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The aim of the research is to carry out a comparative analysis of national security strategies of Russia and Germany based on the universal human values they contain, excluding geopolitical and military aspects. The choice of the strategies of the two states is conditioned by the existence of common legal, cultural and historical traditions. The article explores the evolution of the "national security" notion which content has expanded both at the normative and scientific levels due to the appearance of new threats and dangers. The authors prove that the basis underlying the national security strategies of the two countries includes not only external policy interests but also rights and freedoms of a person and citizen. Moreover, the strategies also focus on eliminating and leveling threats by ensuring internal and external security as an integral whole and not by means of global security. In both strategies: the human rights, a person and society are in the first place; their humanistic and social orientation is visible; provision of the third and fourth rights of the generations of the mankind is reflected in the normative documents regarding national security; the presence of collectivism features in the mentality of both nations is reflected in the participation of civil society institutions in ensuring national security. Differences in the national security strategies of Russia and Germany are conditioned by different levels of social and economic development. Thus, a major emphasis in the Russian strategy is made on solving social, economic and cultural tasks. The authors prove that the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation focuses on improving the quality of life criteria to the world standards and on internal threats. This is predetermined by the fact that human rights and freedoms have not become firmly established as the highest value in the mindset and mentality of all social groups, when it is enough to have a statement regarding them in the Constitution or other law. ; Цель исследования – провести сравнительный анализ стратегий национальной безопасности России и Германии на основе закрепления в них общечеловеческих ценностей, исключая геополитическую и военную направленность. Выбор стратегий двух государств обусловлен наличием общих правовых, культурных и исторических традиций. Исследуется эволюция понятия «национальная безопасность», содержание которой расширилось как на нормативном, так и научном уровнях ввиду появления новых видов угроз и опасностей. Обосновывается, что в основе стратегий национальной безопасности двух стран находятся права и свободы человека и гражданина, а не только внешнеполитические интересы. Кроме того, в стратегиях двух стран исходят из исключения и нивелирование угроз посредством обеспечения внутренней и внешней безопасности как единого целого, а не за счет глобальной безопасности. В обоих стратегиях: права человека, личность и общество находятся на первом месте; прослеживается их гуманистическая социальная направленность; обеспечение третьего и четвертого прав поколений человека нашли отражение в нормативных документах, закрепляющих национальную безопасность; существование в менталитете обеих наций черт коллективизма отразилось в виде участия институтов гражданского общества в обеспечении национальной безопасности. Различия в стратегиях национальной безопасности России и Германии обусловлены разными уровнями социального и экономического развития, и основной акцент в стратегии России сделан на решении социальных, экономических и культурных задач. Обосновано, что в стратегии национальной безопасности России в большей степени упор делается на поднятие критериев качества жизни до уровня мировых стандартов и внутренних угрозах. Это предопределено тем, что права и свободы человека пока не нашли однозначного утверждения в виде высшей ценности в сознании и менталитете всех слоев населения, когда достаточно одного указания на них в Конституции или ином законе.

ABSTRAKStudi ini bertujuan untuk menilai kerentanan, resiliensi dan adaptasi petani terhadap perubahan iklim berbasis ekosistem padi. Informasi kerentanan dan adaptasi perubahan iklim pada ekosistem padi yang diperoleh diharapkan dapat bermanfaat dan menjadi masukan bagi pemerintah daerah dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya dalam pengambilan kebijakan untuk mendukung kegiatan pertanian di daerah-daerah di Indonesia, khusunya pada ekosistem padi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama enam bulan yaitu bulan Mei – Oktober 2018. Penilaian kerentanan petani terhadap perubahan iklim pada ekosistem padi menggunakan tiga elemen kerentanan, yaitu: singkapan, kepekaan dan kemampuan adaptasi petani. Sampel penelitian di ambil dari sentra produksi padi di Sulawesi Selatan, yaitu Kabupaten Sidrap, Pinrang dan Wajo. Hasil studi menunjukkan Kabupaten Sidrap, Pinrang dan Wajo dapat dibagi menjadi delapan zona hujan utama. Hanya sebagian kecil masyarakat ekosistem padi yang menyatakan tidak tahu tentang perubahan iklim. Dampak perubahan iklim yang yang dirasakan responden antara lain: penurunan produksi (tanaman pangan, dan perkebunan), gagalnya panen (puso) karena banjir dan kekeringan, kerusakan materi harta benda terkena banjir/longsor dan intensitas penyakit ISPA dan diare meningkat dan penurunan produksi merupakan dampak yang paling dirasakan masyarakat ekosistem padi. Indeks kumulatif kepekaan Kabupaten Sidrap, Pinrang dan Wajo berbeda dengan kategori berturut-turut adalah kelas agak rendah, kelas agak rendah dan kelas sedang, yang disebabkan nilai bobot dan skor dari tiap indiaktor kepekaan berbeda. Berdasarkan nilai indeks kumulatif kerentanan dan indeks kapasitas adaptasi maka ketiga kabupaten studi menunjukkan dari rentan sampai sangat rentan. Kabupaten Wajo memiliki nilai indeks kerentanan tertinggi (sangat rentan), dibandingkan dengan kedua kabupaten studi lainnya, sehingga perlu mendapat perhatian utama.Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, kerentanan, sensitivitas, kapasitas adaptasi, resilensi. ABSTRACTThis study aims to assess the vulnerability, resilience and adaptation of farmers to climate change based on rice ecosystems. Information on the vulnerability and adaptation to climate change obtained from rice ecosystems is expected to be useful and provide input for local governments and other stakeholders in making policies to support agricultural activities in regions in Indonesia, especially in rice ecosystems. This research was carried out for six months, from May to October 2018. Assessment of farmers' vulnerability to climate change in rice ecosystems uses three elements of vulnerability, namely: outcrop, sensitivity and adaptability of farmers. The research sample was taken from rice production centers in South Sulawesi, namely the districts of Sidrap, Pinrang and Wajo. The study results show that the districts of Sidrap, Pinrang and Wajo can be divided into eight main rain zones. Only a small part of the rice ecosystem community said they did not know about climate change. The impacts of climate change felt by respondents include: a decrease in production (food crops and plantations), failure of harvest (puso) due to flooding and drought, damage to material property affected by floods / landslides and the intensity of ARI and diarrhea increases and decreases in production are impacts the most felt rice ecosystem community. The cumulative index sensitivity of Sidrap, Pinrang and Wajo regencies differ from successive categories, which is a rather low class, a rather low class and a moderate class, which is due to the weight and score values of each different sensitivity indicator. Based on the cumulative index value of vulnerability and adaptation capacity index, the three study districts show from vulnerable to very vulnerable. Wajo District has the highest (very vulnerable) vulnerability index value, compared to the other two study districts, so it needs to be given major attention.Keywords: climate change, vulnerability, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, resilience.

