Suchergebnisse

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio.

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Pour en savoir plus : https://www.psdr4-auvergne.fr/ ; -Understanding benefits of herbivore farming system diversityIn the last decades, the market context has increased the specialization of livestock farming systems and production areas. However, in the Auvergne region, ruminant production areas still display high levels of diversification as the result of history and contrasted pedoclimatic conditions. Among agroecological principles, it has been assumed that incorporating diversity into livestock farming systems could increase their multiperformance and enhance their resilience. Technical references are however still missing. Research-development project New-DEAL (2015-2020) provided technical and organizational knowledge on/for multi-species grassland-based systems and integrated crop-livestock systems. Research was conducted across spatial scales, from territory to system components (herd, resources and work organization), with a focus on fodder autonomy and system resilience. Various stakeholders were associated to this research: (i) extension agents that provide technical advice to farmers, (ii) teachers of farmer students, and (iii) organizations involved in territorial governance that define local agricultural policies. Two territories underwent extensive analyses: Bocage-Bourbonnais (03) where there is a high occurrence of beef-sheep, beef-saddle horse and beef-crop systems, and Pays de Saint-Flour where multi-species herbivore systems coexist with beef-dairy cattle systems.-A key role of farmer and consumer surveys in our researchIndividual surveys were conducted with farmers, consumers, and extension and supply-chain agents. These surveys provided quantitative and qualitative information at territory, supply-chain, system and herd levels. At territory scale, we applied the model of territorialized complex goods (or baskets of goods and services) to local consumption. Bundles of services were first analyzed based on previous reports and expert surveys (animal scientists, economists, local stakeholders). More than 120 consumers from these two territories were then directly surveyed for their revealed preferences and willingness to pay for local products. Novelty of our work is that we focused on consumers from rural areas, while most previous studies had investigated preferences of urban consumers. A total of 180 farms surveys were also conducted across the main diversified and specialized herbivore farming systems of Auvergne region. The same number of more focused surveys were sent by post or collected online. We also used a bioeconomic optimization model to provide further economic outputs and explore system resilence to market hazards. Two pluri-annual experiments were conducted at INRAE and IFCE facilities to test for the underlying mechanisms of mixed cattle-sheep and cattle-horse grazing. Finally, six cover crop species were characterized as alternative forages for ruminants. -Key scientific resultsSeveral major specificies were highlighted by consumer surveys in both territories: (i) an average basket consisting of a mixture of beef, pork and vegetable, and (ii) a willingness to pay for these products that was more related to territorial vitality, than to the landscape amenities provided by livestock farming. Mixed herbivore and crop-livestock systems were usually larger, for farm and herd size, than specialized systems of the same area. Enlargement of farm area led to a significant increase in equipments and may simplify herd and pasture management. However, a strong reduction of inputs in mixed-grazing and crop-livestock systems was shown to result from a better utilization of grasslands and dilution of parasite burden in mixed grazing systems. Mixed herbivore systems also had enhanced buffer and adaptive capabilities, and so resilience, thanks to opportunities related to housing facilities, animal feeding management and work organization.-Key valorization initiativesA set of 26 synthetic and illustrated support were produced that summarize our main results at different scales. They are ready to be disseminated to non-academic actors in paper and electronic form. Some began to be on social media. Outputs from New-DEAL have already been introduced in initial and adult teachings. The Community of Communes of Bocage Bourbonnais has relied on some of our work to develop its projects. The results of the project are also valued thanks to partnerships committed beyond New-DEAL partners.-Scientific publicationsA total of eight scientific papers (+ five others that have been submitted) have been published, to which add 16 communications in national or international conferences. These go beyond the classical audience interested in livestock farming systems. A number of technical communications were made in direction to farmers, extension agents, and sometimes a broader audience. Finally, one PhD and 16 Master reports were based on the research carried out in New-DEAL. ; -Comprendre les atouts de la diversification des systèmes d'élevage herbivoresDans un contexte global qui a longtemps favorisé la spécialisation des systèmes et des territoires, les systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores conservent en Auvergne des productions variées du fait de la géographie et de l'histoire régionale. La transition agroécologique met en avant la diversification des systèmes d'élevage comme un des leviers pouvant répondre aux enjeux productifs, environnementaux et sociaux qui sont les leurs. Les références techniques et organisationnelles manquent pourtant. Le projet new-DEAL (2015-2020) visait