Suchergebnisse

Kesenjangan kualitas sumberdaya manusia antar wilayah merupakan gejala umum pembangunan daerah, tidak terkecuali Jawa Timur. Selain diperlukan penguatan sinergi sumberdaya pemerintah, masyarakat sipil dan sektor swasta, untuk memastikan eliminasi ketertinggalan wilayah pinggiran dengan wilayah pusat, diperlukan pula implementasi kebijakan afirmasi. Tujuan kajian ini untuk memformulasi kebijakan afirmasi pendidikan dalam rangka eliminasi Kesenjangan Kualitas SDM, sesuai kapasitas sumberdaya dan tingkat kewenangan Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur. Melalui metode studi dokumen diperoleh gambaran bahwa kinerja pertumbuhan ekonomi 2019 Jawa timur termasuk tinggi 5,52%, namun masih diikuti tingginya angka kemiskinan 10,37%. Rata-rata lama sekolah penduduk masih 8,21 tahun, atau setara kelas dua SMP sederajat. Dari 38 Kabupaten/kota, hanya 5 daerah yang pendapatan per kapitanya lebih tinggi dari per kapita nasional. Berbasis indikator IPM didapati 14 Kabupaten memerlukan kebijakan afirmasi, dan 10 Kabupaten dengan indikator kemiskinan di atas angka 13%. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur memiliki peluang implementasi kebijakan afirmasi pendidikan dalam tiga bentuk: Pertama melalui jalur kebijakan transfer anggaran pada pos belanja Bantuan Keuangan kepada Kabupaten/kota, kedua melalui jalur Bantuan Hibah yang langsung ditransfer ke rekening sekolah, dan ketiga melalui regulasi yang menjamin mutu sekolah di daerah terpencil.Disparity in the quality of human resources among regions is a common symptom of regional development, included East Java. In addition to strenghening synergy between the government, civil society and the private sector, it is necessary to implement affirmative policies. The purpose of this study is to formulate educational affirmative policy in the context of eliminating disparity of human resource quality, according to resource capacity and the level of authority of the Government of East Java Province. Based on documents analysis method, shows that East Java's economic growth performance in 2019 is high, 5.52%, but it is still followed by a high poverty rate of 10.37%. The means years of school (MYS) of population is still 8.21 years, or equivalent of second grade of junior high school. From 38 regencies, only 5 regions have per capita income higher than the national per capita. Based on HDI indicators found 14 districts need affirmative policy, and using poverty indicators above 13%, there are 10 districts which need affirmative policy. The results of the study show that government of East Java has prospect to implement the affirmative policy in three forms: First through the Financial Aid expenditure (Bantuan Keuangan) transferred to the district/city account, second through the Grant Aid (Bantuan Hibah) which is directly transferred to school accounts, and the third through regulation of quality assurance for schools in remote area.

Degree of market integration has often been used as a gauge of the success of market liberalisation and structural adjustment policies in developing countries. China is both an emerging economy and the world's largest transitional economy. The target of its economic reform is the formation of an efficient market-oriented economy. Since it provides a wealth of evidence of the workings of a transitional economy, the performance of China's market is of great interest to transitional economists. There are two reasons to believe that market integration must be tested if the progress of economic reform in China is to be determined. The first reason relates to debates about assessment of market performance. On the one hand, China has been praised for facilitating market competition amongst state-owned, collective and private sectors. On the other hand, Young argues that, despite market-oriented reform, segments of the Chinese economy freed from central control tend to exploit rent-seeking opportunities implicit in distortions of the economy. As Young puts it, 'distortions beget distortion'. It is possible China's ongoing reform will stimulate sustained economic growth. If Young's prediction is accurate, however, China's markets have been getting less rather than more integrated and sustained economic growth in the future is unlikely. It is necessary, then, to test rather than assume market integration. The second reason to believe market integration must be tested has to do with China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the end of 2001. Although China is classified as a developing country, no one doubts that its markets will be more integrated with world markets after its WTO entry. A well-functioning market needs many different forms of support, such as infrastructure, institutions and policies. Studies on key determinants of market integration have promising policy implications for the establishment of Chinese market institutions. Agricultural markets are indispensable for China, and they emerged at the very beginning of reform. Ever since, however, they have been subject to strong government intervention. A high level of agricultural market integration will benefit Chinese agriculture in various ways. For example, it will be possible to allocate endowments more efficiently. Existing studies show that allocation has an effect on patterns of regional economic growth and disparity, and that price and production fluctuate less in more integrated markets. Many other ongoing reform strategies, such as urbanisation, industrialisation and so one, are related to level of agricultural market development. Methodologically, the agricultural markets, especially the grain markets, provide an excellent window for examining market development during transition. Unlike factor markets (for example, labour markets), commodity markets (for example, grain markets) are ideal for the study of market integration because their product homogeneity makes prices comparable in different regions and across time.

