rusa allana casas de opositores en víspera de protesta. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/russia-protest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18405306 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/milhares-de-russos-vao-as-ruas-em-desafio-lei-antiprotestos-de-putin-5177127#ixzz1xdQo7H27 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/seis-meses-de-protestos-anti-putin-na-russia-5178621 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/internacional/noticias/5D1E6D4F-5C6E-42EF-80A3-8DEA35254FA9.htm?id={5D1E6D4F-5C6E-42EF-80A3-8DEA35254FA9} http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/11/12169615-russian-police-raid-opposition-leaders-homes-ahead-of-anti-putin-rally?lite http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481365-rusia-la-oposicion-copo-las-calles-de-moscu-en-repudio-a-putin#comentarhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/russia-arrests-5-more-people-in-protest-investigation.html?ref=world&gwh=6230662EA1BE339789560717631C718DRusia no se opondrá a la salida de El Asad si lo deciden solo los sirios.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339248424_826849.htmlRusia no autorizará en la ONU el recurso a la fuerza contra Siria.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/rusia-asegura-que-no-hay-alternativa-al-plan-annan-en-siria_11932181-4Elecciones de la Asamblea Nacional en Francia: ¿Qué tan poderoso será Hollande tras los comicios legislativos?.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/socialists-fare-well-in-french-parliamentary-elections.html?ref=world&gwh=1219927E6B2580B434B5C2D3BC5A1F24http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/10/actualidad/1339359958_334342.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339252648_995241.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/C19FE103-84E2-4509-A041-AF142A61D4F2.htm?id={C19FE103-84E2-4509-A041-AF142A61D4F2}http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/socialists-fare-well-in-french-parliamentary-elections.html?ref=world&gwh=1219927E6B2580B434B5C2D3BC5A1F24El ex primer ministro Brown y el ministro Osborne, ante la comisión Leveson.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/11/actualidad/1339405937_077176.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/world/europe/british-hacking-inquiry-questions-political-heavyweights.html?ref=world&gwh=4F0A6AA0D16458202754C1688D6DC037Los nuevos comicios auguran en Grecia un escenario más incierto que en mayo.http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18417642 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/09/actualidad/1339239030_443372.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481223-atenas-quiere-negociar-mejores-condiciones-para-su-rescate#comentar http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/11/12168468-greek-politician-who-attacked-rivals-on-tv-sues-victims-for-defamation?liteLa Unión Europea analiza un corralito si Grecia abandona el euro.http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481222-la-ue-analiza-un-corralito-si-grecia-abandona-el-euro#comentarAung San Suu Kyi viaja a Europa a recibir el Nobel de la paz.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/aung-san-suu-kyi-viaja-a-europa-a-recibir-tras-21-anos-el-nobel-de-paz_11941162-4Sismo en Turquía deja 60 personas heridas.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cerca-de-60-personas-heridas-tras-sismo-en-turqua_11935461-4Iglesias enfrentan a gobierno británico contra casamiento gay.http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/igrejas-enfrentam-governo-britanico-contra-casamento-gay-5179123 Suecos tuitean en la cuenta oficial del país. http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/internacional/noticias/19ABFB10-3E3A-4FB9-8EEE-88BA6E3D120E.htm?id={19ABFB10-3E3A-4FB9-8EEE-88BA6E3D120E}http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/europe/many-voices-of-sweden-via-twitter.html?ref=world&gwh=AAA0F4114326E31E13341CA8C6CA4E42"The Economist" analiza: "¿Alemania: un bote aparte?" .http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/06/germansAmnistía Internacional: Europa pone en peligro a migrantes.http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/853133.html ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTESiria tortura y utiliza a niños como escudos humanos.http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2012/06/11/l-armee-syrienne-libre-dement-la-presence-de-combattants-etrangers-dans-ses-rangs_1716185_3218.htmlhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/12/12178489-un-children-tortured-used-as-human-shields-in-syria?litehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481350-siria-en-la-lista-de-la-verguenza-de-la-onu-mata-y-tortura-ninos#comentarhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/12/12178489-un-children-tortured-used-as-human-shields-in-syria?liteEl opositor Consejo Nacional Sirio elige a un kurdo como su presidente.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/10/actualidad/1339325254_255146.htmlEjército sirio mata cientos de civiles, crece indignación por masacre.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ejrcito-sirio-mata-23-civiles-crece-indignacin-por-masacre_11932141-4http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/syrian-forces-shell-cities-as-opposition-picks-leader.html?ref=world&gwh=C89D7B56038B70F6DF419DABBD175AFFhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481216-ofensiva-de-al-assad-en-un-bastion-rebelde#comentar http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2012/06/syriaAl Assad acudió a empresas occidentales para lavar su imagen. http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/internacional/noticias/A4132A07-5989-4661-A3FE-0BB800704068.htm?id={A4132A07-5989-4661-A3FE-0BB800704068}Al menos 59 muertos y 200 heridos dejan atentados en Irak.