à produire de telles références à des niveaux d'analyse allant du territoire jusqu'aux troupeaux, prairies et collectifs de travail qui constituent ces systèmes, afin d'accroitre la résilience et l'autonomie des élevages d'herbivores par leur diversification. Pour cela, un partenariat a été noué avec trois types d'acteurs indispensables pour développer des politiques agricoles territorialisées : les chambres d'agriculture qui accompagnent les agriculteurs et peuvent jouer sur les décisions de diversification, les lycées agricoles qui forment les agriculteurs de demain, et les collectivités territoriales qui développent leur stratégie agricole localement. Deux territoires ont fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies : le Bocage Bourbonnais (03) avec des élevages bovins-ovins viande, bovins-équins et des polyculteurs-viande, et le Pays de Saint-Flour (15) dans lequel on rencontre également des élevages bovins à orientation lait et viande. -Une démarche largement basée sur des enquêtes en exploitations ou auprès des consommateursL'approche par enquête individuelle (auprès d'experts locaux, d'éleveurs, de consommateurs), associant la collecte d'informations quantitatives et qualitatives, a été utilisée à différentes échelles d'analyse (territoire, système d'exploitation, filière, gestion du troupeau). A l'échelle du territoire, l'appréciation de la rente associée à la diversité de l'élevage local s'est faite en deux temps : l'identification des « bouquets d'aménités » associés à l'élevage à partir de l'analyse de documents et d'entretiens auprès d'experts zootechniciens, économistes, etc. ; l'évaluation, par une centaine de consommateurs interrogés dans les deux terrains, du consentement à payer pour différents paniers de produits issus du territoire. L'originalité est ici de questionner des consommateurs des petites villes alors que beaucoup de travaux antérieurs privilégiaient des citadins. Au total, 180 enquêtes en exploitations ont été réalisées dans les principaux systèmes d'élevage d'herbivores mixtes et spécialisés de la région, complétées par autant d'enquêtes postales ou par voie électronique. Un modèle d'optimisation sous contrainte complète l'analyse économique et permet de simuler la résilience des exploitations à des aléas du marché. Deux dispositifs pluri-annuels ont été suivis à INRAE et la station expérimentale de l'IFCE pour tester les hypothèses sous-jacentes aux atouts de la mixité bovins-ovins et bovins-équins. Six espèces de cultures dérobées ont été implantées à INRAE et à l'EPL de Moulins pour analyser leur valeur alimentaire pour les ruminants.-Résultats scientifiques majeurs du projetDans les deux terrains enquêtés, le comportement d'achat des consommateurs pour la viande provenant des élevages du territoire est motivé en premier lieu par la volonté de préserver l'emploi local. La présence d'un signe officiel de qualité pour un des produits du panier accroit le consentement à payer du consommateur. Dans toutes les filières analysées, les exploitations diversifiées sont en moyenne plus grandes que les exploitations spécialisées. La taille des collectifs de travail n'augmente pas proportionnellement à la taille des structures, ce qui entraîne de forts besoins d'équipements et un risque de simplification des pratiques. Toutefois, une réduction importante des intrants est envisageable dans ces exploitations grâce à une meilleure valorisation de l'herbe en pâturage mixte et du fait de la dilution de la charge parasitaire des animaux. La mixité d'espèces accroit aussi les capacités d'adaptation des éleveurs notamment pour la gestion des investissements, des pics de travail, et face aux évolutions du marché.-Principaux résultats de valorisationUn jeu de vingt-six fiches synthétiques et illustrées présente nos principaux résultats à différentes échelles d'analyse. Elles sont prêtes à être diffusées en direction des acteurs non-académiques sous forme papier et électronique. Certaines ont commencé à l'être sur les réseaux sociaux. L'EPL de Saint-Flour a intégré la thématique et la présentation des principaux résultats de New-DEAL dans des enseignements initiaux et pour adultes, et plusieurs chercheurs l'ont également fait dans leurs cours à AgroSup Dijon, VetAgro Sup, l'ISARA, ou à l'école chercheur agroécologie Agreenium-WUR. La Communauté de Communes du Bocage Bourbonnais s'est appuyée sur certains de nos travaux pour développer ses projets. La valorisation des résultats du projet se fait aussi grâce aux partenariats engagés au-delà du cercle des partenaires de New-DEAL : coopératives de commercialisation des produits ovins et bovins, Cantal Contrôle Elevage et Allier Conseil Elevage, Fédération des Eleveurs de Chevaux de Trait du Massif Central, etc.-Production scientifiqueLes résultats des recherches effectuées ont d'ores et déjà donné lieu à une valorisation scientifique par huit publications dans des revues à comité de lecture (+ 5 soumises) et 16 communications à des congrès nationaux ou internationaux dans des sphères non limitées au monde de l'élevage. Nous avons déjà fait plusieurs présentations au Sommet de l'Elevage, au SPACE, etc., ainsi que des interventions « grand public » (Nuit de l'agroécologie, etc.). Une thèse sur la mixité entre bovins allaitants et chevaux de selle a été soutenue, et 16 étudiants ingénieur ont finalisé leur formation dans le cadre du projet. Le projet PSDR4 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes new-DEAL (2015-2020) a été structuré et est porté scientifiquement par deux UMR clermontoises fortement investies dans l'étude des élevages d'herbivores et de leurs territoires. Il s'est appuyé sur un partenariat non-académique agricole et territorial.