Background: In Europe, although the prevalence of childhood obesity seems to be plateauing in some countries, progress on tackling this important public health issue remains slow and inconsistent. Breastfeeding has been described as a protective factor, and the more exclusively and the longer children are breastfed, the greater their protection from obesity. Birth weight has been shown to have a positive association with later risk for obesity. Objectives: It was the aim of this paper to investigate the association of early-life factors, namely breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, with obesity among children. Method: Data from 22 participating countries in the WHO European COSI study (round 4: 2015/2017) were collected using cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of 6- to 9-year-olds (n = 100,583). The children's standardized weight and height measurements followed a common WHO protocol. Information on the children's birth weight and breastfeeding practice and duration was collected through a family record form. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis regarding breastfeeding practice (both general and exclusive) and characteristics at birth was performed. Results: The highest prevalence rates of obesity were observed in Spain (17.7%), Malta (17.2%) and Italy (16.8%). A wide between-country disparity in breastfeeding prevalence was found. Tajikistan had the highest percentage of children that were breastfed for ≥6 months (94.4%) and exclusively breastfed for ≥6 months (73.3%). In France, Ireland and Malta, only around 1 in 4 children was breastfed for ≥6 months. Italy and Malta showed the highest prevalence of obesity among children who have never been breastfed (21.2%), followed by Spain (21.0%). The pooled analysis showed that, compared to children who were breastfed for at least 6 months, the odds of being obese were higher among children never breastfed or breastfed for a shorter period, both in case of general (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] [95% CI] 1.22 [1.16–1.28] and 1.12 [1.07–1.16], respectively) and exclusive breastfeeding (adjOR [95% CI] 1.25 [1.17–1.36] and 1.05 [0.99–1.12], respectively). Higher birth weight was associated with a higher risk of being overweight, which was reported in 11 out of the 22 countries. Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy, Poland and Romania showed that children who were preterm at birth had higher odds of being obese, compared to children who were full-term babies. Conclusion: The present work confirms the beneficial effect of breastfeeding against obesity, which was highly increased if children had never been breastfed or had been breastfed for a shorter period. Nevertheless, adoption of exclusive breastfeeding is below global recommendations and far from the target endorsed by the WHO Member States at the World Health Assembly Global Targets for Nutrition of increasing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50% by 2025. ; The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from: Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition "Reducing Malnutrition in Children," funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: grants AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR – RVO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; France: French Public Health Agency; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health; Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health); Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Latvia: n/a; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation (Moscow City): n/a; San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, Social Security Institute and Health Authority; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: n/a; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Spatial inequality is an important feature of many developing countries that seems to increase with economic growth and development. At the same time, there seems to be little consensus on the causes of spatial inequality and on a list of effective policy instruments that may foster or reduce spatial inequality. This paper examines the theoretical and empirical literature on spatial inequality to learn what we know and do not know about the causes of spatial inequality, to investigate what policies may or may not ameliorate spatial inequality, and to determine whether policy makers can identify and implement policies that promote or reduce spatial inequality.

Best of GradCon Award Winner: Poster Presentations - Humanities and Social Sciences Purpose: Infant and child growth is understood as an important indicator of nutritional status and health in populations. Stunting, wasting, and being underweight are the indicators used to measure child growth and reflect nutritional imbalance resulting in undernutrition. The World Health Organization has cited Indonesia as one of five countries that have child stunting higher than both the regional and global averages, making this a priority issue for the government as well as clinics across the country including Alam Sehat Lestari (ASRI) Clinic located in Sukadana, Borneo. The aim of this study is to gain information on the target population to inform a tailored intervention within the capacity and existing programming of the clinic. Methods and Materials: A health assessment survey was implemented in the clinic and in the surrounding community to measure differences in malnutrition outcomes based on household factors, access to quality health care, issues during pregnancy, maternal and child health, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices, and quality of child diet. Results: Out of a rich variety of results, some factors were associated with higher rates of malnutrition outcomes or were otherwise noteworthy. Rates of stunting and underweight were 32% and 48% respectively in households with smoking exposure in the home compared to 14% and 27% respectively in households with no smoking. There was a difference in rates of stunting and underweight children from mothers who reported having a cough during their pregnancies (31% and 44% respectively) compared to mothers who reported not having a cough (20% and 34% respectively). Additionally, there was a 13% difference in stunting and an 11% difference in wasted and an 11% difference in underweight in children who had a cough in the last month. Although almost all mothers breastfed their child at some point, initiating and maintaining breastfeeding did not always follow best practices. Stunting and underweight were 23% and 15% higher, respectively, in children that received liquids or food other than breastmilk under 6 months compared to those 6 months or older. Additionally, stunting and underweight were 50% and 31% higher, respectively, in children who first received solid foods under 6 months. The majority of mothers did not believe that stunting was an issue in the community or identified specific causes. Mothers also held the belief that a multitude of foods should be avoided during and after pregnancy to prevent convulsions and luge (weak disease). Significance: ASRI Clinic can address childhood stunting and malnutrition outcomes in Sukadana and Simpang Hilir by investing in community education focusing on tobacco cessation, breastfeeding and nutrition. Within the clinic, ASRI can implement policies and procedures to support patients in smoking cessation and best breastfeeding practices. In addition, the clinic can partner with Puskesmas to continue education and monitoring outside of the clinic. Originality: This is the first time that ASRI clinic has investigated malnutrition outcomes in their community and has partnered with the University of Montana to assess a health disparity.