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentados-en-irak_11939721-4Los combates y bombardeos se intensifican en la provincia siria de Homs.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/los-combates-y-bombardeos-se-intensifican-en-la-provincia-homs_11935583-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18417952http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15495913.htmFMI pronostica un crecimiento de 3.25% a Corea del Sur.http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15496504.htm"The Economist" analiza coyuntura económica india.http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2012/06/indias-slowdownAtaque suicida talibán mata a 4 soldados franceses en Afganistan.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47746558/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/#.T9f9U1LMqw4Hu Jintao pide "flexibilidad y pragmatismo" a Ahmadineyad.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/08/actualidad/1339169281_558475.htmlLa OTAN pide disculpas por una matanza de civiles en Afganistán.http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2012/06/11/l-otan-s-engage-a-ne-plus-bombarder-les-zones-habitees-en-afghanistan_1716058_3216.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/06/actualidad/1338979460_059133.htmlCrisis en Myanmar por choques entre budistas y musulmanes. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/asia/state-of-emergency-declared-in-western-myanmar.html?ref=world&gwh=815D59F28CA8AECF6954CECC7A7D7795 http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/asia/myanmar-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Tropas yemeníes toman bastión de Al Qaeda.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/12/world/meast/yemen-al-qaeda-battle/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Joven detenido en Bahréin es liberado bajo fianza.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11Dos ataques suicidas causan al menos 20 muertos en Kandahar.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/06/actualidad/1338967860_946474.htmlÁFRICAMubarak, sometido a intervención médica por complicación cardiaca.http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/11/world/africa/egypt-mubarak/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/mubarak-sometido-a-intervencin-mdica-por-complicacin-cardiaca_11935521-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1481113-mubarak-sufrio-dos-paros-cardiacos#comentarhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/_portada/noticias/25CA20B8-159C-47C5-A5C8-DBDF1AC157E7.htm?id={25CA20B8-159C-47C5-A5C8-DBDF1AC157E7}http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/10/actualidad/1339344359_268080.htmlLa CPI exige la liberación de cuatro delegados que visitaban al hijo de Gadafi.http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/06/10/actualidad/1339327431_258826.htmlTúnez declara toque de queda tras disturbios.http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/12/12188446-tunisia-declares-curfew-after-riots?litehttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/tunisia-impoe-toque-de-recolher-apos-disturbios-5182578http://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2012/06/11/ayman-al-zaouahiri-appelle-les-tunisiens-a-defendre-la-charia_1716093_1466522.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18416328Cadena perpetua a expresidente tunecino Ben Ali por violenta represión.http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cadena-perpetua-a-expresidente-tunecino-ben-ali_11941706-4Libia: atacan convoy de embajador británico.http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/06/12/internacional/internacional/noticias/0C823F9E-6A80-4CA5-985A-803325E7FA8F.htm?id={0C823F9E-6A80-4CA5-985A-803325E7FA8F} Se acercan las elecciones en Libia.http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15494290.htmAccidente aéreo en Nigeria.http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-06/12/content_15495545.htmhttp://www.miamiherald.com/2012/06/05/2833868/pilot-in-nigerian-plane-crash.html#storylink=cpyParte del gabinete de Kenia fallece en accidente.http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/africa/kenyan-government-official-killed-in-helicopter-crash.html?ref=world&gwh=FB765D2F169487347E841DE925FA4BB8http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/06/10/accident-d-helicoptere-au-kenya-un-ministre-parmi-les-victimes_1715755_3212.htmlhttp://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/10/12148558-kenyas-ex-vp-and-presidential-candidate-george-saitoti-killed-in-chopper-crash?liteSangrientos ataques en contra iglesias en Nigeria .http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47755595/ns/world_news-africa/#.T9f8yFLMqw4http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/africa/jos-and-biu-attacks-in-nigeria-target-christians.html?ref=world&gwh=6538014BAD0C32AF924FF7A8AD5AC30F OTRASReporte asevera que el mundo es un lugar más pacífico en comparación al año pasado.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/47777413/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.T9f7cVLMqw4Según reporte de ONG existen 21 millones de personas en situación de trabajo forzado.Para más información: http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/01/rights-group-21-million-now-in-forced-labor/?hpt=wo_c2"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21556630