Приведен краткий научно-исторический очерк о выдающемся советском конструкторе ракетно-космической техники Сергее Павловиче Королеве, ставшем одним из основоположников отечественного ракетостроения и практической космонавтики. Отмечен важный вклад бывших немецких ракетчиков, работавших в СССР после окончания Второй мировой войны, в разработку первых советских баллистических ракет. Описаны основные научно-технические достижения С.П. Королева в области создания советского стратегического ракетного оружия и современной ракетно-космической техники для освоения землянами ближнего и дальнего космического пространства. Показано, что главный конструктор С.П. Королев является «отцом» отечественной ракетно-космической техники, обеспечившей запуск первого в мире советского искусственного спутника Земли (1957 г.) и пребывание на околоземной космической орбите первого в истории человечества советского космонавта Ю.А. Гагарина (1961 г.). ; Purpose. Preparation of short scientifically-historical essay about one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics, distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technology Sergey Pavlovich Korolev. Methodology. Known scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information, touching becoming and development in the world of space-rocket technique and resulted in scientific monographs, journals and internet-reports. Results. A short scientifically-historical essay is presented about the distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev, becoming one of founders of domestic rocket production and practical cosmonautics. The important deposit of former German people, creating rockets, workings in the USSR after completion of the World War II is marked, in development of the first Soviet ballistic rockets. Basic scientific and technical achievements of talented and purposeful scientist and practical worker, becoming in 1950 a Chief Designer of the Special Design Bureau No. 1 (SDB-1), S.P. Korolev in area of creation of Soviet strategic rocket weapon (rocket-nuclear «shield») and modern space-rocket technique for mastering of near and distant space tellurians. It is pointed out that under the direction of the Chief Designer of SDB-1 S.P. Korolev in the USSR was developed and accepted on the armament of Soviet Army consisting of two stages intercontinental ballistic rocket (ICBR) of type P-7 (1956, military index 8K71, by power of thermonuclear war-head in 5 Mt and distance of its flight in 8 thousands km) with the liquid rocket engines (LRE) of type РД-107 and РД-108 of design of distinguished Soviet designer in area of rocket engines V.P. Glushko. It is indicated that the Chief Designer S.P. Korolev is the «father» of domestic space-rocket technique, providing by powerful launch vehicles, created in the USSR on the basis of ICBR with LRE of РД-7 type (military index 8K71), start of first in the world of Soviet space satellite (on Octobers, 4, 1957) and start on the circumterrestrial space orbit of the first in history humanity of Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin (on April, 12, 1961). Originality. Certain systematization is executed of known from mass medias of scientific and technical materials, touching becoming and development in the USSR of rocket production, at the sources of which the talented scientist-practical worker and distinguished Soviet designer of space-rocket technique S.P. Korolev. Practical value. Scientific popularization and deepening for the students of higher school, engineer and technical and scientific workers of physical and technical knowledge in area of history of becoming and development in the former USSR of modern rocket production, extending their scientific and technical range of interests and further development of scientific and technical progress in society.

Aquesta investigació, que té per objecte d'estudi alguns aspectes que vinculen la vida digital dels universitaris i la seva implicació ciutadana, política i social, pretén determinar el grau de compromís d'aquests joves en accions o institucions associatives mitjançant les xarxes digitals. Així mateix, intenta precisar la relació entre el nivell de participació social/ política d'aquest sector de la població i el seu interès en els perfils d'organitzacions o subjectes amb compromís ciutadà. També aborda l'existència de diferències en l'accés i la interactivitat en perfils amb interès social o participatiu entre els joves amb algun grau de compromís ciutadà i els desvinculats de l'associacionisme. Mentre que les dades obtingudes a través d'una mostra de conveniència avalen, un cop més, la desafecció juvenil cap a la política institucionalitzada, es confirma que la intensitat en l'accés digital és molt alta entre els joves, la qual cosa a priori incrementa les possibilitats de fer més forta la societat civil. No obstant això, l'ús intensiu que fan els joves de les xarxes socials no s'associa positivament amb un major grau d'implicació cívica. I, finalment, s'observa que opten més per consumir contingut que no pas per produir-ne. ; This research, which focuses on some aspects that link the digital life of university students and their civic, political and social involvement, aims to determine the level of engagement of young people in association-related actions or institutions through digital networks. Additionally, this paper attempts to specify the relationship between the level of social/political participation of this sector of the population and the interest of its members in the social media profiles of civically engaged subjects or organizations. It also looks at differences in access and interactivity in profiles with social and/or participatory interest between young people with some degree of civic commitment and those who are not involved any associations. While the data obtained through a convenience sample support, once again, youth disaffection towards institutionalized politics, the high intensity of digital access among all young people is confirmed, which a priori increases the possibilities of making civil society stronger. However, the intensive use of social networks by young people is not positively associated with a greater degree of civic involvement. Finally, it is observed that young people prefer to consume content rather than to produce it. ; Esta investigación, que tiene por objeto de estudio algunos aspectos que vinculan la vida digital de los universitarios y su implicación ciudadana, política y social, pretende determinar el grado de compromiso de estos jóvenes en acciones o instituciones asociativas mediante las redes digitales. Asimismo, intenta precisar la relación entre el nivel de participación social/política de este sector de la población y su interés en los perfiles de organizaciones o sujetos con compromiso ciudadano. También aborda la existencia de diferencias en el acceso e interactividad en perfiles con interés social o participativo entre los jóvenes con algún grado de compromiso ciudadano y los desvinculados del asociacionismo. Mientras los datos obtenidos a través de una muestra de conveniencia avalan, una vez más, la desafección juvenil hacia la política institucionalizada, se confirma que la intensidad en el acceso digital es muy alta entre los jóvenes, lo que a priori incrementa las posibilidades de hacer más fuerte a la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, el uso intensivo que hacen los jóvenes de las redes sociales no se asocia positivamente con un mayor grado de implicación cívica. Y, finalmente, se observa que optan más por consumir contenido que por producirlo.