BACKGROUND: China is one of the few Countdown countries to have achieved Millennium Development Goal 5 (75% reduction in maternal mortality ratio between 1990 and 2015). We aimed to examine the health systems and contextual factors that might have contributed to the substantial decline in maternal mortality between 1997 and 2014. We chose to focus on western China because poverty, ethnic diversity, and geographical access represent particular challenges to ensuring universal access to maternal care in the region. METHODS: In this systematic assessment, we used data from national census reports, National Statistical Yearbooks, the National Maternal and Child Health Routine Reporting System, the China National Health Accounts report, and National Health Statistical Yearbooks to describe changes in policies, health financing, health workforce, health infrastructure, coverage of maternal care, and maternal mortality by region between 1997 and 2014. We used a multivariate linear regression model to examine which contextual and health systems factors contributed to the regional variation in maternal mortality ratio in the same period. Using data from a cross-sectional survey in 2011, we also examined equity in access to maternity care in 42 poor counties in western China. FINDINGS: Maternal mortality declined by 8·9% per year between 1997 and 2014 (geometric mean ratio for each year 0·91, 95% CI 0·91-0·92). After adjusting for GDP per capita, length of highways, female illiteracy, the number of licensed doctors per 1000 population, and the proportion of ethnic minorities, the maternal mortality ratio was 118% higher in the western region (2·18, 1·44-3·28) and 41% higher in the central region (1·41, 0·99-2·01) than in the eastern region. In the rural western region, the proportion of births in health facilities rose from 41·9% in 1997 to 98·4% in 2014. Underpinning such progress was the Government's strong commitment to long-term strategies to ensure access to delivery care in health facilities-eg, professionalisation of maternity care in large hospitals, effective referral systems for women medically or socially at high risk, and financial subsidies for antenatal and delivery care. However, in the poor western counties, substantial disparity by education level of the mother existed in access to health facility births (44% of illiterate women vs 100% of those with college or higher education), antenatal care (17% vs 69%) had at least four visits), and caesarean section (8% vs 44%). INTERPRETATION: Despite remarkable progress in maternal survival in China, substantial disparities remain, especially for the poor, less educated, and ethnic minority groups in remote areas in western China. Whether China's highly medicalised model of maternity care will be an answer for these populations is uncertain. A strategy modelled after China's immunisation programme, whereby care is provided close to the women's homes, might need to be explored, with township hospitals taking a more prominent role. FUNDING: Government of Canada, UNICEF, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

This thesis aims to analyse Russia's international relations through its demographics. The choice is justified by the scale of socio-political changes in the country since the end of USSR and by the seriousness of the Russian demographic situation since 1991. The country is facing a lasting demographic decline and the regional demographic disparity has been accentuated. The question becomes therefore a major political issue. This demographic decline has impacts on the territory, the economy and the army, redefining thus the Russian power. International relations theories show the complexity of the connection between demographics and international relations of a State. The demographic factor seems less integrated by leaders but it offers further analysis that puts Russian foreign policy rhetoric into perspective. The demographic criteria could have a larger influence on Russia's international issues. It offers also opportunities. Demography plays an ambiguous role in Moscow's Chinese and Asian policies. The Russian demographic decline has had an impact on the redefinition of the relations between Russia and CIS countries. Migration ties with Russia are the result of a demographic interdependence that becomes an economic and then political one. The demographic reality in the post-Soviet area favours a soft power based policy for Moscow in Central Asia, especially in Kazakhstan. The Russia demographic reality has contributed to a shift within Russian foreign policy and a change of position for Russia in the world. ; Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser les relations internationales de la Russie par le biais de sa démographie. Ce choix se justifie par l'ampleur des changements socio-politiques du pays depuis la fin de l'URSS, et par la gravité de la situation démographique russe depuis 1991. Le pays connaît un déclin démographique durable, et l'hétérogénéité démographique régionale se renforce. La question devient alors un enjeu politique majeur. Ce déclin démographique a des impacts sur le territoire, l'économie et l'armée, redéfinissant ainsi la puissance russe. Les théories des relations internationales montrent la complexité du lien démographie/relations internationales d'un Etat. Le facteur démographique semble peu intégré par les décideurs, mais apporte un complément d'analyse qui relativise le discours de politique étrangère russe. Le critère démographique pourrait jouer un rôle plus important sur des enjeux internationaux de la Russie. Il lui offre même des opportunités. La démographie a un rôle ambigu dans les politiques chinoise et asiatique de Moscou. Le déclin démographique russe a participé à une redéfinition des relations entre la Russie et les pays de la CEI. Les liens migratoires avec la Russie sont le résultat d'une interdépendance démographique qui devient économique et ensuite politique. La réalité démographique de l'espace post-soviétique favorise une politique de soft power de Moscou en Asie centrale, notamment au Kazakhstan. Le déclin démographique russe a donc contribué à un changement de la politique étrangère et de la place de la Russie dans le monde

