Suchergebnisse

The accession of Ukraine in 2002 to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Harm from Oil Pollution in 1992 (the 1992 Convention) necessitates studying the problem of the implementation of the provisions of this Convention in the legal system of Ukraine in order to ensure the proper implementation by Ukraine of its obligations. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze law enforcement practice in order to identify differences between international legal norms and the corresponding implementing acts of Ukrainian legislation in the field of civil liability for harm from pollution of the sea space ; Присоединение Украины в 2002 году к Международной конвенции про гражданскую ответственность за вред от загрязнений нефтью в 1992 году (Конвенция 1992 г.)обусловливает необходимость изучения проблемы имплементации в правовой системе Украины положений этой Конвенции для обеспечения надлежащей реализации Украиной принятых на себя обязательств. При этом необходимым есть анализ правоприменительной практики для выявления различий между международно-правовыми нормами и соответственными имплементационными актами законодательства Украины в отрасли гражданской ответственности за вред от загрязнений морского пространства ; Приєднання України в 2002 році до Міжнародної конвенції про цивільну відповідальність за шкоду від забруднення нафтою 1992 року (Конвенція 1992 р.)обумовлює необхідність вивчення проблеми імплементації в правовій системі України положень цієї Конвенції для забезпечення належної реалізації Україною прийнятих на себе зобов'язань. При цьому необхідним є аналіз правозастосувальної практики для виявлення розбіжностей між міжнародно-правовими нормами і відповідними імплементаційними актами законодавства України в галузі цивільної відповідальності за шкоду від забруднення морського середовища.

On July 27 the Security Council by 9 votes to 0 with 2 abstentions, recommended that the Principality of Liechtenstein be permitted to become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. By this decision the Security Council endorsed the opinion of its Committee of Experts that Liechtenstein was a state under the provisions of Article 93 (2) of the Charter and that the same conditions should apply to it as to Switzerland: acceptance of the provisions of the Statute, acceptance of all the obligations of a Member of the United Nations under Article 94 and agreement to contribute to the expenses of the Court upon assessment by the General Assembly after consultation with the government. The recommendation was to be considered by the General Assembly at its fourth session.

Abortion was considered to be a crime already in the oldest sources of Lithuanian criminal law, the commitment of which was punished by certain penalties. The analysis reveals that penalties provided for by criminal laws to be imposed for the commitment of this crime gradually became more lenient. Furthermore, over time the legislator has withdrawn the woman's criminal liability for termination of her own pregnancy. The latter alteration can be linked with the changed attitude towards abortion. For a long time, abortion was considered to be a sort of homicide – a crime by which it is attempted on the life of the foetus. Eventually abortion (specifically, illegal abortion) has become a crime by which it is attempted not on the life of the foetus, but which is endangering woman's health and life. ; Straipsnyje pateikiama tam tikrais istorijos laikotarpiais Lietuvoje galiojusių baudžiamųjų įstatymų, reglamentavusių atsakomybę už neteisėtą1 abortą, analizė, atskleidžiama, kaip ilgainiui keitėsi šios nusikalstamos veikos samprata ir baudžiamumas.

On November 5, 1948, the International Court of Justice began oral hearings on the merits of the Corfu Channel case between Albania and the United Kingdom. By a decision on March 25, 1948, the Court had affirmed its competence in the case, and the following day had fixed time-limits for the subsequent pleadings; the last document of the written procedure, the Albanian rejoinder, had been filed with the Court on September 20, 1948. For the oral pleadings Professor B. Ecer of Czechoslovakia acted as judge ad hoc chosen by the Albanian government, replacing Judge Igor Daxner who was ill. Counsel for the United Kingdom were Sir Hartley Shawcross, Sir Eric Beckett, and Sir Frank Soskice, while Kahreman Ylli, Pierre Cot, and Joë Nordmann represented the Albanian government.

The delegation of more and more soft regulatory powers to EU agencies occurs in an increasing number of policy areas, e.g. aviation, medicines and financial services. Although the growing scope of the delegation of public authority to agencies is said to be necessary to enhance the effectiveness of EU policies, it raises doubts concerning the legitimacy of agencies and their decisions at the same time. This article aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on EU agencies' regulatory powers by uncovering the problematic aspects which the application and enforcement of soft law rules of EU agencies may induce at the national level. Furthermore, it adds new elements to the wider reflection on the function and status of soft law within the EU. Ultimately, it argues that further procedural and good governance guarantees are required in order to ensure both the legitimacy and effectiveness of the soft regulatory powers of EU agencies. It does so by taking one of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs), namely the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), as an illustrative example of how the establishing regulations of newer EU agencies proceed in the direction of the institutionalisation and proceduralisation of soft law rule-making.

In this paper, the author presents and analyses various attempts made by the factors in the international community to define the rules of behavior in waging war as a means of communication among states in resolving their mutual problems. Presenting first the history (several centuries long) of attempts to restrain war waging the author focuses on the endeavors of the League of Nations in the period between the two world wars as well as on the creation of regulations by the United Nations after World War II. The author points out that the United Nations has built a comprehensive system of waging war restraint that, among other things, not only prohibits aggressive war waging, but also any use of armed force or threat of use of force. Some forms of military interventions could be taken only within the UN corresponding procedure. In spite of the fact that the treatment of war is regulated by the law within UN, it is present in the contemporary world as a result of the existing political and economic relations. As the author concludes, war and force keep on being used in practice, sometimes in a very violent way. Thus, they violate the provisions of international law that regulates the rules and treatment of war in international relations. .

Part intellectual history and part contemporary review, The Spirit of International Law ranges across the series of cyclical processes and dialectics in international law over the past five centuries to assess its current prospects as a viable legal system.

Advisory Opinion on Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations: A General Assembly resolution of November 17,1947, requested the International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on the following question: "Is a Member of the United Nations which is called upon, in virtue of Article 4 of the Charter, to pronounce itself by its vote, either in the Security Council or in the General Assembly, on the admission of a State to membership in the United Nations, juridically entitled to make its consent to theadmission dependent on conditions not expressly provided by paragraph 1 of the said Article? In particular, can such a Member, while it recognizes the conditions set forth in that provision to be fulfilled by the State concerned, subject its affirmative vote to the additional condition that other States be admitted to membership in the United Nations together with that State?"