Resumen: La ausencia en Argentina de estudios sobre la productividad en docentes-investigadores de universidades nacionales que participan en proyectos de investigación del Programa de Incentivos de la Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación, ha sido el motivo que ha impulsado la realización de este trabajo, en el cual se plantean diversos factores de incidencia en torno a la problemática de la productividad medida en términos de publicaciones resultantes de la investigación resultante de los proyectos de investigación acreditados en el Programa de Incentivos, factores que detallamos a continuación: la tensión que históricamente se manifiesta en las universidades públicas que asumieron un modelo de universidad profesionalista, frente a la promoción y estímulo de la investigación científica y tecnológica; las pautas de funcionamiento que plantea el Programa a partir de su órgano normativo -el Manual de Procedimientos-, y la asignación de un incentivo económico a los docentes-investigadores categorizados que participan en proyectos de investigación científica y tecnológica; las políticas científicas institucionales diseñadas por las Secretarías de Ciencia y Tecnología de las universidades públicas, las cuales fijan agenda y marcan estrategias de promoción y desarrollo de la actividad científica y tecnológica en cada institución; y por último, las culturas disciplinares que determinan los estilos, patrones y modos de producción de los docentes-investigadores. A partir de estos factores nos hemos planteado como objetivo: evaluar la incidencia del Programa de Incentivos -como política pública de promoción de la actividad científica y tecnológica- en la producción y difusión de conocimiento científico y tecnológico de docentes-investigadores en el caso particular de una universidad pública ubicada en la zona del conurbano de la provincia de Buenos Aires, que en el caso del presente estudio ha sido la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza. Para el cumplimiento de dicho objetivo se ha empleado un diseño metodológico de enfoque mixto con abordaje cuantitativo dominante y aporte complementario cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo con alcance explicativo, y de carácter no experimental, que ha orientado la realización de tres estudios de productividad comparada; el primero se ha realizado a partir de los datos suministrados por el Directorio de Proyectos de la Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación a partir de una muestra obtenida de cuatro universidades nacionales: (Universidad Nacional de La Plata, (UNLP); Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, (UNSAM); Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, (UNQ); y Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, (UNLaM), el segundo se ha realizado a partir de muestras obtenidas en la UNSAM, y la UNLaM, a partir de los datos consultados en el Sistema de Información de Ciencia y Tecnología Argentino (SICYTAR) por medio del Registro Unificado y Normalizado a nivel nacional de los Datos Curriculares del personal científico y tecnológico que se desempeña en las universidades nacionales (CVar) implementado por el MINCYT, y el tercer estudio de productividad, -no comparativo sino específico- ha sido realizado sobre la base de información referida a artículos publicados en publicaciones periódicas académicas por docentes-investigadores de la UNLaMa partir de los datos compilados por la aplicación CVLaM cosechados del sistema SICYTAR-CVAr del MINCYT a fin de dar cuenta de los patrones de publicación específicos en el caso de una universidad del conurbano bonaerense. Por último, se realizó un trabajo de campo a través de la aplicación de una encuesta en línea mediante un formulario electrónico Google Forms, de tipo semiestructurada con ítems de respuesta exclusiva, de respuesta con escala Likert, y de respuesta abierta. Dicha encuesta se aplicó a una muestra de docentesinvestigadores de la UNLaM, a fin de relevar la opinión de sus docentes-investigadores respecto del Programa de Incentivos a nivel general y en particular su incidencia en cuanto a la producción y difusión de conocimiento resultante de proyectos de investigación científica y tecnológica en dicha universidad. A partir del relevamiento de fuentes documentales de diversos organismos de Educación Superior en Argentina, la consulta a bibliografía de referencia especializada y el aporte de los estudios de productividad realizados, más las respuestas a la encuesta en línea de docentes-investigadores de la UNLaM se obtiene como resultados finales que la productividad de los docentes-investigadores de la UNLaM se encuentra por debajo de los valores de productividad media comparada con las universidades seleccionadas en la muestra, pero en la última década, la UNLaM presenta un crecimiento destacado en sus valores de productividad y en el conjunto de indicadores de la actividad científica y tecnológica, y el modo de producir conocimiento se encuentra mayormente determinado por el modelo de "ciencia académica" y en menor medida por el de "ciencia post-académica", propuestos por Ziman (2000). Al finalizar se presenta una propuesta de lineamientos y/o recomendaciones para emprender la evaluación de la productividad de los docentes-investigadores de la UNLaM extensivo al resto de universidades nacionales. ; Abstract: The absence in Argentina of studies on the productivity in teachers-researchers of national universities that participate in research projects of the Incentive Program of the Secretariat of University Policies of the Ministry of Education of the Nation, has been the reason that has impelled the realization of This work, in which various factors of incidence are raised around the problematic of productivity measured in terms of publications resulting from the research resulting from the research projects accredited in the Incentive Program, factors that are detailed below: the tension that historically is manifested in public universities that assumed a professional university model, in the face of the promotion and encouragement of scientific and technological research; he operating guidelines proposed by the Program from its regulatory body - the Procedures Manual - and the allocation of an economic incentive to the categorized teachers-researchers participating in scientific and technological research projects; the institutional scientific policies designed by the Secretariats of Science and Technology of public universities, which set an agenda and mark strategies for the promotion and development of scientific and technological activity in each institution; and finally, the disciplinary cultures that determine the styles, patterns and modes of production of the teacher-researchers. Based on these factors, we have set ourselves the objective of: evaluating the impact of the Incentive Program -as a public policy to promote scientific and technological activity- in the production and dissemination of scientific and technological knowledge of teachers-researchers in the particular case of a public university located in the suburban area of the province of Buenos Aires, which in the case of this study has been the National University of La Matanza. For the fulfillment of this objective, a methodological design of a mixed approach with a dominant quantitative approach and a qualitative complementary contribution, of a descriptive type with an explanatory scope, and of a nonexperimental nature, has been used, which has guided the realization of three comparative productivity studies; the first has been made from the data provided by the Project Directory of the Secretariat of University Policies of the Ministry of Education of the Nation from a sample obtained from four national universities: (National University of La Plata, (UNLP) National University of General San Martin, (UNSAM), National University of Quilmes, (UNQ), and National University of La Matanza, (UNLaM); the second one has been carried out from samples obtained in the UNSAM, and the UNLaM, from the data consulted in the Information System of Argentine Science and Technology (SICYTAR) through the Unified and Normalized Registry at the national level of the Data Curriculars of the scientific and technological personnel that works in the national universities (CVar) implemented by the MINCYT; and the third productivity study, -not comparative but specific- has been carried out on the basis of information referring to articles published in academic journals by UNLaM teachers-researchers based on data compiled by the CVLaM application harvested from the SICYTAR system -CVAr of the MINCYT in order to account for the specific publication patterns in the case of a university in the Buenos Aires suburbs. Finally, a field study was carried out through the application of an online survey using an electronic form Google Forms, of a semi-structured type with items of exclusive response, response with Likert scale, and open response. This survey was applied to a sample of teachers-researchers of the UNLaM, in order to survey the opinion of its teachers-researchers regarding the Incentive Program at a general level and in particular, its incidence in terms of the production and dissemination of knowledge resulting from scientific and technological research projects in said university. From the survey of documentary sources of various Higher Education organizations in Argentina, the reference to specialized reference bibliography and the contribution of the productivity studies carried out, plus the answers to the online survey of teachers-researchers of the UNLaM is obtained as final results, the productivity of UNLaM's teachers-researchers is below the values of average productivity compared to the universities selected in the sample, but in the last decade, UNLaM presents outstanding growth in its productivity values and in the set of indicators of scientific and technological activity, and the way of producing knowledge is largely determined by the model of "academic science" and to a lesser extent by "post-academic science", proposed by Ziman (2000). ). At the end a proposal of guidelines and / or recommendations is presented to undertake the evaluation of the productivity of the teachers-researchers of the UNLaM, extensive to the rest of the national universities.