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of «healthcare» and the history of the formation of thehealthcare system in Ukraine. One of the problems that arises in the context of this assignment is to conduct a general theoretical analysis of the scientific literature with a view to defining the concept of a person's natural right to health protection, as well as the process of formation and development of the healthcare system in its historical aspect. What today requires at the legislative level the corresponding improvement and expansion. It has been found that healthcare should be considered as a public good, when providing medical care to every person is important for society as a whole. In turn, this position in most European countries has become part of the traditional consensus on the importance of adhering to the principle of solidarity and universal access of the population to health resources. On the other hand, market forces are inherently based on the assumption that each medical service is a commodity that can be sold on the open market. It is stressed that the legislative definition of the concept of «health» can be considered as an absolute health, which some researchers consider as an ideal health, which does not exist in the real state of the organism, and acts as a standard to which we must strive. It is determined that health is an important social and economic factor, which depends on the level of which economic resources, physical, spiritual and moral potential of society depend heavily. The importance of health as a higher and natural good causes the need for its protection and protection, including international legal. It is concluded that healthcare is a system of methods, means and methods implemented by state authorities, local self-government bodies, as well as by each individual, the implementation of which is intended to strengthen (if this is not possible, to maintain at the same level), to develop and restore the level of physical and mental state of the human body. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню поняття «охорона здоров'я» та історії формування системи охорони здоров'я в Україні. Однією з проблем, яка постає в контексті цього завдання, є проведення загальнотеоретичного аналізу наукової літератури на предмет визначення поняття природного права людини на охорону здоров'я, а також процесу становлення і розвитку системи охорони здоров'я в її історичному аспекті, що сьогодні потребує на законодавчому рівні відповідного вдосконалення та розширення. З'ясовано, що охорона здоров'я повинна розглядатися як суспільне благо, коли надання медичної допомоги кожній людині має важливе значення для суспільства загалом. У свою чергу, така позиція в більшості європейських країн стала частиною традиційного консенсусу відносно важливості дотримання принципу солідарності та всеохоплюючого доступу населення до ресурсів охорони здоров'я. З іншого боку, ринкові важелі за своєю природою засновані на припущенні, що кожна медична послуга є товаром, який можна продати на відкритому ринку. Наголошено, що законодавче визначення поняття «здоров'я» можна розглядати як абсолютне здоров'я, яке дехто з дослідників, розглядає як ідеальне здоров'я, якого не існує в реальних умовах стану організму, а виступає як стандарт, до якого ми повинні прагнути. Визначено, що здоров'я є важливим соціальним та економічним чинником, від рівня якого значно залежать економічні ресурси, фізичний, духовний і моральний потенціал суспільства. Велике значення здоров'я як вищого і природного блага зумовлює необхідність його охорони і захисту, у т. ч. і міжнародно-правового. Зроблено висновок, що охорона здоров'я – система способів, засобів і методів, здійснюваних органами державної влади, органами місцевого самоврядування, а також кожною фізичною особою окремо, реалізація яких покликана зміцнювати (якщо це не є можливим, – зберігати на такому ж рівні), розвивати та відновлювати рівень фізичного і психічного стану організму людини.

The parallax expansion and kinematics of a nova shell can be used to assess its age and distance, and to investigate the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. These are key to understand the expansion and dispersal of the nova ejecta in the Galaxy. Multi-epoch images and high-dispersion spectroscopic observations of the recently discovered classical nova shell IPHASX J210204.7 + 471015 around a nova-like system have been used to derive a present-day expansion rate of 0 ''. 100 yr(-1) and an expansion velocity of 285 km s(-1). These data are combined to obtain a distance of 600 pc to the nova. The secular expansion of the nova shell place the event sometime between 1850 and 1890, yet it seems to have been missed at that time. Despite its young age, 130-170 yr, we found indications that the ejecta has already experienced a noticeable deceleration, indicating the interaction of this young nova shell with the surrounding medium.© 2019 The Author(s).Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society ; ES acknowledges support from Universidad de Guadalajara and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT). MAG acknowledges support of the grant AYA2014-57280-P, cofunded with Fondo Europeo para el Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds. GR-L acknowledges support from Fundacion Marcos Moshinsky, CONACyT, and Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (PRODEP) (Mexico). LS acknowledges support from Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT) grant IA-101316 (Mexico). JAT and MAG are funded by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA) PAPIIT project IA100318. We thank Martin Henze for his advise on historical records of novae and photographic plates. This paper also makes use of data obtained as part of the INT Photometric H alpha Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane (IPHAS: http://www.iphas.org) carried out at the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT). The INT is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio delRoque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. All IPHAS data are processed by the Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. The band-merged DR2 catalogue was assembled at the Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, supported by STFC grant ST/J001333/1. The Digitized Sky Surveys were produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) under US Government grant NAGW-2166. The images of these surveys are based on photographic data obtained using the Oschin Schmidt Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the UK Schmidt Telescope. The plates were processed into the present compressed digital form with the permission of these institutions. The National Geographic Society-Palomar Observatory Sky Atlas (POSS-I) was made by the California Institute of Technology with grants from the National Geographic Society. The second Palomar Observatory Sky Atlas (POSS-II) was made by the California Institute of Technology with funds from the National Science Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Sloan Foundation, the Samuel Oschin Foundation, and the Eastman Kodak Corporation. The Oschin Schmidt Telescope is operated by the California Institute of Technology and Palomar Observatory. The UK Schmidt Telescope was operated by the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, with funding from the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (later the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council), until 1988 June, and thereafter by the Anglo-Australian Observatory. Supplemental funding for sky-survey work at the STScI is provided by the European Southern Observatory. This work made use of the HDAP which was produced at Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl under grant no. 00.071.2005 of the Klaus-Tschira-Foundation.

