The violation of a psychological contract may have negative effects on employees such as mistrust, lower job performance, and reduced job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We demonstrate that the probability of these negative occurrences is prevenient at multinational corporations. This study adopts an exploratory approach based on data collected at four Israeli companies operating in the high-tech industry that outsource or have established subsidiaries in India. Results indicate five situations that may lead to psychological contract violation, as well as to specific cultural and contextual factors that generate such violation. We argue that the possibility of psychological contract violation anticipatory at multinational corporations due to their distinctive characteristics, namely, inherent cultural diversity, dynamic structure, and global dispersion. The study further contributes to general psychological contract research by showing that certain aspects of the psychological contract are culturally constructed and that incongruences in these aspects as constructed by members of different groups may lead to perceptions of violation.
AbstractIn this article, we analyse the memoir/manuals of three 'goose' families. These are South Koreans whose children participate in pre‐college study abroad (PSA). One parent (typically the mother) accompanies the child while the other (usually the father) remains at home to support the venture. Although many South Koreans aspire to study abroad, both the mothers and children of goose families have attracted wide criticism – the mothers for being narrowly instrumental and too family centred, worried only about social reproduction and mobility and the children for forsaking their nation, foregoing their filial duties and, perhaps, failing abroad. These memoir/manuals defend the goose mother and protect the PSA child against such charges. As memoirs, they depict remarkable people worthy of documentation. As manuals, they offer (at least some) guidance for mothers and families contemplating this particular family strategy. The memoir/manuals open a window to the challenges and anxieties of PSA in South Korea today.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the dimensions of social capital and how these help software developers employed in the offshore outsourced software development sector in Sri Lanka to gain benefits of knowledge sharing, job openings and job security, and career advancement.Design/methodology/approachA survey methodology was used and 105 software developers responded. Multiple regression was used for the data analysis.FindingsSocial relations, the number of networks of which an individual is a member and the frequency of interaction between network members are identified as important dimensions that significantly predict knowledge sharing, job openings and job security and career advancement.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings of this study can help to establish baseline data and could be a source of general guidance in stimulating future research in this area.Originality/valueIt is expected that the findings of this study will provide useful information to better understand the dimensions of social capital at the individual level that influence knowledge base and learning capabilities of the individuals and the nature of employment relationships to be adopted by the organisations.
Background: Time utilisation among primary care professionals has been affected by structural changes and reorganisation performed in Swedish primary care over several decades. The work situation is complex with a heavy administrative work load. The overall aim with this thesis was to describe time utilisation among staff in Swedish primary care and to investigate associations with perceived psychosocial work environment and legitimacy of work tasks. Methods: A multicentre, descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used including all staff categories in primary care i.e. registered nurses, primary care physicians, care administrators, nurse assistants and allied professionals (physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, counsellors, dieticians and chiropodists) at eleven primary care centres located in southeast Sweden. The data collection consisted of a questionnaire including a subjective estimate of workload, the Bern Illegitimate Tasks Scale (BITS) and the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). Also, a time study was performed, where the participants reported their work time based on three main categories; direct patient work tasks, indirect patient work tasks and other work tasks, each with a number of subcategories. The participants reported time spent on different work tasks, day by day during two separate weeks. Response rates were 75% for the questionnaire and 79% for the time study. Results: In paper I the time study revealed that health professionals at the primary care centres spent 37% of their work time with direct patient work tasks. All professions estimated a higher proportion of time spent directly with patients than they reported in the time study. Physicians scored highest on the psychosocial scales of quantitative demands, stress and role conflicts. The proportion of administrative work tasks was associated with role conflicts, the more administration the more role conflicts. Findings in paper II were that more than a quarter of physicians scored above the cut-off value for BITS regarding unnecessary work tasks, which was significantly more than the proportion observed in all other professions in the survey. Across all staff groups, a perception of having to perform illegitimate work tasks was associated with experiencing negative psychosocial work environment and with high proportion of administrative-related work tasks. Conclusions: Swedish primary care staff spend a limited proportion of their work time directly with patients and primary care physicians perceive the psychosocial work environment in negative terms to a greater extent than all other staff members. Allocation of work tasks has an influence on the perceived psychosocial work environment. The perception of having a large number of illegitimate work tasks affects the psychosocial work environment negatively, which might influence the perception the staff have of their professional roles. Perception of high proportion of unreasonable work tasks is associated with a high proportion of non-patient-related administration. This thesis illuminates the importance of decision makers thoroughly considering the distribution and allocation of non-patient related work tasks among staff in primary care, in order to achieve efficient use of personnel resources and favourable working conditions. Hopefully, the results of this study will contribute to further development of primary care so that medical competence will benefit patients as much as possible. ; Bakgrund: Under de senaste decennierna har det i svensk primärvård varit omfattande omorganisationer, vilket har påverkat arbetstidens innehåll. Arbetssituationen är komplex och omfattningen av administration har ökat. Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande studie var att beskriva arbetstidens innehåll bland personal i svensk primärvård och att undersöka samband mellan upplevd psykosocial arbetsmiljö och arbetsuppgifternas legitimitet. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en deskriptiv multicenterstudie med tvärsnittsdesign och inkluderade sjuksköterskor, läkare, vårdadministratörer, undersköterskor och övriga professioner (fysioterapeuter, arbetsterapeuter, psykologer, kuratorer, dietister och fotvårdsspecialister) vid elva vårdcentraler i sydöstra Sverige. Studien inleddes med att deltagarna ombads att besvara ett frågeformulär vars första del bestod av en skattning av hur arbetsuppgifterna var fördelade. Frågeformuläret innehöll också frågor om illegitima arbetsuppgifter; Bern Illegitimate Tasks Scale (BITS) och psykosocial arbetsmiljö; Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). Därefter gjordes en tidsstudie där deltagarna fick registrera tidsåtgången för olika arbetsuppgifter, varje dag under två separata veckor. Arbetsuppgifterna delades upp i tre huvudkategorier; direkt patientarbete, indirekt patientarbete och övrigt arbete. Varje huvudkategori hade flera underkategorier. Svarsfrekvensen var 75% för frågeformuläret och 79% för tidsstudien. Resultat: Resultatet från delarbete I visar att personal i primärvård ägnade 37% av arbetstiden direkt med patienter. Alla professioner skattade den direkta patienttiden till större andel än vad tidsstudien visade. Läkare upplevde sämst psykosocial arbetsmiljö avseende kvantitativa krav, stress och rollkonflikter. Det förelåg ett samband mellan andelen administrativa arbetsuppgifter och rollkonflikter, ju mer administration desto mer rollkonflikter. I delstudie II visade resultatet att mer än en fjärdedel av läkarna upplevde en hög nivå av illegitima arbetsuppgifter avseende onödiga arbetsuppgifter, vilket var signifikant mer jämfört med andra professioner. För personalgruppen som helhet framträdde ett samband mellan upplevelsen av att ha mycket illegitima arbetsuppgifter och upplevelse av negativ psykosocial arbetsmiljö samt med hög andel administrationsrelaterade arbetsuppgifter. Konklusion: Personal i primärvård ägnar en begränsad andel av arbetstiden åt direkt patientarbete och läkare upplever sämre psykosocial arbetsmiljö än övriga professioner. Arbetstidens fördelning mellan olika arbetsuppgifter påverkar den psykosociala arbetsmiljön. Upplevelsen av att utföra en stor andel illegitima arbetsuppgifter påverkar den psykosociala arbetsmiljön negativt, vilket kan ha inverkan på hur personalen uppfattar sin professionella roll. Upplevelsen av att ha mycket oskäliga arbetsuppgifter har samband med hög andel icke patientrelaterad administration. Avhandlingen belyser vikten av att beslutsfattare noga överväger fördelningen av icke patientrelaterade arbetsuppgifter bland personal i primärvård, för att möjliggöra effektiv användning av personalresurserna och för att främja goda arbetsförhållanden. Förhoppningen är också att studiens resultat ska bidra till fortsatt utveckling av primärvården så att den medicinska kompetensen kommer patienterna till nytta i så stor omfattning som möjligt.
AbstractBased on evidence of the relationship between socioeconomic inequality and inequalities in health, this study provides an example of how inequality is experienced by a group of people with epilepsy and the impacts of out‐of‐pocket costs (OOPs) on their access to essential healthcare. This study examines healthcare inequity based on socioeconomic disadvantage, demonstrated through a sample of people with epilepsy with OOP for Medical Benefits Scheme (MBS) services and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) medicines. Wave 3 of the Australian Epilepsy Longitudinal Study was conducted with a community sample of 324 people with epilepsy. Medical Benefits Scheme and PBS data were collected for 17 per cent of the sample. Level of MBS and PBS OOPs, proportion of household weekly income and the effects of age, gender and location were analysed. MBS OOP expenses were generally higher than PBS. The proportion of weekly household income for the lowest income group was highest for both MBS and PBS OOPs. Women paid nearly twice the amount of MBS OOP than men. Those over 65 years paid far more for MBS and PBS OOPs than younger people. Rural people paid a significantly lower proportion for MBS than people from the city. In‐depth analysis of 11 people showed that many struggle financially.
This study investigated how educational programs affect Jordanian students" perceptions of Americans. Students were from Yarmouk University in Jordan. The focus was twofold: first, to document opinions about Americans and American-related topics. Second, to determine if various educational programs relating to Americans impact opinions about Americans. The focus of the study compared students involved in cultural exchange programs to students not involved in exchange programs. This study was based on a questionnaire distributed to a purposeful sample of undergraduate and graduate students at Yarmouk University. Participation in a cultural exchange program was found to not have a significant effect on opinion of Americans. Program participants reported a greater proportion of "very positive" opinions of Americans, and did not hold "very negative" opinions of Americans, but these differences were not statistically significant. When comparing average opinions on Americans and related questions, exchange participants reported on average more positive opinions in cultural categories, but more negative opinions in governmental categories. The average confidence in knowledge about Americans was higher in exchange participants than the confidence of non-participants. Having a more positive opinion of the U.S., American ideas about democracy, American music, movies, and television, and desire to travel to the U.S. all were significantly associated with a more positive opinion about Americans.