[SPA] La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe unmovimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1, una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración ETCLYS y los coeficientes de cultivo KClys del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiración del cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión de KC en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento aumentó un 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de este trabajo pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio. ; [ENG] Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1, this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions. The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado en Técnicas Avanzadas en Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario

DON RIGOBERTO'S SEXUAL FANTASY IN MARIO VARGAS LLOSA IN PRAISE OF THE STEPMOTHER Dinda Anisa Larasati English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya dinda_kdy@yahoo.com Drs. Much. Khoiri M.Si. English Department, Language and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya much_choiri@yahoo.com Abstract Sexuality is seen as sinful thing which influences Christian to behave and act based on the society role. Some people tend to repress their sexual fantasy because sexual fantasy is a genre that can lend itself very easily to the sexual elements of life, the depraved, the debauched, or the downright saucy and controversial. The aim of this study is to describe how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy depicted in Mario Vargas Llosa In Praise of the Stepmotherand and to reveal how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy can impact on his wife. The data are in the form of quotation, fragments, and dialogues or monologues that indicated the thoughts and action concerning form of sexual fantasy.The data is applying the theory of fantasy by Jacques Lacan and supported with Baron. This study also uses the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. Initially, Don Rigoberto obsessed with three things: Physical Hygiene, sex with his wife, and erotic paintings. He devotes a day a week for the care of a different member or organ.His love life with Lucrecia in a world more imaginary than real, of what he wishes she were than what she really is. He always lost in his dream which is imagined erotically things from some media and those can support his sexual fantasy. Don Rigoberto forced his wife (to have) sex with another man which can be deeply shocking for her. Those facts are proof that Don Rigoberto get his satisfaction from his obsession. Keywords: sexuality, fantasy, desire, anxiety, psychological trauma Abstrak Seksualitas dipandang sebagai hal yang berdosa yang mempengaruhi Kristen untuk bersikapdanbertindak berdasarkan peran masyarakat. Beberapa orang cenderung untuk menekan fantasi seksual mereka karena fantasi seksual adalah genre yang dapat menjatuhkan diri seseorang ke dalam unsur-unsurseksualkehidupan, buruk, yang tidak bermoral, dan kontroversial. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menggambarkan bagaimana fantasi seksual Don Rigoberto yang digambarkan di Mario Vargas Llosa In Praise of the Stepmother dan mengungkapkan bagaimana fantasi seksual Don Rigoberto yang berdampak pada istrinya. Di dalam data tersebut terdapat kutipan, fragmen, dan dialog atau monolog yang menunjukkan pemikiran dan tindakan mengenai bentukfantasi. Untuk data seksual menerapkan teori fantasi dari Jacques Lacan dan didukung dengan Baron. Analisis ini juga menggunakan konsep anxiety dan psychological trauma. Pada awalnya, Don Rigoberto terobsesi dengan tiga hal: Fisik higienis, seks dengan istrinya, dan lukisan erotis. Dia menjadikan satu hari dalam seminggu untuk melakukan perawatan pada anggota atau organ badan yang berbeda. Kehidupan cintanya dengan Lucrecia di dunia lebih kepada imajinasi daripada kenyataan, apa yang dia ingin adalah berada dari apa yang sebenarnya dia. Dia selalu terjebak dalam mimpinya, yaitu dengan membayangkan hal-hal erotis dari beberapa media dan mereka dapat mendukung fantasi seksualnya. Don Rigoberto memaksa istrinya untuk berhubungan seks dengan laki-laki lain dan hal itu sangat mengejutkan istrinya.Faktanya adalah bukti bahwa Don Rigoberto mendapatkan kepuasan melalui obsesinya. Kata kunci: sexuality, fantasy, desire, anxiety, psychological trauma Introduction Human cannot be separated with needs. There are three basic drives such as eating, sleeping, and sex. As a normal human being, sexuality is given from the beginning ourselves. Nietzche asserts that "we are not only rational out being, but we are also full of desire, with the drives and hidden longing, which formed, our ideas and views about the world" (O'Donnel, 2008: 41).In reality, sexuality describes a huge range of activities. This is half of dialectic, anything can be sex because sex has whatever meaning human experience moment by moment, and sex hasan infinite range of meanings because the scope of activities that can properly be called sexual is so vast. Lisa Downing says that sexuality is something that we ourselves create-it is our own creation, and much more than the discovery of secret side of our desire. Sex is not fatally, it is possible to creative life (Downing 2008:104). Sex can make people different. It means that sex is created because of love, relationship, and perhaps necesity or situation. Sex is not taboo anymore in this modern era, but sex can help viability in science. In psychoanalyticterms, sexuality plays an enormously influential rolein psychological development.From a veryearly age, how people experience their bodies in relation to the physical world as well as to the internal stimuli and feelings their bodies generate profoundly effects how they view the world and themselves.In particular,conscious and unconscious fantasies are about human's bodies and sexuality influence the development of stable patterns of sexual identity, and with that,sexual behaviors.