This report will discuss the crucial role that local governments play all throughout Australia, both in regional and urban areas. The focus of this paper will be the current issues surrounding sustainability, revenue-raising ability, the failures in current policies, and the need for change. Local government is often the forgotten tier of government, despite the vital role it plays in the delivery of services. While it is seen as an arm of the States and only created by their respective constitutions, there has been an ongoing tension between the two levels of government, while the federal government has not taken any steps to reconcile the relationship. After the failure of the 1988 Referendum to recognise local government in the Australian Constitution, the pressure that local governments face has only increased under the weight of new responsibilities alongside decreased authority. The trend towards centralisation continues to hurt local council autonomy at a time when they need more autonomy to take control of the responsibilities that have been thrust upon them. The problem of local government sustainability is multi-faceted. The first problem is dealing with the increasing number of services that local councils are asked to provide on behalf of State- and federal-level government. The second problem is dealing with the amount of funding, which is insufficient with respect to both the economy and these increased responsibilities. The third problem deals with the structure of the three tiers of government; in order for local counci ls to have greater autonomy and control over the serv ices the provide and the revenue they raise, the State and Commonwealth governments have to give up some of their own. And lastly, a major problem with determining policy options is the disparity between rural and urban areas; while equalisation is the top priority, the current funding arrangements create a gap between councils that will always be inherently disadvantaged and councils that will always be able to sustain themselves. Because of all these different problems, there needs to be solutions that are both realistic and practical. Therefore, short-term and long-term planning is essential to finding a lasting solution that will deal with the current crises in funding but still have a future outlook as to the direction that local governments will take. Short-term planning includes modifications to the current funding arrangements by finding a feasible way to give grants to local governments. Longterm planning examines the structure and framework of federalism to find ways for the different levels to work together in a more cohesive manner with less tension. A strategy to manage both revenue and expenditure will allow future programmes, from infrastructure to ageing services and community recreation, to be delivered more efficientl y and of better quality. Determining the different roles of ·government will also help local governments understand what their duties are and remove unwanted pressure, with the hope of giving them more control over the duties that they are responsible for. If action is taken now, many of the forced amalgamations, the integrity and accountability concerns, and collapse in councils could be prevented, while protecting the success future initiatives. Recommendations: Short-term goals: • Set up a funding formula on a state-by-state basis in order to better reflect the National Principles. • Reword the National Principles such that the method of funding, with regards to horizontal equalisation and the minimum grant principle, is based on a realistic model, not an unachievable one. • Include a growth index to the escalation factor defined by the Local Government (Financial Assistance) Act 1995 in order for the amount of federal grants to reflect growth in the economy. • Amend the Local Government (Financial Assistance) Act 1995 to include the Roads to Recovery programme so that it is a guaranteed part of the federal grants, effectively creating two pools for grants. Long-term goals: Commit to one inter-governmental agreement, which formally defines the roles and responsibilities of local government, by actively endorsing and upholding the terms of the agreement. • Encourage voluntary local council amalgamation and regional service provision models while supporting community identity and self-governance. Regional service provision models can include the following: a. mutual aid agreements between councils, agencies, and local businesses b. pooling of resources c. exchange of services d. consolidation of selected functions • Explore new funding options based on international models, such as: a. Incentive payments in the energy, water, and transport sectors b. Tax-sharing schemes, such as on petrol c. Accountability measures and performance assessments d. Formal agreements between State- and federal-level government and local government associations such as the ALGA

Intruduction. Decentralization in Ukraine has caused considerable discussion regarding its correctness and efficiency. On the one side, new successful united territorial communities have emerged, that have budgets of small towns and are developing rapidly. On the other way, there are a huge number of insolvent communities, that haven't money for minimum needs concerning support for social infrastructure and payment of wages. The purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is research theoretical and applied principles of condition prospects for socio-economic development of united territorial communities in Ukraine. According to the set goal, the following research tasks have defined: to reveal the essence and components of the concept of «decentralization»; to explore the features of functioning in united territorial communities in Volyn region; to analyze social investment projects that have implemented by united territorial communities. Results. Combining and generalizing all interpretations and approaches we can confirm that there isn't the single common definition of "decentralization" and opinion's unity regarding its composition, structure and methods of manifestation. Based on conducted research, we have formed our own vision of the essence of this category we mean decentralization as a system of interrelated economic and legal measures that have aimed for improving the socio-economical condition of local government by applying the principles of synergy and inclusiveness which provides improving the level and quality of life of the population maximum involvement of community members to development of social product and to ensure a fair distribution of goods received. The implemented changes of Budget and Tax Codes of Ukraine have caused to significant increase in the share of local budget revenues from UAH 68.6 billion in 2014 to UAH 267 billion in 2019. Such redistribution of financial flows has caused to rapid development of united territorial communities increased the efficiency of funds for development of local infrastructure and improving the social and living conditions of citizens. 