En artículos anteriores hemos mencionado que los gobiernos percibidos como eficientes poseen altos niveles de opacidad. En esta lógica, los electores asumen que la honestidad es en Argentina demasiado costosa como para lograr una determinada eficiencia que desemboque en gobernabilidad. En este artículo haremos hincapié en el papel que en esta ecuación juega, por un lado, la inflación y, en segundo lugar, la imposibilidad de pensar jugadas de mediano y largo plazo.La inflación no es sólo una variable económica sino también de economía política. Básicamente, la inflación es asumida como una variable que genera ineficiencia. Sin embargo, en la dinámica introducida por el proyecto político iniciado en 2003 en Argentina, podemos recurrir a la hipótesis de que, en el corto-mediano plazo, tasas de inflación relativamente altas han sido eficientes para dicho proyecto en la construcción de gobernabilidad. Así, en la oposición "eficiencia versus transparencia" o en la ecuación "eficiencia-opacidad", la inflación aparecería aquí como una variable que contribuye en el corto-mediano plazo a la eficiencia y a la opacidad. Es decir, si es que hubiera un círculo vicioso entre eficiencia y opacidad, la aparición de la inflación como variable de economía política vendría a potenciar dicho círculo vicioso en la argentina contemporánea.Primero, ¿Qué es la inflación? Para ello, podemos recurrir a la revista británica The Economist, quien posee un diccionario de economía (http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z) donde se encuentran definidos en forma simple conceptos complejos. Para The Economist, la inflación es: "Rising PRICES, across the board. Inflation means less bang for your buck, as it erodes the purchasing power of a unit of currency. Inflation usually refers to CONSUMER PRICES, but it can also be applied to other prices (wholesale goods, WAGES, ASSETS, and so on). It is usually expressed as an annual percentage rate of change on an INDEX NUMBER. For much of human history inflation has not been an important part of economic life. Before 1930, prices were as likely to fall as rise during any given year, and in the long run these ups and downs usually cancelled each other out. By contrast, by the end of the 20th century, 60-year-old Americans had seen prices rise by over 1,000% during their lifetime…Inflation would not do much damage if it were predictable, as everybody could build into their decision making the prospect of higher prices in future. In practice, it is unpredictable, which means that people are often surprised by price increases. This reduces economic efficiency, not least because people take fewer risks to minimise the chances of suffering too severely from a PRICE SHOCK. The faster the rate of inflation, the harder it is to predict future inflation. Indeed, this uncertainty can cause people to lose confidence in a currency as a store of value. This is why HYPER-INFLATION is so damaging.Most economists agree that an economy is most likely to function efficiently if inflation is low. Ideally, MACROECONOMIC POLICY should aim for stable prices. Some economists argue that a low level of inflation can be a good thing, however, if it is a result ofINNOVATION." (1)La inflación es una variable central de la economía. Si bien la ciencia económica coincide mayormente que en el mediano-largo plazo la inflación es un fenómeno monetario (es decir, responde a un proceso de sistemática emisión de moneda por encima de la demanda de los agentes económicos), lo relevante para la economía política es preguntarse por qué el sector público ha debido recurrir a la emisión de moneda. Los estados se financian principalmente a través de 3 mecanismos: cobro de impuestos, emisión de deuda y emisión monetaria. Estos dos últimos mecanismos reflejan un escenario donde el sector público enfrenta mas gastos que ingresos.A diferencia de la emisión de deuda, la emisión de moneda posee la particularidad de no generar pago de intereses. A su vez, la mayoría de los estados (entre los que se encuentra Argentina) generalmente emiten deuda en moneda extranjera (básicamente dólares americanos). La emisión de deuda en moneda local es un privilegio que, en el mercado voluntario, tienen muy pocos países. En la historia económica contemporánea, sólo EE.UU. ha obtenido y podido ejercer ese privilegio a lo largo del tiempo. Como sostuvo el ex presidente de Francia Giscard d ´Estaing (cuando era ministro de Economía en la década del 60´), EE.UU. posee el "exorbitante privilegio" de emitir una moneda que es usada como reserva globalmente (2).Eso hace que la emisión de moneda sea un conveniente mecanismo de financiamiento en tanto el sector público no paga intereses y, por otro lado, puede cobrar parte de un impuesto no explicitado: la inflación.La dinámica inflacionaria refleja parte del nuevo ciclo populista. En la historia contemporánea Argentina la inflación ha sido una variable que expresaba la parte descendente de dicho ciclo: después de un primer momento donde se incrementaba el gasto, subían los salarios y se fortalecía el régimen en medio de un escenario global favorable, en un segundo momento estos beneficios se amesetaban y los costos relacionados comenzaban a aparecer. Así, se consolidaba un creciente déficit fiscal que repercutía en una mayor tasa de interés. En la segunda parte del siglo XX argentino, el creciente déficit se ha financiado con emisión monetaria.Sin embargo, el papel político de la inflación no ha sido repensado en su versión partidaria-electoral: si bien en la historia contemporánea argentina la suba sostenida de precios ha tenido siempre una correlación negativa con el desempeño electoral, el proceso kirchnerista (2003-2015) ha innovado en un punto central, utilizando el impuesto inflacionario como factor de atomización de la oposición partidaria. Paso seguido, la correlación negativa "inflación-desempeño electoral", ha dado paso a la correlación positiva "inflación-atomización de la oposición partidaria".En la experiencia argentina de la primera década del siglo XXI, la inflación ha funcionado como una variable que profundiza el ciclo económico. Es