The various types of electron-optical supervisory control systems (SCS) have been used in Armed Forces of many advanced countries. The mission of these SCS is to supervise day and night enemy troops, technics and weapon systems, frontier intruders with high precision a great and middle distance. The SCS optimal deployment in mountainous terrain makes possibility to use rationally SCS number, because SCS has very much costs. Using the rationally SCS number we can reduce a necessity of the specialist number. Also, it accelerates comander's correct decision making. The optimal deployment of SCS on a terrain is one of important task of military reconnaissance. The specific character of such task is that the necessary for continuing surveillance and control military objects can be located in specific zones of terrain (for examples, in canyons, along of river etc.). Accessible places of SCS set are situated on some distance from these zones. The number of SCS is limited; therefore, it is impossible to distribute theirs on the all set points. It is necessary to select such SCS set points that the zone observation range would be the largest. In present paper the mathematical model of the rationally deployment of technical observing systems in mountainous terrain has been developed and offered. The determination method of visibility level between selected terrain points has been developed. The assesment criterion of rationally deployment and the algorithm of fast solution have been offered. ; В вооруженных силах многих развитых стран используются различные виды электронно-оптических наблюдательных систем (SCS). Назначение этих SCS заключается в круглосуточном точном контроле на близком и дальних расстояниях за войсками противника, его техникой и вооружением, а также за нарушителями границ. Оптимальное расположение SCS в гористой местности способствует возможности использовать рациональное число SCS, потому что стоимость SCS очень высока. Используя рациональное число SCS можно сократить число необходимых специалистов. Это также сокращает время принятия решения командованием. Оптимальное расположение SCS на местности является одним из важных задач военной разведки. Специфический характер этой задачи заключается в необходимости длительного наблюдения за военными объектами, которые могут быть расположены в особенных зонах на местности (например, в каньонах, вдоль русла рек и т.д.). Места расположения SCS могут располагаться на различных расстояниях от этих зон. Число SCS ограничено, поэтому невозможно установить их на всех выбранных точках. Необходимо выбрать такие места расположения SCS, чтобы зона обзора была бы максимальной. В данной статье предлагается разработанная авторами математическая модель рационального расположения технических систем наблюдения в гористой местности. Разработан метод определения уровня видимости между выбранными точками на местности. Предложены критерия оценки рационального размещения и алгоритм быстрого решения этой задачи. ; У збройних силах багатьох розвинених країн використовуються різні види електронно-оптичних наглядових систем (SCS). Призначення цих SCS полягає в цілодобовому точному контролі на близькому і далеких відстанях за військами супротивника, його технікою і озброєнням, а також за порушниками кордонів. Оптимальне розташування SCS в гористій місцевості сприяє можливості використовувати раціональну кількість SCS, тому що вартість SCS є дуже високою. Використовуючи раціональну кількість SCS можливо скоротити кількість необхідних фахівців. Це також скорочує час прийняття рішення командуванням. Оптимальне розташування SCS на місцевості є одним з важливих завдань військової розвідки. Специфічний характер цього завдання полягає в необхідності тривалого спостереження за військовими об'єктами, які можуть бути розташовані в особливих зонах на місцевості (наприклад, в каньйонах, уздовж русла річок тощо). Місця розташування SCS можуть розташовуватися на різних відстанях від цих зон. Кількість SCS обмежена, тому неможливо встановити їх на всіх обраних точках. Необхідно вибрати такі місця розташування SCS, щоб зона огляду була б максимальною. У даній статті пропонується розроблена авторами математична модель раціонального розташування технічних систем спостереження в гористій місцевості. Розроблено метод визначення рівня видимості між обраними точками на місцевості. Запропоновані критерії оцінки раціонального розміщення і алгоритм швидкого вирішення цього завдання.

Кількість прибуткових підприємств, величина їхнього фінансового результату до оподаткування, показники рентабельності господарської діяльності є одними з критеріїв забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємств. Виявлено, що основними причинами економічної небезпеки підприємств є: нестабільна економічна і політична ситуація в державі, що змушує функціонувати підприємств в умовах високого ступеня ризику і невизначеності. Це потребує формування та реалізації адекватної економічної політики, економічної поведінки в ринковому середовищі, поєднання принципів раціональності і доцільного ризику в господарській діяльності підприємств; наявність певних інтересів у суб'єктів ринку, їхнього прагнення до збільшення прибутків загострюють конкурентну боротьбу, що безпосередньо впливає на рівень їхньої економічної безпеки; обмеженість фінансових ресурсів підприємства потребує від розробки ефективних технологій виробництва застосування економічних інструментів для підтримання на потрібному рівні ліквідності та рентабельності, якісного використання власних ресурсів. Дістали подальшого розвитку науково-практичні аспекти обліково-аналітичного забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємства. Установлено, що сутність економічної безпеки підприємства полягає в захисті або збереженні стану організації господарської діяльності для забезпечення реалізації власних інтересів, оптимального використання ресурсів, збереження та поліпшення показників рентабельності та ліквідності. Обґрунтовано, що економічну безпеку підприємства можна охарактеризувати у двох аспектах: захист і стан, які охоплюють три аспекти: інтереси, ресурси, фінансовий стан. Установлено, що на результативність ухвалених управлінських рішень із забезпечення економічної безпеки та реалізації відповідної стратегії впливає якість інформаційного ресурсу шляхом створення і використання власного і зовнішнього інформаційного поля підприємства. Визначено, що особливого значення для підвищення якості обліково-аналітичного забезпечення має інформація, що міститься у фінансовій звітності. Забезпечення економічної безпеки підприємства неминуче пов'язане з невизначеністю оцінок майбутніх подій фінансового характеру. Ця невизначеність практично долається своєчасним виявленням та обліком ризик-факторів до умов формування майбутніх фінансових подій. ; The quantity of profitable enterprises, their financial results before taxation, indicators of profitability are the most important criteria for providing enterprises economic security. It has been revealed that the major reasons of enterprises economic danger are: − The unstable economic and political situation in the state are forced enterprises to conduct business activity on market in high risk and indetermination. It is necessary for formatting and implementing adequate economic policies, for connecting principles of rationality and appropriate risk in enterprises business activity; − presentation own financial interests in the market, enterprises desire to increasing profits and competitive advantages directly affect their economic security level; − The limited financial resources of enterprises are required to developing effective production technologies, to using economic instruments for providing the necessary level of liquidity and profitability, quality using of their own resources. In this scientific publication the scientific and practical basics for accounting and estimating providing of enterprises economic security has been further development. It has been established that the enterprises economic security essence is to protect or preserve business activity for providing implementation of own financial interests, optimum using of financial resources, preservation and improvement of profitability and liquidity indicators. It has been substantiated that enterprises economic security could be characterized in two aspects: protection and condition, which have been covered three aspects: financial interests, financial resources and financial condition. It has been established that quality information resources in the form on creating and using of internal and external information potential of enterprises is influenced on effectiveness for solving management decisions on providing enterprises economic security and realization financial strategy. It has been determined that financial reports information is very important for improving quality on accounting and estimating of enterprises economic security. Providing enterprises economic security is connected with indeterminate estimates of future financial events. It perhaps can be practically overcome taking into account early detecting and accounting the risks for formation future financial events.