(http://psychoanalysis101.org/psycho-sexual-development/). Sexual fantasies play a central role in mental life, despite – or rather: because of – the fact that they in particular meet the fate of repression, which is why Freud calls them "the weak spot in our psychical organization" (Freud, 1911: 223). This repression creates the psychic disposition towards neurosis in man, the conflict between unconscious desires and conscious control. That sexuality is actually the weak spot in man's psychical organization is proven by the fact that many (predominantly male) users of the Internet cannot resist the temptation to seek sexual pleasure via the computer screen. Sex is still the biggest business on the net, offering such a massive electronic hallucination of gratifying objects. In Praise of the Stepmother with Mario Vargas Llosa as the author, Mario Vargas Llosa, which reached worldwide recognition with his novels Pantoja and the Special Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, The War of the Worlds.In Praise of the Stepmother, made a foray into a genre that is emerging in many of his works, the erotic. Sex in the novels may offend, amuse, or worse. As this study has come toexpect of VargasLlosa as the author of this novel, he uses a precisely structured form to present the distinct components of his story. Structure can be invaded or skewed which is an interesting way to make point innocence and morality are strong themes which are compound in unusual ways. In Praise of the Stepmother with Mario Vargas Llosa as the author, Mario Vargas Llosa, which reached worldwide recognition with his novels Pantoja and the Special Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter, The War of the Worlds.In Praise of the Stepmother, made a foray into a genre that is emerging in many of his works, the erotic. Sex in the novels may offend, amuse, or worse. As this study has come toexpect of VargasLlosa as the author of this novel, he uses a precisely structured form to present the distinct components of his story. Structure can be invaded or skewed which is an interesting way to make point innocence and morality are strong themes which are compound in unusual ways. Mario Vargas Llosa was born in Arequipa, the second city of Peru, in March 1936.In 1958 he travelled to Paristhanks to a prize won in a short story competition,and on his return to Lima he completed his higher education and received a grant to transfer to theUniversity of Madrid. A few months after arriving in the capital of Spain,he left his studies for the doctorate and settled in Paris, where he was to stay for seven years.In 1963 he published his first great novel, "La ciudad y los perros", with which he won several literary prizes, among them the "BibliotecaBreve" and "La Crítica".It has currently been translated into more than twenty languages. His second major work wastobe"La Casa Verde",published in 1966, the same year he moved to London, wherehewould teach at the university and contribute frequently to newspapers and magazines.Afterwritingone of his fundamental novels, "Conversación en la catedral", VargasLlosatravelled to Barcelona in 1970, where he was to stay for almost five years until in 1974 he put an end to his European exile and returned to Peru with the intention, for the first time, of settling down there. In 1973, his novel Pantaleóny lasvisitadoras, which was adapted for the cinema two years later, had come out.In 1975 he began a seriesof projects related with the cinema and in March of that year he was elected as numerary member of the Peruvian Academy of the Spanish Language. Two months later, he was appointed as president of Pen Club International, a post which he would hold until 1979. Mario Vargas Llosa began his political activity in 1987, due to the nationalization of thefinancial system in Peru. As candidate for the presidency of his country in 1989 with the centre-right coalition Frente Democrático, he was finally defeated in the ballot by Alberto Fujimori. Apart from the works mentioned above, the following works may be highlighted among the output of Mario Vargas Llosa: the novels "La tía Julia y el escribidor" (1977), "La Guerra del fin del mundo" (1981), "Historia de Mayta" (1984), "Quiénmató a Palomino Molero?" (1986), "El hablador" (1987) and "Elogio de la madrastra" (1988); in his facet as a playwright he has written "La señorita de Tacna" (1981), "Kathie y el hipopótamo" (1984) and "La Chunga" (1986) and as an essayist he has published important works such as "GarcíaMárquez: historia de un deicidio" (1971) and "La orgíaperpetua:Flauberty Madame Bovary" (1975)."In Praise Of The Stepmother" (1988). Mario VargasLlosa was a conservative candidate (Fredemo, the Democratic Front) for the Peruvian presidency in 1990.The development of his political convictions, from a sympathizer of Cuban revolution to the liberal right, has astonished his critics and has made it impossible to approach his work from a single point of view. Sabine Koellmann has noted that the publication of Vargas Llosa's La Fiesta del Chivo (2000, The Feast of the Goat) confirmed, "thatpolitics is one of the most persistent 'demons' which, according to his theory, provoke his creativity." (Vargas Llosa's Fiction & the Demons of Politics, 2002) Vargas Llosa was defeated by Alberto Fujimori, an agricultural engineer of Japanese descent, also a political novice, but who had a more straightforward agenda to present to the voters. Anunexpected twist in the plot of this political play occurred in 2000, when President Fujimori escaped to his ancestral homeland Japan after a corruption scandal. From 1991 to 1992 Mario Vargas Llosa worked as a visiting professorat Florida International University, Miami and Wissdens chafts kolleg, Berlin. In addition to the Nobel Prize, the author has received many other honors. Among other distinctions, he has received the "Ramón Godoy Lallana" Journalism Prize, the LiteraryPrize of the Italo-American Institute, the "Pablo Iglesias "LiteraturePrize, the "Hemingway"Prize, the Gold Medal of the Americas and the Max Schmidheiny Foundation Liberty Prize. Already a classic due to the scope and quality of his work, he is one of the Spanish-American writers who has most consistently and determinedly brought theresources of the 20th century literary avant-garde inour language. In Praise of the Stepmother is one literary work by Mario Vargas Llosa. In this novel, there are found many expressions by the characters Don Rigoberto is an art connoisseur and erotic explorer night by night as well as man obsessively devoted to the care of his own body. Lucrecia as a second wife of Don Rigoberto, she is a beautiful and passionate woman, and then his son Alfonso, known as Fonchito.The first character introduced to us in the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, Vargas Llosa takes on an expedition through the mind of Don Rigoberto, day by day an insurance executive, by night a pornographer and sexual enthusiast. Don Rigoberto is a member of Lima's well-heeled bourgeois society. He is the kind of man one sees at board meetings and cocktail parties. But by night Don Rigoberto sheds his conventional skin to pursue his true passions: erotic art and sexual fantasy. Rigoberto's love for Lucrecia is an addiction of her body parts, a revere or an objectification of her physical persona. This way of looking at love and people and considers women as their property, rather than primarily enjoying her body is part of her. He loves her as a compilation of body parts. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother signals the historical endpoint to the popularity of the 1960s liberationist sexuality, especially female sexuality as a carrier of a symbolic charge of social freedom. This novel is a thought-provoking fantasia on innocence, sex, and art. It opens with a portrayal of a liberated sexual woman, Lucrecia, who is adored by her husband, Rigoberto. Don Rigoberto's and Lucrecia's erotic exploits which are modeled after paintings that are actually printed in the book. Through this story, Mario Vargas Llosa explores the ideas of the erotic imagination. Rigoberto creates erotic fantasies, the erotic and sexual lives of Rigoberto and Lucrecia, much of which is driven by Rigoberto's fantasies formulated from paintings. In this Story, Fonchito seems to corrupt innocence, live a harmonious sexual fantasy with her stepmother. Nothing inhibits them or stops them. Dona Lucrecia and stepson Fonchito are revealed in every detail. There is erotic novel. Sexual Fantasy of Rigoberto, a harmonious sexual fantasy of Alfonso to his stepmother, and sexual attraction Lucrecia to Alfonso. Sexual Fantasy is chosen where this study is taken because of the interesting case and the impact which make the wife had anxiety and psychological trauma. From the reading, the study can be interested in focus on the sexual fantasy experienced by the main character. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, this study would like to learn more, how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. What are the activities of Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy, what are the factors,the causes and the theory, which is matching discuss those cases istheory of Fantasy of Jacques Lacan, supported theory fantasy of Baron. Many kinds of Sexuality, there are Sexualization, Sexual health and Reproduction. Sexual identity, sensuality and intimacy. Sensuality involves human's level of awareness, acceptance and enjoyment of men's own or others bodies. In the circle of sexuality, fantasy is part of sensuality. Sensuality is match with Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy. In the novelIn Praise of the Stepmother, Many statements which can prove that Don Rigoberto have an extreme sexual fantasy. One night, he said that Lucrecia is his fantasy not his wife. He imagined that Lucrecia is Venus, a person who is his fantasies. For the tittle of my thesis is "Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy.DonRigoberto has an extreme sexual fantasy, he obsesses of three things: Personal Hygiene, sex with Lucrecia, and erotic paintings. His sexual fantasy actually impact on his wife, according to me that's so interesting.Because of those, thus this study directed to more examine about Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. In analyzing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy and Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife, it is used some related concept and two theories. In this thesis, the problem statement is divided into two. The first problem statement deals with Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy reflected in this novel. While the second problem deals with How does Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife in Mario Vargas Llosa"In Praise of the Stepmother. Those problems can be analysed by using the theory fantasy of Jacques Lacan, supported with Baron and also using concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. The first statement is how Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy reflected in In Praise of the Stepmother. This statement will use theory fantasy of Jacques Lacan and suppoeted with theory fantasy of Baron. Through fantasy, the subject attempts to sustain the illusion of unity with the other and ignore his or her own division. Fantasy originates in "auto-eroticism" and the hallucinatory satisfaction of the drive. Fantasies are the way in which subjects, structure or organize their desire: it is the support of desire. Then the second statement isHow does Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife in Mario Vargas Llosa"In Praise of the Stepmother. This statement will also apply the theoryof fantasy of Jacques Lacan and also apply the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma. Actually, there are two impacts of Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. Methods Research methodolgy that used in this analysis here must be qualified as an applying in literary appreciation. The thesis is regarded as a descriptive-qualitative study and uses a library research.The data obtained to answer research question study. This study uses novel of Mario Vargas Llosaentitled In Praise of the Stepmother that published in 1988 as the data source of this study. The datas are in the form of direct and indirect speech of the characters, dialogues, epilogues and quotations which indicate and represent aspect of infidelity and love and will which is experienced by the main character. This thesis is using the library method in collecting the data. It does not use the statistic method. That is why it is not served in numbering or tables. Library research used an approach in analyzing this study. The kind of library research which is used here is intensive or closely reading to search quotations or phrases. It also used to analyze the literary elements both intrinsic and extrinsic. The references are taken from library and contributing ideas about this study from internet that support the idea of analyzing. Some steps of how the data is analyzed will be described as follows: Classification based on the statement of the problems. This classification is used to avoid the broad discussion. There are two classifications in this study. They are sexual fantasy and the main factor that lead to his sexual fantasy. Describing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasywhich is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of fantasy to be applied to the data.Describing Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife which is stated from the quotations or statements by using theory of fantasy and the concept of anxiety and psychological trauma will to be applied to the data. RESULT 3.1 Reflection of Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy Based on theory of fantasy of Baron, fantasy can be a kind of activity that permits the subject to escape, however briefly from the stresses and boredom of the subject's life. Schaefer and Millman support this theory by stating that fantasies provide "a strong feeling of satisfaction in comparison to the bedroom of everyday activities" as an escape of the continued failure of difficulties in their everyday life". (Baron, 1995: 31-32) Fantasy is used as an escape from responsibility or a harsh home or work situation. Then the person needs to begin to pray for favor on the job or at home, asking God to open hearts to each other's needs and binding out demonic forces. We have had great reports from this kind of prayer. Then as the stress is lifted and the relationships are made stronger, the desire to escape lifts as well. The fantasies are no longer a problem. 