The success of Readymade garment (RMG) exports from Bangladesh over the past few decades has reached to an unprecedented height and sometimes it goes beyond optimistic expectations compared to any other sectors in the country. Being one of the lucrative multibillion dollar industries, it has provided more than 4.0 million employment opportunities and ensured women empowerment. It has brought the fortune to rural women communities and they have become independent by themselves. The garment industry in Bangladesh faces a number of challenges including fallacious working condition, dearth of safety, political turbulence and, low remuneration. To sustain in the competitive global market, management has to identifythe prime key opportunities and identify any threats. This study was conducted to analyze the prospects and constraints of Bangladesh RMG industry using well known multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method namely analytic hierarchy process (AHP). To judge the model, data was collected through the focus group discussion and key informant interviews with the managers of three different garment industries situated in Gazipur, Bangladesh. The findings of the study showed that "unsound working condition" among several challenges affects workers working capability and productivity severely. The study recommends that through proper identification and taking corrective measures against the challenges by the management of RMG sector, Bangladesh has the opportunity to be the market leader in this sector.
Sustained economic growth is a trance of all the developing and developed countries of the world. The need is not just a fetch of economic growth rather is a realization of a fact that the why some economies that receive heavy amount of foreign capital inflows in term of foreign direct investment (FDI) still find hard to capture the economic growth targets.This research captures for the state of the position of economic growth in terms of FDI and other internal factors in Pakistan. The study is based on the time series analysis covering the range of data from 1972 to 2014. Johansen Juselius technique of co-integration is employed for the precise statistical findings.Unit root test is computed in terms of Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF). Granger Causality test and Error Correction Model (ECM) is employed to test for the short-run and long-run relationships and causality between the variables selected in the equation of growth. The results of the study show that FDI and GDP possess positive association in short-run as well as in long-run. Unidirectional causality is also found on account of FDIand GDP. The study suggests that the government of Pakistan is to further pave off the ways that it already practices to attract FDI that is prerequisite for sovereign upcoming scenery of the country.
The theory known as the 'Maslow Hierarchy of Needs', which was put forward by Abraham Maslow as a result of scientific studies, describes the basic requirements that guide human behaviour. In this hierarchical order, needs in five groups are physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs. Nowadays, it is not difficult to observe that human life has undergone a radical metamorphosis with digital transformation. With the cultural transformation triggered by digital technologies in the postmodern world, Maslow's theory has been transformed. In light of all this, in this study, based on Maslow's transforming hierarchy of needs pyramid, it is aimed to reveal academician perceptions about the use of Web 2.0 tools. The study was conducted with a case study, one of the qualitative research methods. A case study is an empirical research method used, where more than one source of evidence or data is available. The study group of the research consists of 20 academicians working in different departments of a government state university. Academist perceptions' interview form for 'Use of Web 2.0 tools through the needs hierarchy of Maslow, which was developed by the researcher as a data collection tool', was used in the research. The relevant form consists of demographic and open-ended questions. As a result, it has been observed that the views obtained from academics generally meet Maslow's Digital Needs Pyramid.
"Systems thinking has been applied to many specific health issues, but this book represents the first attempt to apply it to an entire heath system. Furthermore, this book recognises that health systems are open systems that mutually interact with other systems. The Ministry of Health, Malaysia is proud to have participated actively with IIGH-UNU in the analytic process. It has been a highly beneficial mutual learning process. We have gained insights into critical elements in our past development, acquired better appreciation of our own strengths and limitations, and recognised opportunities to address the challenges we face."
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AUSTRALIA -- 3. CANADA -- 4. NEW ZEALAND -- 5. SOUTH AFRICA -- 6. MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY IN THE FOUR COUNTRIES -- Index
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1 The Changing Nature of News and the Arab World 1. - Barrie Gunter and Roger Dickinson. - 2 Evolving News Systems in the Gulf Countries 21. - Khalid Al-Jaber and Barrie Gunter. - 3 News in Iraq 41. - Ahmed Al-Rawi and Barrie Gunter. - 4 The Development of the Palestinian News Media 65. - Zaki Hasan Nuseibeh and Roger Dickinson. - 5 News Consumption and News Agendas in Egypt 83. - Hamza Mohammed and Barrie Gunter. - 6 The Changing News Landscape of Libya 109. - Mokhtar Elareshi and Julian Matthews. - 7 News Developments and Changes to News Consumption Patterns in the Arab World 135. - Khalid Al-Jaber and Barrie Gunter. - 8 News Media and Political Socialization of Young People: The Case of Bahrain 153. - Ebrahim Abdulrahman Al-Shaikh and Vincent Campbell. - 9 What Is the Future for News in the Arab World? 173. - Roger Dickinson and Barrie Gunter