In the current context where there is a permanent appearance of competitors globally, new scenarios without borders generated by information and communication technologies (ICT), the permanent generation of large volumes of data and information, the free movement of knowledge, and other factors, force organizations to implement new strategies that allow them to increase their levels of competitiveness and thus be able to make better strategic decisions. According to this, it is that in the last 20 years, new strategic tools, Technological Surveillance and Strategic Intelligence (VTeIE) have resurfaced. These tools seek to enhance the central development dynamics of a National System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SNCTI) from different points of view. The VTeIE then turn out to be key tools in innovation processes and in strengthening SNCTIs, therefore, there is a need to position and achieve a high level of dissemination of these tools in the different social actors, and realize them through implementation of processes organized and systematized within organizations.The National Program of Technological Surveillance and Competitive Intelligence (VINTEC) of the current Secretariat of Government of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (SGCTIP) is the first and only initiative in Argentina that promotes, sensitizes, disseminates and manages the VTeIE in different organizations and institutions, providing key instruments to transform data into information and this into new knowledge for decision making.This article presents a brief description of the scope and importance of the implementation of VTeIE processes in current times for any organization and institution. In addition, the essential and main characteristics of the "Technology Antenna" project of VINTEC are described, as a case of success at the National and Latin American level of Technological Surveillance and Strategic Intelligence. ; En el contexto actual donde existe una aparición permanente de competidores a nivel global, nuevos escenarios sin fronteras generados por las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), la generación permanente de grandes volúmenes de datos e información, la libre circulación del conocimiento, y otros factores, obligan a las organizaciones a implementar nuevas estrategias que permitan incrementar sus niveles de competitividad y así poder tomar mejores decisiones estratégicas. De acuerdo a esto, es que en los últimos 20 años, han resurgidos nuevas herramientas estratégicas, la Vigilancia Tecnológica y la Inteligencia Estratégica (VTeIE). Estas herramientas buscan potenciar desde distintos puntos de vistas, la dinámica central de desarrollo de un Sistema Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNCTI). La VTeIE resultan ser entonces herramientas claves en los procesos de innovación y en el fortalecimiento de los SNCTI, por lo cual, existe la necesidad de posicionar y lograr un alto nivel de difusión de estas herramientas en los distintos actores sociales, e instrumentarlas mediante la implementación de procesos organizados y sistematizados dentro de las organizaciones. El Programa Nacional de Vigilancia Tecnológica e Inteligencia Competitiva (VINTEC) de la actual Secretaría de Gobierno de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (SGCTIP) es la primera y única iniciativa en la Argentina que promociona, sensibiliza, difunde y gestiona la VTeIE en distintas organizaciones e instituciones, brindando instrumentos claves para transformar datos en información y ésta en nuevos conocimientos para la toma de decisiones. El presente artículo expone una breve descripción del alcance y la importancia que tiene la implementación de los procesos de VTeIE en tiempos actuales para cualquier organización e institución. Además, se describen las características esenciales y principales del proyecto "Antena Tecnológica" del VINTEC, como caso de éxito a nivel Nacional y Latinoamericano de Vigilancia Tecnológica e Inteligencia Estratégica.