3.1.1.1 Fantasy escape Don Rigoberto from stresses and boredom of his life Don Rigoberto is the dull though the prosperous manager of a Lima insurance company. His life represented in the eyes of others, that routine existence as the general manager of an insurance company, he has many activities. Well-earned that he stress or bored with some of his activities as an insurance executive. He had found in his solitary hygienic practiced and all in the love of his wife appeared to him to be sufficient compensation for his normalcy. He creates erotic fantasies, and Lucrecia lives out the character she has been chosen to be. "Just a pinch of wisdom to use as a momentary antidote to the frustrations and annoyances that seasoned existence. He thought: Fantasy gnaws life away, Thank God" (Llosa, 1988: 104) From the statement above, Rigoberto seems like indeed the power of wisdom can be used as a momentary antidote to the frustrations and annoyances that seasoned existence, but it just can be a momentary antidote now the make frustrations and annoyances gnaws away. As a manager of a Lima insurance company, it is definitely that he has 1many activities so he needs something which can release him from the frustrations and annoyances. The word "Fantasy gnaws life away, Thank God", it shows that Don Rigoberto thinks that fantasy helped him out of the frustrations and annoyances thing which is part of being an insurance executive. He was thankful, fantasy make he enjoyed or even suspected as happiness. There is proof that Fantasy can escape from the stresses and boredom of life "[.] as though happy to rid itself of the policies and the detritus of the day's bussiness.Ever since, in the most secret decision of his life-- so secret that probably not even Lucrecia would ever be privy to it in its entirity-he had resolved to be perfect for a brief fragment of each day. (Llosa, 1988: 54) Rigoberto is obsessed with Personal Hygiene, he assumes that is the part of his sexual fantasy to get pleasure. According to him, the nightly ritual can as a though happy to a rid himself from detritus bussiness day. He had resolved to be perfect for a brief fragment of each day through nightly ritual. 3.2 Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy impact on his wife In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother, Don Rigoberto focuses so completely on hisrich fantasy life - a fantasy life,multiplyed by his reproductions of smutty nudes by the likes of Titian and Jordaens (left), that he doesn't notice the risks that cause Dona Lucrecia anxiety. In this novel, there is no communication between Don Rigoberto and Dona Lucrecia about sexual fantasy, Don Rigoberto's intend for his wife disrupts into his fantasies—at times he is too impaired by sorrow and desire to go on. "The queen sometimes awakens at night, overcome with terror in my arms, for in her sleep the shadow of the Ethiopian has once again burst into flame on top of her." (Llosa, 1988: 20) This quotation above describes that Lucrecia feels anxiety, she always pictured events that foregoing Don Rigoberto forced Dona Lucrecia sex with Atlas, Don Rigoberto assumes that Atlas is the best endowed of his Ethiopian slaves. It can be explained through this statement : "One night-I was drunk-I summoned Atlas, the best endowed of my Ethiopian slaves, to my apartments, merely to confirm that this was so. I had Lucrecia bow down before him and ordered him to mount her.Intimated by my presence, or because it was too great a test of his strength, he was unable to do so. Again and again I saw him approach her resolutely, push, pant, and withdraw in defeat" (Llosa, 1988: 15) Fantasy is 'that thing is what can satisfy me' – objectivation of desire.This line of thought on perverse fantasy, that fixates desire onto a certain object and thus screens off from its infinity, make the interpretations understandable From the quotation above Don Rigoberto was fantasized and forced his wife into having sex with Atlas. There looks Rigoberto so rude to treat his wife, he made his wife as an object because he wanted to prove whether Atlas, the best endowed of my Ethiopian slaves can equals him and he merely to confirm that this was so. The Fantasy that is shown by Don Rigoberto occurs when he decided his wife sex with Atlas. Don Rigoberto feels satisfied and relieved after that incident. Because of that incident, he discovered that no one can equal him. Butitis notperceivedby Lucrecia, she feels not enjoy. "In order to fulfill my part of the offer, we were obliged to act with the greatest discretion. That episode with Atlas, the slave, had been deeply shocking to my wife. (Llosa, 1988: 19) In the statement above, He has also realized that the episode with Atlas makes Dona Lucrecia shock. In contrast, Don Rigoberto does not appreciate his wife. He just concerned with his fantasy and never regards Dona Lucrecia's pleasure. There is no communication between Don Rigoberto and Dona Lucrecia about sexual fantasy, Rigoberto just concerned with his fantasy and Dona Lucrecia only silent to face it. She did not attempt to revolt or reject command from her husband She never stated that she does not enjoy it. She feels anxiety until it can be said that she have psychological trauma. Lucrecia always awakens at night just because it was too painful for her. For Lucrecia it would be a deeply shocking. In the chapter twelve, Labyrinth of Love.Lucrecia expresses her feelings that she felt as fortunate victim, she just an inspiration. Until there show that she fantasized with herself "I know this because I have been the fortunate victim; the inpiration, the actress as well [.]