decir, la inflación ha sido no sólo un impuesto distorsivo y un fenómeno generador de corrupción sino que, en medio de los nuevos precios de las materias primas, ha funcionado como una política pro-cíclica.Podemos introducir aquí la relación analítica entre inflación y corrupción. Si bien la corrupción tiene una dimensión económica, posee otra dimensión, aún mas relevante para nuestro enfoque, que es de economía política. Para introducir este punto, necesitamos recurrir a la dinámica que establecimos entre eficiencia y transparencia, incorporando ahora a la inflación no sólo como variable económica sino, fundamentalmente, como variable de economía política. Para ello, podemos recurrir a un trabajo que estudia la relación entre inflación y corrupción. En su asbtract introductorio, Braun y Di Tella sostienen que:"We present a model where agents can inflate the cost of goods needed to start an investment project and inflation variability increases monitoring costs. We show that inflation variability can lead to higher corruption and lower investment. We document a positive relationship between corruption and inflation variability in a sample of 75 countries. Our paper highlights a new channel through which inflation reduces investment and growth, thus bridging the perception gap over the costs of inflation between economists and the public. We also find evidence that political competition reduces corruption and that corruption is pro-cyclical." (3) Los autores demuestran que la corrupción es pro-cíclica. Es decir, que la corrupción tiene tasas mas altas de crecimiento que la economía en épocas de expansión y tiene tasas mas bajas de crecimiento que la economía cuando ésta se desacelera. Por otro lado, Braun y Di Tella sostienen que la inflación contribuye a generar menos inversión y, por la tanto, a debilitar en el mediano plazo el ciclo económico. Sin embargo, una de las peculiaridades del período kirchnerista es la eficiente utilización de la inflación como variable económica pro-cíclica. Es decir, como variable relevante de la economía para potenciar el gasto público federal y el gasto privado en bienes de consumo.Históricamente, la falta de transparencia y la inflación han generado ineficiencias económicas. Sin embargo, en el caso particular de la inflación es posible encontrar una curva de Laffer con diferentes variables y alcances. Otra manera de interpretar la curva de Laffer es mencionar que una determinada tasa impositiva (en este caso, el impuesto es la tasa de inflación) tiene beneficios en el corto y perjuicios en el largo plazo.¿Cómo salir de la lógica (o trampa) "eficacia versus transparencia" que se ha ido paulatinamente construyendo desde 1983 en adelante? ¿Cómo cuestionar la extendida creencia de que el costo de la eficiencia es la corrupción y que el costo de la honestidad es la ineficiencia? En la dinámica contemporánea de la política argentina, eficiencia y transparencia han sido caminos paralelos. Siguiendo esta lógica, los actores relevantes de la política han debido así elegir entre uno u otro. Por ende, aquellos que aspiraran a representar ambos valores comprenderían en el corto-mediano plazo que la eficiencia lleva a la ausencia de transparencia y que la honestidad traería alguna forma de ingobernabilidad.Sin embargo, es posible que la dinámica de la democracia argentina puede pensarse precisamente como una inestabilidad causada por la imposibilidad de complementar en el largo plazo altos niveles de eficiencia con altos niveles de transparencia. Así, los actores relevantes que aspiren a representar ambos valores deberán repensar una estrategia que exponga los problemas del razonamiento hoy mayoritario. Es decir, mientras la percepción general es que la honestidad es factor de inestabilidad política en el corto-mediano y que la eficiencia es factor de opacidad en el mediano-largo plazo, es necesario repensar esa ecuación para sostener que una eficiencia opaca (que es estable en el corto-mediano) es a su vez inestable en el largo, mientras que una honesta ineficiencia (que es inestable en el corto plazo) es en realidad la manera de alcanzar una eficiencia transparente en el lago plazo.Podemos replantear la curva de Laffer buscando un punto T que, en lugar de maximizar la relación entre ingresos impositivos y presión tributaria, introduzca variables políticas para repensar la dinámica entre eficiencia y transparencia. La curva de Laffer original es la siguiente: Fuente: http://www.civitas.org.ukPaso seguido, la curva de Laffer que introducimos tiene en el eje Y eficiencia y en el eje X opacidad. A su vez, el eje X se divide en tres etapas de tiempo: corto, mediano y largo plazo. Fuente: Elaboración propia en base a Curva de LafferEl máximo T en el gráfico refleja el momento donde la eficiencia y la opacidad se complementan para alcanzar el punto mas alto de gobernabilidad posible. Antes de ese punto T, posicionado en el mediano plazo, nos encontrábamos en el corto plazo, donde un incremento en la opacidad repercutía en un mayor grado de gobernabilidad. Siguiendo esta lógica es posible pensar que parte de la percepción generalizada sobre la existencia de una dinámica "eficiencia versus transparencia" se explica en realidad por la imposibilidad de pensar en Argentina la gobernabilidad en el largo plazo. Dado que los actores políticos y electorales no tienen información disponible sobre qué podría suceder en el largo plazo, las decisiones relevantes pasan a tener un horizonte de corto-mediano plazo y, en ese escenario, es donde ha devenido racional pensar la transparencia como una condición con costos de transacción demasiado altos que impedirían alcanzar cierto grado de gobernabilidad.Paso seguido, una estrategia racional por parte de aquellos que aspiran a articular una opción política que demuestre que la eficiencia