The subject of business entrepreneurship is currently very important, as long as it allows the creation of new companies and sources of employment that may contribute significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For the present research work, the entrepreneurs of the municipalities of Puebla and Tlaxcala were taken as a subject of study, considering that due to the vicinity of the town halls, the economic, political and social conditions may be similar. Therefore, our aim is to examine the main characteristics that allow the entrepreneurs in these municipalities to set up new companies and also to identify the causes of high mortality rates. For this work a survey was used and applied to the entrepreneurs to identify their main characteristics; the instrument used was made up of 11 items and in total 366 surveys were implemented in each municipality. ; El tema del emprendimiento empresarial actualmente es de suma relevancia, toda vez que permite la generación de nuevas empresas y fuentes de empleo que contribuyen de manera importante al producto interno bruto (PIB). Para el presente trabajo de investigación, se tomó como objeto de estudio a los emprendedores de los municipios de Puebla y Tlaxcala, considerando que, por la cercanía de los ayuntamientos, las condiciones de tipo económico, político y social, pueden ser similares. Se pretende, por lo tanto, indagar cuáles son las principales características que tienen los emprendedores en estos municipios para la generación de nuevas empresas e identificar las causas por las cuales se generan altas tasas de mortalidad. Se utilizó una encuesta que se aplicó a los emprendedores para identificar sus principales características; el instrumento utilizado se conformó de 11 ítems y en total se aplicaron 366 encuestas en cada municipio. ; Actuellement, le thème de l'entreprenariat est de grande importance, chaque fois qu'il suscite la création de nouvelles entreprises et de nouvelles sources d'emploi qui contribuent de manière notoire au produit intérieur brut (PIB). Pour ce travail de recherche, les entrepreneurs des municipalités de Puebla et Tlaxcala ont servi d'objets d'étude étant donné que vu la proximité des municipalités, les conditions de type économique, politique et social peuvent être similaires. Notre intention, dès lors, est d'examiner les principales caractéristiques qui permettent aux entrepreneurs de ces municipalités de fonder de nouvelles entreprises et aussi d'identifier les causes de taux élevés de mortalité. On a utilisé un sondage appliqué aux entrepreneurs pour identifier leurs caractéristiques principales; l'instrument utilisé a été constitué de 11 éléments et au total 366 sondages ont été réalisés dans chaque municipalité. ; Atualmente, a questão do empreendedorismo empresarial é muito importante, pois permite a geração de novas empresas e fontes de emprego que contribuem significativamente para o produto interno bruto (PIB). Para o presente trabalho de investigação, os empreendedores dos municípios de Puebla e Tlaxcala foram tomados como objeto de estudo, considerando que, devido à proximidade dos municípios, as condições econômicas, políticas e sociais podem ser semelhantes. Pretende-se, portanto, investigar quais são as principais características que os empreendedores possuem nesses municípios para a geração de novas empresas e identificar as causas pelas quais são geradas altas taxas de mortalidade. Foi utilizada uma enquete que se aplicou aos empreendedores para identificar suas principais características; O instrumento utilizado foi composto por 11 itens e, no total, 366 enquetes foram aplicadas em cada município.

Great achievements have been seen in China's insurance industry in the past 20 years, however, inefficiency problems were prevailing as many insurance company only pursuing the expansion of the quantity, but not the increase of their key competitiveness. How to improve the core competitiveness of China's insurance industry, especially the efficiency of Chinese-funded insurance companies, has always been an important issue that the Chinese government, regulators and insurance institutions have been paying attention to and exploring for a long time. This thesis uses the most advanced efficiency evaluation model - three-stage DEA method and a samples of 43 property insurance companies and 53 life insurance companies to calculate the technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency from 2008 to 2011. The research results show that China's insurance industry has high technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency, while its scale efficiency is low and its scale is still in an expanding stage from 2008 to 2011. In order to compete with foreign insurance companies, Chinese insurance companies must upgrade their key competitiveness and pure technical efficiency as soon as possible. Through more rational allocation of resources and more refined management, China's insurance industry can achieve its development goals. According to Empirical research, the main reason for the weak core competitiveness of Chinese small and medium-sized insurance companies is the imbalance of inputs and outputs. Therefore, through rational allocation of resources, optimization of business strategies, and control of costs, the efficiency of companies can be improved. By studying the factors affecting the efficiency of Chinese insurance companies, the conclusion shows that the expansion of asset size will significantly increase the technical efficiency and scale efficiency of life insurance companies and property insurance companies. Moreover, all efficiency of foreign property insurance companies outperform Chinese-funded ones, while technical efficiency of Chinese-funded life insurance companies outperform foreign ones. ; Tem-se assistido nos últimos 20 anos um desenvolvimento extraordinário da indústria de seguros na China, contudo, o problema da ineficiência continua a ser um problema grave porquanto que a indústria de seguros na China caracteriza-se no essencial pela expansão em dimensão e não nos fatores de competitividade. A necessidade de melhoria da capacidade competitiva da indústria chinesa de seguros e, em especial, a eficiência de seguradoras de capital chinês tem sido uma preocupação importante para o governo chinês, para os reguladores e para as próprias instituições seguradoras. Este trabalho, utilizando o método de eficiência DEA de três estádios e uma amostra composta por 43 seguradoras de seguros imobiliários e 53 outras do ramo vida, computou a eficiência técnica, eficiência técnica pura e a escala de eficiência no período de 2008 e 2011. Os resultados da investigação mostram que a indústria seguradora da China tem uma elevada eficiência técnica e técnica pura, enquanto que a escala de eficiência é baixa e demonstramos que se encontrava numa fase de desenvolvimento no período de 2008 e 2011. De acordo com a nossa investigação empírica, a razão principal da fraca competitividade das seguradoras chinesas de pequena e média dimensão é o desequilíbrio entre «inputs» e «outputs». Com uma afetação racional de recursos, otimização de estratégias de mercados e controlo de custos, a eficiência das seguradoras poderia ser melhorada. Na análise de fatores que afetam a eficiência das empresas chinesas de seguros, o nosso estudo mostra que o reforço de ativos contribuirá para a melhoria da eficiência técnica e da escala de eficiência de seguradoras tanto do ramo vida como do ramo imobiliário. Concluímos ainda que as seguradoras estrangeiras têm melhor eficiência do que as congéneres chinesas, mas avaliando pela ótica de eficiência técnica, as seguradoras chinesas têm melhor desempenho que as seguradoras estrangeiras.