54 united territorial communities have been formed in Volyn region and two communities occupy leading positions in Ukraine on growth of incomes of the general fund of local budgets on one inhabitant. However, there is a problem in the region of significant disparity in local budget revenues that caused by the specifics of payment PDFO by large enterprises at the place of their registration. Such situation has developed in Boratyn's and Pidhaitsi's united territorial communities. There are large enterprises (Ltd. "Kromberg and Shubert Lu" and Ltd. "Modern Expo", respectively), and its workers have been registered and are living in Lutsk or other settlements of the region. Conclusions. Administrative and territorial reform must take place within the framework of the state strategy of regional development should consider the following priority areas: streamlining the legal and regulatory framework; ensuring consistency of practical processes, implementation of decentralization reform with its strategic goals; introduction of the involvement procedure representatives of local self-government to the examination of bills; introduction of the procedure of involving representatives of local self-government in the examination of draft laws; restructuring of the Regional Development Council President of Ukraine with the provision of strategic interdepartmental coordination functions; determining the future model of district division and appropriate management structure for minimization of the level of conflict along the line "district - community"; strengthening the fiscal capacity and financial independence of communities changes in the taxation system (crediting the tax on individuals to local budgets at the place of person's residence but not the place of employment); stimulation of Ukrainian and foreign business to invest in local UTC projects on a parity basis; establishing the procedure for granting loans to local budgets from commercial banks to finance investment projects of local significance, and also introduction the institute of municipal bank. The prospects for further research we have been perceiving in developing effective mechanisms for co-financing investment projects social orientation from the state and local budgets, grants, private investors, etc ; У статті розглянуто економічну сутність категорій «децентралізація» та «адміністративно-територіальна реформа», вказано на проблему ототожнення даних понять, досліджено їх зміст та взаємозв'язок. Відмічено, що децентралізація передбачає обов'язкову передачу адміністративних повноважень та фінансових ресурсів від державної влади до місцевого самоврядування. Досліджено особливості фінансування соціальної сфери в об'єднаних територіальних громадах Волинської області. Розглянуто реалізовані та заплановані соціальні проекти. Відмічено наявні тенденції, проблеми, управлінські помилки функціонування об'єднаних територіальних громад. Визначено пріоритетні напрями ефективного розвитку місцевого самоврядування

Изучение феномена прародительского труда является одной из перспектив развития экономики родительского труда - научного направления, активно развиваемого зарубежными, а с начала 2000-х гг. - и российскими исследователями. Высокий уровень социально-экономической дифференциации российских территорий, а также необходимость решения важных стратегических задач, сформулированных в национальном проекте «Демография» и Стратегии пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года, актуализируют изучение прародительского труда. Цель настоящего исследования состоит в выявлении специфических региональных ситуаций - моделей прародительского труда в социально-экономическом пространстве страны. Эмпирической основой анализа послужили данные обследования Росстата «Комплексное наблюдение условий жизни населения», отдельные вопросы которого позволяют в первом приближении исследовать прародительский труд. В качестве основного метода применялись иерархических кластерный анализ (на основе метода Варда, квадрата евклидова расстояния и других мер) и неиерархический кластерный анализ (метод k-средних). В процессе исследования получены теоретико-методологические и прикладные результаты. Была представлена методологическая основа изучения прародительского труда, сформированная на базе результатов исследований родительского труда и зарубежных демографических исследований прародительства. Эмпирический анализ позволил выявить и охарактеризовать 6 моделей прародительского труда бабушек, сложившихся в российском социально-экономическом пространстве. Выявленные модели различаются по уровню и интенсивности включенности женщин старшего возраста в сферу прародительского труда, а также их потенциалу в этой сфере. Был представлен региональный состав каждой модели прародительского труда - выделены регионы-ядра, представляющие собой группы регионов, устойчиво связанных в различных вариантах кластеризации. Показаны преимущества активизации и стимулирования со стороны государства прародительского труда в регионах страны. Перспективы исследования - изучение особенностей прародительского труда для разных категорий его субъектов - мужчин, прародителей, проживающих вместе с внуками и отдельно от них, проживающих в одном городе, регионе или разных российских регионах. ; Foreign researchers consider the phenomenon of grandparents' labour in the framework of the economy of parental labour. Since the early 2000s, Russian scientists have been actively studying this problem due to high socio-economic disparity of Russian regions, and important strategic objectives stated in the Demography National Project and the Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2025. We identified and described specific regional situations, namely, models of grandparents' labour in the socio-economic space of the country. To analyse grandparents' labour, we examined individual questions of the "Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions" survey published by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat). The research methodology includes both hierarchical (based on Ward's method, the square of the Euclidean distance, and other measures) and non-hierarchical cluster analysis (the k-means method). We proposed a method for studying grandparents' labour based on research of parental labour and international demographic studies on grandparenthood. The empirical analysis revealed 6 models of grandparents' labour in the socio-economic space of Russia. These models differ in the level and intensity of involvement of older women in the sphere of grandparents' labour and their potential in this area. For each model of grandparents' labour, we identified the core regions (groups of regions) involved in the clustering. We explained why the government should be interested in the activation and stimulation of grandparents' labour in Russian regions. Further research should focus on examining the particularities of grandparents' labour depending on the actors: men, grandparents living with their grandchildren and apart from them, living in the same city, in the same or different regions of Russia. ; Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта №20–011–00280. ; The article has been prepared with the support of Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the project No. 20–011–00280.