y transparencia son complementarios, debería basarse en explicitar que el beneficio de corto-mediano plazo de la opción "eficiencia-opacidad" se contrapone con un perjuicio de mediano-largo plazo mientras que, por otro lado, el perjuicio de corto-mediano plazo de la opción "transparencia-ineficiencia" se convertirá en un beneficio de mediano-largo plazo una vez que los actores relevantes hundan los altos costos de transacción que en Argentina tiene la honestidad para, posteriormente, maximizar el beneficio (no solo ético, sino fundamentalmente económico y político) que, en el largo plazo, poseen las instituciones transparentes.Podemos indicar dos ejemplos representativos de este enfoque: como mencionamos en trabajos anteriores, la democracia Argentina contemporánea ha consolidado la ausencia de alternancia como opción política realizable. Mas aún, en la dinámica que ha introducido y consolidado el kirchnerismo en la última etapa (2007-2012), la posibilidad de la alternancia en el poder puede interpretarse como un riesgo demasiado alto en el que deberían incurrir los electores que buscan utilizar un clásico mecanismo de control (en nuestro argumento, transparencia) en el poder. Es decir, aquellos que aspirasen a vivir en un país donde la alternancia fuera una opción real en la política electoral, deberán saber que hay un cierto riesgo de elegir una coalición que enfrentará problemas de gobernabilidad en el corto-mediano plazo. Ante ello, una determinada opción política podría asumir (hundir) el costo de explicitar ante la opinión pública que, efectivamente, la aparición de la alternancia generará en el corto-mediano plazo una tensión mayor a la que existiría si hubiese permanecido el statu quo pero que enfrentar esa tensión redundará, en el mediano-largo plazo, en una nueva y mejor clase de estabilidad, básicamente, aquella presente en un país donde la gobernabilidad no sólo es aportada por una coalición política predominante (el peronismo) sino también por opciones políticas alternativas. Así, la posibilidad de la alternancia supondría en Argentina en el corto plazo un costo elevado que devendría en un alto beneficio en el largo plazo.En segundo lugar (pero ligado al ejemplo anterior), podemos mencionar que la ausencia de partidos políticos fuertes y cohesionados contribuye a la imposibilidad de pensar los beneficios que en el largo plazo proveería la transparencia. Por ejemplo, la histórica Unión Cívica Radical no puede aprovechar electoralmente la existencia entre sus filas de dirigentes honestos porque prima en la opinión publica la percepción de un partido atomizado. Así, ante la ausencia de una opción político-partidaria articulada, los actores relevantes proyectan sus jugadas en un escenario de corto-mediano plazo. Como marca nuestra curva de Laffer, es allí donde se maximiza la gobernabilidad a través de una combinación "eficiencia-opacidad". Este punto máximo T es la consecuencia de un corto plazo donde virtuosamente se complementaron una creciente cantidad de eficiencia junto a una creciente cantidad de opacidad. Paso seguido, los actores políticos sólo tienen información de jugadas pasadas en el corto-mediano plazo. Es decir, la única información relevante sobre la dinámica "eficiencia-transparencia" es de sucesivos episodios pasados donde, ante la ausencia real de situaciones políticas de largo plazo, aconteció que había mas gobernabilidad allí donde se combinaban mas eficiencia y mas opacidad. (1) La definición prosigue de la siguiente manera: "…To keep inflation low you need to know what causes it. Economists have plenty of theories but no absolutely cast-iron conclusions. Inflation, Milton FRIEDMAN once said, 'is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon'. Monetarists reckon that to stabilise prices the rate of GROWTH of the MONEY SUPPLY needs to be carefully controlled. However, implementing this has proven difficult, as the relationship between measures of the money supply identified by monetarists and the rate of inflation has typically broken down as soon as policymakers have tried to target it. ­KEYNESIAN economists believe that inflation can occur independently of monetary conditions. Other economists focus on the importance of institutional factors, such as whether the INTEREST RATE is set by politicians or (preferably) by an independent CENTRAL BANK, and whether that central bank is set aninflation target.' En http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z. (2) Si bien no es el motivo de este artículo, es posible sostener que ese privilegio ha llegado a su fin después del abuso que de él ha hecho la Reserva Federal y el Departamento del Tesoro de los EE.UU., emitiendo una cantidad de dólares que han inundado el mundo desde la desaceleración de 2001 y, mas dramáticamente, desde el colapso de Lehman Brothers en septiembre de 2008. Si bien esa irresponsable emisión monetaria no ha detenido el "vuelo a la calidad" hacia los bonos del tesoro de largo plazo de los EE.UU., es razonable asumir que la dinámica monetaria clásica del siglo XX (es decir, la vigencia de ese "exorbitante privilegio") ha llegado a su fin. Aunque no es claro donde se encuentra el piso de la actual crisis económica en EE.UU y Europa, la post-crisis encontrará otro diseño monetario y financiero global, donde el dólar deberá trabajar para recuperar el prestigio perdido. (3) BRAUN, MIGUEL y DI TELLA, Rafael: "Inflation, Inflation variability and corruption", ECONOMICS & POLITICS, Volumen 16, 2004.Sobre el autorProfesor del Dpto. de Estudios Internacionales. FACS, Universidad ORT Uruguay. (ma.baudean@gmail.com)