U većini zemalja svijeta gdje se uzgajaju agrumi, pa tako i u Hrvatskoj, prisutni su pojedini štetni organizmi koji mogu ograničavati proizvodnju i prodaju agruma. Među njima, najpoznatiji je Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) koji uzrokuje smanjenje rodnosti i bujnosti stabala. Cilj ovog rada je na primjeru Španjolske prikazati velike razmjere posljedica koje je prouzrokovao CTV tijekom 20. stoljeća. Zbog intenzivnog širenja virusa unutar plantažnih nasada u razdoblju od 10 godina propalo je više od 44 milijuna stabala agruma nacijepljenih na podlogu gorke naranče (Citrus aurantim L.). Prikazati će se pristupi kojima su se u Španjolskoj rješavali problemi zaraze velikih uzgojnih područja agruma. Temeljem španjolskih iskustava prikazati će se mogućnosti provođenja sustavnih stručnih mjera na područje doline Neretve, najvažnijeg uzgojnog područja agruma u Hrvatskoj, kojima bi se širenje CTV-a svelo na najmanju moguću mjeru. Na području doline Neretve od 2005. do 2019. godine proveden je veći broj istraživanja prisutnosti i raširenosti CTV-a. Tijekom tog razdoblja, najveći postotak raširenosti virusa zabilježen je 2006. godine, kada je CTV utvrđen u 80 % uzoraka. Virus je redovito utvrđen u dolini Neretve u svim godinama u kojima su istraživanja provedena. Problem CTV-a je prisutan već dugi niz godina i patogen se i dalje širi, što nam ukazuje na potrebu poduzimanja mjera sprječavanja njegovog širenja. Među najvažnijim stručnim mjerama je kontrola prisutnosti virusa u sadnom materijalu i sadnja zdravog sadnog materijala prema odredbama Pravilnika o stavljanju na tržište reprodukcijskog sadnog materijala i sadnica namijenjenih za proizvodnju voća (NN 9/17, 39/20) u kojem su sadržane direktive Europske unije 2008/90/EZ, 2014/96/EU, i 2014/98/EU. ; In most countries of the world where citrus fruits are grown, including Croatia, several viruses and virus-like agents exist limiting the production and sale of citrus fruits. The most common among them is Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) which causes a decrease in tree fertility and lushness. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the large scale of consequences caused by the CTV in Spain during the 20th century. More than 44 million citrus trees grafted on sour orange (Citrus aurantim L) rootstock sourhad decayed over a period of 10 years due to the intensing spread of CTV. The approaches that addressed the problem of infection of large citrus growing areas in Spain will be presented. Based on the experience in Spain, this paper will show the possibilities of implementing systematic expert measures which would eradicate or minimize the presence of CTV in the area of the Neretva valley, the most important citrus growing area in Croatia. A large number of researches have been carried out on the presence and the outspread of CTV in the Neretva Valley from 2005 to 2019. During this period, the highest percentage of virus outspread was observed in 2006, when CTV was detected in 80% of the collected samples. The virus was regularly detected in the Neretva valley in all the years the research was conducted. The problem of CTV has been present for many years and the pathogen is still spreading, which indicates the need to take some measures to prevent this continuous spreading. Among the most important and effective measures is the control of viral diseases in the propagation materials and the mother blocks and planting virus-free plants in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance on placing reproductive planting material and seedlings intended for fruit production on the market (OG 9/17, 39/20), which contain European Union Directives 2008/90 / EC, 2014/96 / EU, and 2014/98 / EU

The Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is well regulated by frequency assignment authorities, national regulatory agencies and the International Communication Union (ITU). Nowadays more and more devices such as mobile phones and Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensors make use of wireless communication. Additionally we need a more efficient use and a better understanding of the EM space to allocate and manage efficiently all communications. Governments and telecommunication operators perform spectrum measurements using expensive and bulky equipments scheduling very specific and limited spectrum campaigns. However, this approach does not scale as it can not allow to widely scan and analyze the spectrum 24/7 in real time due to the high cost of the large deployment. A pervasive deployment of spectrum sensors is required to solve this problem, allowing to monitor and analyze the EM radio waves in real time, across all possible frequencies, and physical locations. This thesis presents ElectroSense, a crowdsourcing and collaborative system that enables large scale deployments using Internet-of-Things (IoT) spectrum sensors to collect EM spectrum data which is analyzed in a big data infrastructure. The ElectroSense platform seeks a more efficient, safe and reliable real-time monitoring of the EM space by improving the accessibility and the democratization of spectrum data for the scientific community, stakeholders and the general public. In this work, we first present the ElectroSense architecture, and the design challenges that must be faced to attract a large community of users and all potential stakeholders. It is envisioned that a large number of sensors deployed in ElectroSense will be at affordable cost, supported by more powerful spectrum sensors when possible. Although low-cost Radio Frequency (RF) sensors have an acceptable performance for measuring the EM spectrum, they present several drawbacks (e.g. frequency range, Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), maximum sampling rate, etc.) that can negatively affect the quality of collected spectrum data as well as the applications of interest for the community. In order to counteract the above-mentioned limitations, we propose to exploit the fact that a dense network of spectrum sensors will be in range of the same transmitter(s). We envision to exploit this idea to enable smart collaborative algorithms among IoT RF sensors. In this thesis we identify the main research challenges to enable smart collaborative algorithms among low-cost RF sensors. We explore different crowdsourcing and collaborative scenarios where low-cost spectrum sensors work together in a distributed manner. First, we propose a fast and precise frequency offset estimation method for low-cost spectrum receivers that makes use of Long Term Evolution (LTE) signals broadcasted by the base stations. Second, we propose a novel, fast and precise Time-of-Arrival (ToA) estimation method for aircraft signals using low-cost IoT spectrum sensors that can achieve sub-nanosecond precision. Third, we propose a collaborative time division approach among sensors for sensing the spectrum in order to reduce the network uplink bandwidth for each spectrum sensor. By last, we present a methodology to enable the signal reconstruction in the backend. By multiplexing in frequency a certain number of non-coherent low-cost spectrum sensors, we are able to cover a signal bandwidth that would not otherwise be possible using a single receiver. At the time of writing we are the first looking at the problem of collaborative signal reconstruction and decoding using In-phase & Quadrature (I/Q) data received from low-cost RF sensors. Our results reported in this thesis and obtained from the experiments made in real scenarios, suggest that it is feasible to enable collaborative spectrum monitoring strategies and signal decoding using commodity hardware as RF sensing sensors. ; Telematics Engineering ; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain ; pub