Nature and human beings are inseparable from each other and their interaction has myriad effects on the living and environmental conditions. Due to today's environmental crisis, this human-nature relationship has been inspiring contemporary studies focusing on various socio-economic and political aspects of environmentalism. Thus, regarding this shift in academic perspective, the term "Environmental Racism" has remarkably changed the focus of this area of study, for it has brought about a new emphasis on the unequal and unhealthy distribution of natural and urban environment based on class and race discrimination in the United States. The term, which was initially coined by Benjamin Chavis, asserted the unequal and profit-based distribution and regulation of environments populated by ethnic and low-income citizens. This disparity is obvious especially with New Orleans, which has a geostrategic importance in terms of its natural sources and industrial production. In addition to the defects of industrial consumption of its natural sources, which created an unequal distribution of land, the city's multicultural structure and multi-layered race relations have also been a factor behind its subjection to unequal regulations based on class and race codes. Hence, the destructiveness of Hurricane Katrina could not be prevented in 2005 and the city took great damages from the havoc. After the disaster, the city turned into a desolate place where there were high degrees of toxicity and debris. Those actions, which can be considered in the frame of environmental racism, created new social traumas for the survivors. These traumas have been depicted in post-Katrina New Orleans writing, providing new notions about the sense of place and body in the regional culture. The aim of this dissertation is to analyze these new notions by giving examples from Christine Wiltz's "Night Taxi," Ace Atkins' "Angola South," Jeri Cain Rossi's "And Hell Walked In," Julie Smith's "Loot" and Maureen Tan's "Muddy Pond." ; Doğa ve insan birbirinden ayrılamayan bir bütündür ve aradaki etkileşimin canlıların ve çevrenin üzerindeki etkisi büyüktür. "Çevresel Ayrımcılık" da bu etkileşim sonucu ortaya çıkan olgulardan biridir. Benjamin Chavis tarafından ortaya atılan bu terim, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ana-akım siyasi gücün ekonomik çıkar odaklı politikaları bağlamında etnik mekânların eşitsiz kullanımı ile birlikte belli bölgelerde yaşayan etnik kökenli düşük gelirli insanların ve bu mekâna ait toprağın sağlığının göz ardı edilmesi anlamlarına gelmektedir. Böylece, ABD'nin düşük gelirli ve etnik nüfusunun yoğun olduğu bölgeleri bu ayrımcılığa maruz kalmıştır. Doğal kaynakları ve endüstriyel üretim alanlarındaki stratejik konumu ile New Orleans şehri de bu bölgelerden biridir. Bunun yanı sıra, bölgenin çok-kültürlülüğü ve çok katmanlı ırksal yapısı, New Orleans'ı günümüze dek ana-akım siyasi gücün karşısında öteki konumunda tutmuş başlıca unsurlardır. Bu bağlamda, New Orleans şehri ABD'de çevresel ayrımcılığın en yoğun hissedildiği bölgelerden biri olmuştur. Çevresel ayrımcılığın bölgede yaratmış olduğu dengesiz kentsel ve doğal koşullar Katrina Kasırgası'nın yıkıcılığının şiddetini arttırmış ve New Orleans 2005'te gerçekleşen bu doğal felaketten büyük hasar almıştır. Şehir artık birçok zehirli atığın ve molozların barındığı bir mekâna dönüşmüştür. Çevresel ayrımcılığın da bu doğal felaketin yıkıcılığını arttırdığı net şekilde gözlemlenen şehirde ve New Orleans halkında yeni travmalar oluşturmuştur. Kasırga sonrası şehrin fiziki koşullarıyla beraber toplumsal ve kültürel yaşantısında görülen bu yeni travmalar, Katrina Kasırgası sonrası New Orleans yazınında da yerini alırken mekân ve beden algısı konusunda yeni temsiler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda, bu tez Christine Wiltz'in "Night Taxi," Ace Atkins' in "Angola South," Jeri Cain Rossi' nin "And Hell Walked In," Julie Smith' in "Loot" ve Maureen Tan' ın "Muddy Pond" öyküleri incelemeyi ve bu yeni temsilleri ele almayı amaçlamıştır.

AbstractLife Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems: Closing the Ethical Loophole of Social SustainabilitybyNikolaos SakellariouDoctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Alastair T. Iles, ChairThis dissertation investigates the historical and normative bases of what contemporary engineers consider to be the embodiment of sustainability: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It explores the interplay among technology ethics, energy systems, and how engineering cultures foster sustainability by adopting normative assumptions and problem-solving practices—particularly LCA—as part of their professional identities. Specifically, I provide a broad conceptual analysis of "sustainability engineering" in the US (1989-present) to unpack its history, epistemology and politics. I first show that the 1990's produced two distinct engineering ideologies of sustainability—one emphasizing engineering creativity and innovation, and the other emphasizing normative ethics and socio-cultural change. I find that the dialectic between sustainability and engineering has been defined largely by an ideology of technological change. I argue that engineering ideologies of sustainability not only affect how professionals imagine LCA as a medium of technological and environmental transformation, but also how they conceptualize sustainability as a vehicle to renegotiate engineering knowledge and identity in addressing some of the most pressing existential dilemmas facing their discipline. Next, I investigate the politics of engineering identity formation in relation to social, political, regulatory and community pressure to reshape the ethics and boundaries of LCA. I show that starting around 2000, a small group of engineers and, vitally, companies and consulting firms with an eye to addressing technology's "social impacts" have laid a basis for developing an interesting sustainability tool called Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). SLCA, I argue, is an ideological hybrid where there are many spots of dissent and disagreement but also some surprising fundamental alignments between those who see engineering as technics and those who believe that engineering needs to be socially contextualized. SLCA attests to a messy, ongoing tussle between different viewpoints, where the dominant engineering ideology and culture begins to morph into a more open-ended approach. Finally, I focus on two case studies of sustainable energy system building—solar and wind project development in California's West Antelope Valley (WAV)—to understand in more detail the politics and ethics of LCA in energy systems. I describe how LCA became embedded in narratives and decision-making concerning renewable energy in the US—in their design, as well as in their regulatory, economic and environmental planning. California's inaugural utility scale solar and wind projects were trumpeted as conforming to principles derived from LCA. At one level, I show, the siting of solar PV projects in the WAV was predicated on a mechanism linking legitimacy and life cycle thinking. At another level, along with projects' contentious permitting and pre-construction phases, the interrelated questions of legitimacy and sustainability emerged from the LCA shadows and became central issues in rural renewable energy project development. I explore the tensions between technical expert and lay expert knowledges that swirl around the deployment of LCAs in solar project development and I argue that LCAs enabled disembodied and context-less decision-making. Seen through my ethnography in the WAV, I present material on the internecine politics of renewable energy project development that took place locally and at the Los Angeles County level—a local-regional scale perspective that is often not seen in the literature. I describe how the fractured relationships between stakeholders and the disparity between rural and urban mechanisms of governance facilitated the diminishing fairness and participatory democracy in renewable energy project dispute resolution.