Ali E. Abbas (" Decomposing the Cross Derivatives of a Multiattribute Utility Function into Risk Attitude and Value ") received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering, the M.S. degree in engineering economic systems and operations research, the Ph.D. degree in management science and engineering, and the Ph.D. (minor) degree in electrical engineering, all from Stanford University, Stanford, California. He was a lecturer in the Department of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford. He previously worked for Schlumberger Oilfield Services, where he held several international positions in wireline logging, operations management, and international training. He was also involved with several consulting projects for mergers and acquisitions in California, and was a co-teacher of several executive seminars on decision analysis at Strategic Decisions Group, Menlo Park, California. He is currently an associate professor in the Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign. His research interests include utility theory, decision making with incomplete information and preferences, dynamic programming, and information theory. Dr. Abbas is a member of INFORMS, a senior member of the IEEE, an associate editor for Decision Analysis and Operations Research, and an editor of the DA column in education for Decision Analysis Today. Address: Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 117 Transportation Building, MC-238, 104 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801; e-mail: aliabbas@uiuc.edu . Vicki M. Bier (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") holds a joint appointment as professor in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering and the Department of Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she chairs the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. She has directed the Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis (formerly the Center for Human Performance in Complex Systems) since 1995. She has more than 20 years of experience in risk analysis for the nuclear power, chemical, petrochemical, and aerospace industries. Before returning to academia, she spent seven years as a consultant at Pickard, Lowe and Garrick, Inc. While there, her clients included the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, and a number of nuclear utilities, and she prepared testimony for Atomic Safety and Licensing Board hearings on the safety of the Indian Point nuclear power plants. Dr. Bier's current research focuses on applications of risk analysis and related methods to problems of security and critical infrastructure protection, under support from the Department of Homeland Security. She is also currently serving as a special term appointee for the Infrastructure Assurance Center at Argonne National Laboratory. Address: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706; e-mail: bier@engr.wisc.edu . Robert F. Bordley (" Using Bayes' Rule to Update an Event's Probabilities Based on the Outcomes of Partially Similar Events ") is an INFORMS Fellow and a winner of the best publication award from the Decision Analysis Society as well as five major application awards from General Motors. He is a General Motors Technical Fellow with experience in research, planning, quality, marketing, corporate strategy, and procurement. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and was formerly program director of Decision, Risk and Management Sciences at the National Science Foundation. Dr. Bordley has published 75 papers in decision analysis, marketing, and operations management. He has also served as chair of the American Statistical Association's Risk Analysis Section (which now has 1000 members), vice president of the Production and Operations Management Society, and a member of the INFORMS Board and the Decision Analysis Society Council. He earned a Ph.D. and M.S. in operations research and an M.B.A. in finance from the University of California, Berkeley. His primary interests have been in theoretical developments enabling high-impact application of decision analysis in a wide variety of corporate contexts (e.g., engineering design, corporate strategy, procurement, program management, etc.). Address: General Motors, Pontiac Centerpoint Campus North, 585 South Boulevard, Pontiac, MI 48341; e-mail: robert.bordley@gm.com , rbordley@umich.edu . Heidi M. Crane (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine and the associate director of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research at the UW Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), which promotes research comparing the effectiveness of management strategies for HIV-infected patients in routine clinical practice. She is co–principal investigator (PI) of a PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems) National Institutes of Health Roadmap initiative U01 on measuring patient reported outcomes in clinical care for HIV-infected patients and PI of a National Institute of Mental Health R01 project on measuring and improving adherence for HIV-infected patients in clinical care. She is also medical director of the Madison HIV Metabolic clinic, PI of an American Heart Association grant on myocardial infarction and metabolic complications among patients with HIV, and PI of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality grant on comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medication among HIV-infected patients. She provides care and training in the clinical care of HIV-infected individuals, and she also mentors junior investigators in HIV research in the UW Division of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Crane is a member of the Data Management Centers for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–funded CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) research platform of real-time electronic health record data for 22,000 patients from eight CFARs across the United States, and