Chemical analysis were performed on 26 samples of fresh single-used and recycled rice husk poultry litter from conventional and tunnel-ventilated housing systems with the objective to characterize its nutrient composition and to study the effect of housing design and litter reutilization on nutritient concentration. In addition, 17 samples were stored under non-controlled environmental conditions for 60 days, in order to determine the effect of storage time on nutritional composition. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM) at 135°C, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent insoluble nitrgogen (NDF-N), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADF-N), ether extract (EE), digestible energy (DE), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), ashes, lignin (LDF), protein equivalent (PEq), and Ca and P content. Poultry housing design had no effect on litter nutritional composition; however, recycled bedding showed higher values (p<0.05) for CP, ADF, Ca and P, when compared with single-used litter; the latter had lower (p<0.05) DM and NDF content. Furthermore, storage time had a significant effect (p<0.05) on CP, NPN, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF and DM. Recycling and storage time of broiler litter affected its nutritional composition; while housing design had no effect. Evaluated poultry litter in this investigation is consider as an appropriate ingredient for ruminant feeding, as long as its usage follows government laws and recommendations from the National Service of Animal Health (SENASA) and other international authorities that regulates its proper use. ; Se efectuaron análisis químicos a 26 muestras de pollinaza fresca obtenida de 18 granjas de pollo de engorde con galeras abiertas o convencionales y galeras cerradas o tipo túnel con camas de un solo uso y reutilizadas de cascarilla de arroz, con el objetivo de evaluar la composición química de la pollinaza, el efecto del tipo de alojamiento y de la reutilización de la cama sobre la composición nutricional. Adicionalmente, 17 muestras fueron almacenadas bajo condiciones ambientales no controladas por 60 días, para determinar el efecto del almacenaje sobre el contenido nutricional. Se realizaron análisis de materia seca a 135°C (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutra (FDN), fibra detergente ácida (FDA), nitrógeno ligado a la fibra detergente neutra (FDN-N), nitrógeno ligado a la fibra a detergente ácida (FDA-N), extracto etéreo (EE), energía digestible (ED), nitrógeno no proteico (NNP), cenizas, lignina (LDA), proteína equivalente (PEq), contenido de calcio y fósforo. El tipo de alojamiento no presentó efecto significativo sobre la composición nutricional de la pollinaza, el material obtenido de las camas reutilizadas en más de 2 ciclos de producción, presentó mayores (p<0,05) concentraciones de PC, FDA, calcio y fósforo, al compararlo con las camas de un solo uso; esta última presentó menores concentraciones (p<0,05) de FC y FDN. El almacenaje de la pollinaza presentó un efecto significativo (p<0,05) en los valores de PC, NNP, EE, FDN, FDA y en la materia seca. La reutilización de la cama, así como el almacenaje de la misma, afectó la composición química de la pollinaza; no así, el tipo de alojamiento. La composición nutricional de la pollinaza analizada permite considerarla como un buen ingrediente para la alimentación de rumiantes, siempre y cuando se acaten las disposiciones del Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA) y de otras instituciones gubernamentales e internacionales que regulan su uso y manejo.

Partendo dal presupposto che «mai con tanta ossessione, come negli anni della Restaurazione, sono stati riprodotti, in tutti i media possibili, i capolavori del passato o quelli degli artisti contemporanei, nutrendo un'infinita fiducia nelle possibilità di ricreare degli adeguati equivalenti degli originali e di percorrere, con sempre maggior decisione ed esiti incoraggianti, le meravigliose strade della divulgazione» (F. Mazzocca, 2004), l'intervento si propone di offrire una panoramica di tre casi-studio pressoché coevi. Sede delle vicende prese in esame è la città di Milano, assurta a "capitale delle arti" in età napoleonica, ruolo che il capoluogo continuò a ricoprire anche al ritorno della dominazione austriaca. Fra 1803 e 1804 il mosaicista romano Giacomo Raffaelli realizzò, su commissione del vicepresidente della Repubblica Italiana Francesco Melzi d'Eril un grandioso centrotavola destinato al palazzo Nazionale (oggi Reale), sede ufficiale del Governo. L'opera, spettacolare composizione di marmi, pietre dure, bronzi, smalti e alabastro, lunga 12 metri, presenta architetture templari, colonne, obelischi, statue e ornamentazioni che combinano il repertorio classico col gusto egizio ed è ispirata alla struttura del circo romano. Fra 1810 e 1823 Giovanni Battista Sommariva, rampante alto funzionario filofrancese, commissionò ad alcuni artisti specializzati decine e decine di miniature dipinte a smalto su rame, riproducenti capolavori senza tempo e opere della propria ricca collezione, sparsa fra Milano, Parigi e il lago di Como. Nel 1830 pervenne alla Pinacoteca Ambrosiana la donazione di Giovanni Eduardo De Pecis, che rese possibile l'allestimento di un «Gabinetto de' bronzi dorati» composto da riproduzioni in bronzo – in formato ridotto – di alcuni obelischi romani, delle colonne Traiana e Antonina, oppure di celebri opere di Guido Reni, Andrea Appiani e Antonio Canova. ; Starting from the assumption that «never with so much obsession, as in the years of the Restoration, have been reproduced, in all possible media, the masterpieces of the past or those of contemporary artists, nourishing an infinite trust in the possibilities of recreating the appropriate equivalents of the originals and to follow, with ever greater decision and encouraging results, the marvelous paths of disclosure» (F. Mazzocca, 2004), the paper aims to offer an overview of three almost contemporary case studies. Seat of the events examined is the city of Milan, which became the "capital of the arts" in the Napoleonic era, a role that the city continued to play even when the Austrian domination returned. Between 1803 and 1804 the Roman mosaicist Giacomo Raffaelli created, on commission of the Vice-president of the Italian Republic Francesco Melzi d'Eril, a grandiose centerpiece for the National palace (today Reale), official seat of the Government. The work, a spectacular composition of marble, hard stones, bronzes, enamels and alabaster, 12 meters long, presents templar architecture, columns, obelisks, statues and ornamentations that combine the classical repertoire with the Egyptian taste and is inspired by the structure of the Roman circus. Between 1810 and 1823 Giovanni Battista Sommariva, a rampant Francophile politician, commissioned a high number of enamel painted miniatures on copper to some specialized artists, reproducing timeless masterpieces and works from his rich collection, scattered between Milan, Paris and Como Lake. In 1830 the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana received the donation of Giovanni Eduardo De Pecis, which made it possible to set up a «Cabinet of gilded bronzes» composed of bronze reproductions - in reduced size - of some Roman obelisks, of the Traiana and Antonina columns, or of famous works by Guido Reni, Andrea Appiani and Antonio Canova.