Аграрный сектор экономики является основным производителем жизненно важных продуктов питания сельскохозяйственного происхождения и играет исключительную роль в обеспечении продовольственной безопасности и продовольственной независимости страны. В условиях глобализации социально-экономических процессов и международной конкуренции существенно возрастают риски и угрозы для устойчивого развития отечественного аграрного сектора экономики. В связи с этим эффективная работа сельского хозяйства возможна только при активной государственной поддержке на федеральном и региональном уровнях. Создание условий для устойчивого развития сельских территорий, ускорения темпов роста объемов сельскохозяйственного производства на основе повышения его конкурентоспособности должно являться приоритетным направлением аграрной экономической политики государства. Цель исследования оценка эффективности государственной поддержки аграрного сектора российской экономики. Для достижения цели использовалась методика Организации экономического развития и сотрудничества, предусматривающая использование следующих основных показателей: поддержка производителя, поддержка потребителей, поддержка общего сервиса, суммарная поддержка сельского хозяйства, номинальный коэффициент помощи производителям. В статье рассмотрены основные показатели, используемые в мировой практике для оценки государственной поддержки аграрного сектора экономики; выявлены основные тенденции этой помощи; проведен сравнительный анализ эффективности государственной поддержки сельского хозяйства в России и США. Сделан вывод о том, что основными проблемами в изучаемой области являются недофинансирование и низкая эффективность. В РФ аграрный сектор финансируется гораздо меньше, чем в США, а бюджетные средства не только расходуются неэффективно (преимущественно на поддержку производителя сельскохозяйственной продукции, а не на потребителя или поддержку общих услуг), но и фактически вымываются из отрасли посредством ценового диспаритета. ; Importance An agricultural sector is the main producer of essential agricultural food products, and it plays a crucial role in ensuring the country's food security and food sovereignty. In the context of globalization of socio-economic processes and international competition, risks and threats to the sustainable development of the domestic agricultural sector significantly increase. In this regard, the efficient functioning of agriculture is possible only with an active government support at the Federal and regional levels. Creating conditions for the sustainable development of rural areas, accelerating the growth rate of agricultural production on the basis of increasing its competitiveness should be a priority area of the State's agricultural economic policy. Objectives The research aims to analyze the State support efficiency for the agrarian sector of the Russian economy. To evaluate the State support efficiency of the agrarian economic sector, I used the OEDC methodology, which envisages the use of key main indicators: support for manufacturer, customer's support, support for public services, combined support for agriculture, as well as nominal coefficient of assistance to producers. Methods The article considers the main issues: defines the indicators used in global practice to evaluate the State support for agrarian sectors of economy; identifies the main trends of this support for agriculture; makes a comparative analysis of the State support efficiency for an agrarian sector of the economy in Russia and the United States of America. Results The paper concludes that under-investment and low efficiency represent the main problems in the researched field of the State support for the Russian agrarian sector. Conclusions and Relevance The Russian Federation's agricultural sector is funded to a much lesser extent than in the United States, and budgetary funds not only being spent inefficiently, because they mainly facilitate the support for producer's agricultural products, and are not aimed to bolster the consumer's needs, or render support for public services. I emphasize that such an arrangement upon budgetary funds application actually facilitates their funds' badly washing out from the agriculture sector through price disparity.