the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS project's North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), which merges data on 110,000 HIV-infected individuals in care at 60 sites across the United States and Canada. Dr. Crane leads the CNICS Patient Reported Outcomes Committee and the CNICS and NA-ACCORD myocardial infarction event adjudication teams. Dr. Crane's research focuses on methods to improve clinical care for HIV-infected individuals as well as metabolic and other chronic comorbidities of HIV. She received her internal medicine residency training from Barnes and Jewish Hospitals, and her B.A., B.S., M.D., M.P.H. and Infectious Disease Fellowship training from the UW. Address: Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Avenue, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98104; e-mail: hcrane@u.washington.edu . Naraphorn Haphuriwat (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") is a researcher at the National Metal and Materials Technology Center in Thailand. She applies tools including optimization, decision analysis, and process simulation to improve production processes and operations for small and medium enterprises. She earned her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering in August 2010. During her doctoral study, she was supported by the Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events (CREATE) at the University of Southern California, where she conducted game-theoretic studies in the applications of security. She also received an honorable mention in the 2004–2005 University Book Store Academic Excellence Award Competition for a project related to computer security. Address: 114 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; e-mail: naraphoh@mtec.or.th . Joseph B. Kadane (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is Leonard J. Savage University Professor of Statistics and Social Sciences, Emeritus, at Carnegie Mellon University. His research focus is on both foundational issues of Bayesian analysis and applications in many settings. These currently include physics, phylogenetics, air pollution, Internet security, law, and medicine, as well as Internet auctions. He also serves as an expert witness in legal matters. Address: Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: kadane@andrew.cmu.edu . L. Robin Keller (" From the Editors: Deterrence, Multiattribute Utility, and Probability and Bayes' Updating ") is a professor of operations and decision technologies in the Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine. She received her Ph.D. and M.B.A. in management science and her B.A. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles. She has served as a program director for the Decision, Risk, and Management Science Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). Her research is on decision analysis and risk analysis for business and policy decisions and has been funded by NSF and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Her research interests cover multiple-attribute decision making, riskiness, fairness, probability judgments, ambiguity of probabilities or outcomes, risk analysis (for terrorism, environmental, health, and safety risks), time preferences, problem structuring, cross-cultural decisions, and medical decision making. She is currently Editor-in-Chief of Decision Analysis, published by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). She is a Fellow of INFORMS and has held numerous roles in INFORMS, including board member and chair of the INFORMS Decision Analysis Society. She is a recipient of the George F. Kimball Medal from INFORMS. She has served as the decision analyst on three National Academy of Sciences committees. Address: The Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3125; e-mail: lrkeller@uci.edu . Mari M. Kitahata (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") is professor of medicine at the University of Washington (UW) School of Medicine, director of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research at the Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), and principal investigator of the UW HIV Cohort. She has provided care and training in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals for two decades, and she mentors investigators in HIV research in the UW Division of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Kitahata studies the outcomes of care for persons with HIV infection, and her research has elucidated key determinants of increased survival, including care managed by physicians with HIV expertise and earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment. The need for observational research to complement the invaluable information provided by randomized controlled trials has grown tremendously, which is why she established the CFAR Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research program at UW in 1995 and was among the first CFARs in the United States to do so. Dr. Kitahata developed the structure and methods to merge comprehensive HIV patient data and biological specimens from multiple settings into a powerful resource for researchers conducting basic, translational, clinical outcomes/comparative effectiveness, and behavioral/prevention research. She has led efforts to establish networks of national and international HIV research collaborations to address the most pressing questions regarding treatment and outcomes for HIV-infected individuals that cannot be answered through smaller cohort studies. Dr. Kitahata directs the Data Management Centers for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases–funded CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) research platform of real-time electronic health record (EHR) data for 22,000 patients from eight CFARs across the United States, and the International Epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS project's North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD), which merges data on 110,000 HIV-infected individuals in care at 60 sites across the United States and Canada. Dr. Kitahata serves on the Board of Directors for the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) HIV Medicine Association, the U.S. Public Health Service/IDSA Guidelines Committee for Prevention of Opportunistic Infections, and the International Training and Education Center on HIV (I-TECH), where she developed a national EHR system for the Haitian Ministry of Health. Dr. Kitahata received her B.S. from Yale University, M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, internal medicine residency training at the University of California, San Francisco, and M.P.H. and Fellowship training at the University of Washington, where she was a Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholar. Address: University of Washington Medical Center, 1959 NE Pacific Street, UW Box 356423, Seattle, WA 98195-6423; e-mail: kitahata@u.washington.edu . Sanjeev R. Kulkarni (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. He is also an affiliated faculty member in the Department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering and the Department of Philosophy. Prior to joining Princeton, he was a member of the technical staff at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. During his time at Princeton, he has held visiting or consulting positions with Australian National University, Susquehanna International Group, and Flarion Technologies. Professor Kulkarni has served as an associate editor for the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, and he is a Fellow of the IEEE. His research interests include statistical pattern recognition, nonparametric statistics, learning and adaptive systems, information theory, wireless networks, and image/video processing. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: kulkarni@princeton.edu . Daniel N. Osherson (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") earned his Ph.D. in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1973. Since then he has taught at Stanford University, the University of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Università San Raffael, Rice University, and Princeton University. His work centers on probability judgment and learning. Address: Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: osherson@princeton.edu . H. Vincent Poor (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") is dean of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at Princeton University, where he is also the Michael Henry Strater University Professor of Electrical Engineering. He holds a Ph.D. from Princeton. His research interests are in the areas of statistical signal processing, stochastic analysis, and information theory, and their applications to wireless networks and related fields. Among his publications in these areas are the recent books Quickest Detection (Cambridge University Press, 2009) and Information Theoretic Security (NOW Publishers, 2009). Dean Poor is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and he is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Royal Academy of Engineering of the United Kingdom. A former Guggenheim Fellow, recent recognition of his work included the Institution of Engineering and Technology Ambrose Fleming Medal, the IEEE Eric E. Sumner Award, and an honorary D.Sc. from the University of Edinburgh. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: poor@princeton.edu . Guanchun Wang (" Aggregating Large Sets of Probabilistic Forecasts by Weighted Coherent Adjustment ") received an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Princeton University. His research interests include statistical learning, information retrieval, and judgment aggregation. He also worked as a summer associate for McKinsey's technology practice. Address: School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; e-mail: guanchun@princeton.edu . Henry H. Willis (" Deterring the Smuggling of Nuclear Weapons in Container Freight Through Detection and Retaliation ") is a professor of policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School and the associate director of the RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center. His research has applied risk analysis tools to resource allocation and risk management decisions in the areas of public health and emergency preparedness, terrorism and national security policy, energy and environmental policy, and transportation planning. Dr. Willis serves on the editorial board of the journal Risk Analysis and served on the National Academies of Science Committee on Evaluating Testing, Costs, and Benefits of Advanced Spectroscopic Portals. He earned his Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University and holds degrees in chemistry and environmental studies from the University of Pennsylvania (B.A.) and in environmental science from the University of Cincinnati (M.A.). Address: RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; e-mail: hwillis@rand.org . Xiting (Cindy) Yang (" Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter? ") completed her Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in the area of elicitation, specifically focusing on elicitation of expert knowledge on phylogenies in the format of rooted trees. She is currently a statistical reviewer at the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Her current research focuses on clinical trials and elicitation. Address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 66, Room 2223, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002; e-mail: xiting.yang@fda.hhs.gov .