Статья посвящена исследованию категории производительности труда в различных субъектах Российской Федерации. Высокая производительность труда является одним из важнейших факторов экономического роста. Поэтому проблема низкой производительности сохраняет свою актуальность для отечественной экономики. Авторами проанализированы причины низкой эффективности экономики в масштабе всей страны и на уровне регионов. В ходе исследования была изучена динамика производительности труда в России, выявлены факторы, лежащие в ее основе, оценены причины, затрудняющие рост экономики отдельных субъектов, и предложены пути выхода из сложившейся в отечественной экономике ситуации. В статье представлена динамика показателей трудового потенциала и эффективности экономики России. На основе сравнения потенциальных возможностей и фактических результатов проведен анализ причин низкой эффективности труда в регионах РФ. Авторами использованы логические основы системного анализа, а также методы теоретического и статистико-экономического исследования. Сделан вывод о низкой эффективности труда в подавляющем большинстве регионов, который авторы связывают с отсутствием планирования и системного управления производительностью труда. Кроме того, выявлена диспропорция в распределении ресурсов, лежащая в основе подобной проблемы, замедляющая рост и развитие отдельных регионов и страны в целом. Также доказана необходимость управления производительностью труда как основой экономического благосостояния страны и выявлена проблема эффективности распределения ресурсов, позволяющих добиться сбалансированного экономического роста всех субъектов РФ, без ущерба интересов одних регионов в пользу других. Результаты исследования могут представлять интерес для регулирования экономики на микрои макроуровнях. Кроме того, системное управление производительностью труда актуально и для отдельных хозяйственных субъектов, так как оно способствует максимизации эффективности использования основных ресурсов на конкретном предприятии. Учитывая, что выявленная проблема диспропорции ресурсов ведет к возникновению общественного напряжения, можно утверждать, что определенные аспекты исследования целесообразно использовать в социологии и политологии. ; Importance The article studies the category of labor productivity in the different subjects of the Russian Federation. High productivity is one of the most important factors of economic growth. Therefore, the problem of low productivity remains valid for the domestic economy. Objectives The aim of the study is to analyze the reasons for the poor performance of the economy throughout the country and at the regional level. Methods To study the subject, we used the logical bases of system analysis and methods of theoretical and statistical-and-economic research. Results We examined the dynamics of labor productivity in Russia, identified the underlying factors, assessed the causes, hindering the growth of the economy of individual subjects, and suggest ways of addressing the evolving situation in the domestic economy. Our article presents the trends in the indicators of the labor capacity and efficiency of the Russian economy. Using a comparison of the potential and actual results, we have analyzed the causes of the low labor productivity in regions of the Russian Federation. Application The results of this research can be of interest for the regulation of the economy at the microand macro-levels. In addition, system performance management is relevant for individual economic agents, as it helps to maximize the efficient use of key resources in a particular company. Given that the identified problem of resource disparities leads to social tension, it can be argued that certain aspects of the study shall be useful in sociology and political science. Conclusions and Relevance We came to the conclusion of low productivity in the vast majority of the regions, which we attribute to the lack of planning and performance management system. In addition, we have revealed a disparity in the allocation of resources, the underlying problem that slows the growth and development of individual regions and the country as a whole. Also, we are proving performance management as the basis for the economic well-being of the country and highlighting the problem of efficiency in resource allocation to achieve the balanced economic growth in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, without prejudice to the interests of some regions in favor of other.

Currently, the state of the national health system (health) is characterized by a low level of funding for medical and pharmaceutical care and the lack of effective methods of free and preferential dispensing of medicines (drugs) and compensation of their value. Thus the most urgent problem arises is unregulated drugs prescription, which is one of the main negative factors behind the rapid spread of self-medication and polypragmasy.Thus, improving drugs prescription dispensing is one of the current challenges of medicine and pharmacy management which should be solved to provide a safe, rational and effective drug therapy.The results of the questionnaire survey of doctors and pharmaceutical workers identified and explored key factors that contribute to a violation of drugs prescription.The authors analyzed the literature on the current state of drugs prescription in Ukraine, which resulted in selected priority issues that need resolution as soon as possible. Established that the main disadvantages of the national health care system is unreasonable approach to state regulation of the relevant system and the low level of funding. This situation prevents rational regulation of free and preferential delivery of drugs, the introduction of obligatory medical insurance and the reimbursement cost of drugs and other modern approaches that are effective in developed countries.Тhe main motive of view of legislative acts to implement strict drugs prescription in Ukraine is a link to international experience, guided by the standards of European and international practices that do not comply with the Law of Ukraine issued on 18.03.2004 № 1629-IV «On the National Program for Adaptation of Ukraine to the European Union, "and points to the disparity modern domestic rule-making European practice. The fundamental problem here is the comparison of the legal, social, financial and economic status of the counter in Ukraine with the countries in which the system of local government regulation of the drugs cost.The results of the study identified the main directions of improvement of medicines prescription in Ukraine. The major factors of modern problems with drugs prescription include lack of prescription forms F-1. According to respondents thought one of the main directions of reforming the national health care system should be the implementation of local governmental and insurance recipes that will counter the financial status of the document and at the same time effectively solve the problem of drugs prescription.The investigation identified the main directions for improvement of drugs prescription:• Development and installation authority of Health Management Ukraine at all levels to ensure the prescription forms for hospitals in sufficient quantities;• continuous monitoring of the implementation of these powers in the regional offices of health care. ; В ходе оценки современных проблем рецептурного отпуска лекарств в Украине обнаружили негативные последствия для населения и функционирования отечественного здравоохранения. По результатам анализа установили, что первоочередной проблемой современной системы здравоохранения является неурегулированность рецептурного отпуска лекарств как главной причины неадекватного самолечения и полипрагмазии. По результатам анкетирования врачей и фармацевтических работников обнаружили и исследовали основные факторы, которые предопределяют нарушение рецептурного отпуска лекарственных средств. Определили основные направления усовершенствования рецептурного отпуска лекарств в Украине. ; Виконали оцінку сучасних проблем рецептурного відпуску ліків в Україні та виявили їх негативні наслідки для населення та функціонування вітчизняної охорони здоров'я. За результатами аналізу встановили: першочерговою проблемою сучасної системи охорони здоров'я є неврегульованість рецептурного відпуску ліків, що є головною причиною неадекватного самолікування та поліпрагмазії. За результатами анкетного опитування, виконаного серед лікарів і фармацевтичних працівників, встановили та дослідили основні чинники, що зумовлюють порушення рецептурного відпуску лікарських засобів. Визначили основні напрямки удосконалення рецептурного відпуску ліків в Україні.