. Myself, erupting and overflowing beneath your attentive libertine gaze of a male who has officiated with competence and is now contemplating and philoshopizing (Llosa,1988: 118) It shows that Dona Lucrecia feels that she just an actress who serve her husband for being another person, not being herself while they having sex. She was erupted and overflows, she wants to vent all her anxiety. Until she actually made masturbation to gained the power of magic, mystery and bodily enjoyment. "That woman is what I am, slave and master, you offering. Slit open like a turtledove by love's knife: I: cracked apart and pulsing. I:slow masturbation. I: flow of musk. I: labyrinth and sensation. I: magic ovary, semen, blood, and morning dew.That is my face for you, at the hour of the senses. I am that when, for you, I shed my everyday skin and my feast-day one. That may perhaps be my soul. Yours." (Llosa, 1988: 119) In the statement above, it is clear that Lucrecia uncomfortable with the sexual fantasy of his husband. She even feels the pleasure through masturbation. Because throughon masturbation, she could be herself, not as an actress or inspiration of her husband. Conclusions This last chapter is drawn to sun up the results of the analysis, which is presented in the form of summary. In this chapter, the conclusion will be divided into two, in line with the statement of problem. The first conclusion in terms of Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy. For the second conclusion is Don Rigoberto's sexual fantasy impact on his wife. From the analysis that has been in the previous chapter, it can be conclude in the first conclusion that Don Rigoberto obsessed with three things, they are personal hygiene, sex with his wife and erotic paintings. Based on Don Rigoberto's it is found out that there are many habits and factors which are espouse his sexual fantasy. Besides, his character is his sexual fantasy done for his pleasure and cause of his desire. As aLima manager insurance, Rigoberto definitely has many activities, multiple frustrations and annoyances. So, the fantasy can help to escape him from that. In this study also reveal that Fantasy can make Rigoberto to be wise. He had rediscovered that wisdom all by himself, on his own and at his own risk. He did many habits like imagining erotically things about the media then sets the intent of those media into his mind.He reduces his wife as an object. He determines himselfbecome someone who is in the media, he proud of person in the paintings which can inflame his subject's imaginings then he changes himself as that person. In the novel In Praise of the Stepmother learn of the erotic and sexual lives of Rigoberto and Lucrecia, and which is driven by Rigoberto's fantasies formulated from paintings and other media. He showers her with affection, but the reader is left wondering if he truly knows her, or if he has created an illusion of her. Don Rigoberto's Sexual Fantasy happened because of any media, and he enjoyed his sexual fantasy by any media, like painting, poet and tried to take it into his mind, then reveal to his wife. His love life with Lucrecia in a world more imaginary than real, of what he wishes she were than what she really is. Don Rigoberto assumes that his wife is like another person who is in his mind, not the realism of his wife's self. He always lost in his dream which is imagined erotically things from some media and those can support his sexual fantasy. Don Rigoberto is compulsive about his personal cleanliness and his bodily functions. He appreciates them as impressive and necessary. He devotes a day a week for the care of a different member or organ: Monday, hands; Tuesday, feet; Wednesday, ears; Thursday, nose; Friday, hair; Saturday, eyes; Sunday, skin. Don Rigoberto is a sensualist of the highest order and, nightly, he and his wife have erotic heights. He did nightly ritual,all of those are the parts of his sexual fantasy. The pictures and roses of the painting are as an inspiration for him while having sex with his wife. Sexual fantasy can have a profound impact on a person's emotions. Sexual fantasy is articulated with anxiety and it is closest proximity to the psychological traumatic real, Lucrecia always be object of Rigoberto's sexual fantasy, she forced sex with Atlas, the best endowed of Ethiopian slaves. It shows that Don Rigoberto never worried about Lucrecia's anxiety. He actually lets Lucrecia having sex with another man, just for create pleasure Dona Lucrecia as his wife feel that she just an actress who serve her husband for being another person, not being herself while they having sex. She actually made masturbation to gained the power of magic, mystery and bodily enjoyment. She also did sexual attraction to her stepson, Fonchito. Because while having sex with her stepson, she feels splendid orgasm she is to be herself, she felt the pleasure and comfort thats he never got while having sex with Rigoberto, with Foncho, she feels that he is innocence and not seems like Rigoberto who makes she is an object imagination of anyone and object for him to get sexual satisfaction and pleasure. Don Rigoberto can do sexual fantasy to his wife because of his desire, he obsessed of personal hygiene,erotic paintings, then he makes his wife become the object of his fantasy and he wants to get pleasure which can alter his mood to be happy. The act of Don Rigoberto that forced his wife with another man can be classified as sexual violence which is the cause of psychological trauma. So, with the sexual fantasy of Don Rigoberto can impact Lucrecia has psychological trauma. Refferences Allen, Richard. 1995. Projecting Illusion. Film Spectatorship and the Impression of Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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Doing Business in Egypt 2008 covers three topics at the sub national level: starting a business, dealing with licenses and registering property. These indicators have been selected because they cover areas of local jurisdiction and practice. In the last two years, doing business in Egypt has become more affordable the minimum capital required to start a business and the costs of registering property and dealing with licenses have been slashed. Doing Business in Egypt 2008 records all procedures required for a business in the construction industry to build a standardized warehouse. Doing Business in Egypt 2008 records the full sequence of procedures necessary when a business purchases land and a building to transfer the property title from another business so that the buyer can use the property for expanding its business, as collateral in taking new loans or, if necessary, to sell to another business. The ease of doing business index is limited in scope. The Doing Business indicators provide a new empirical data set that may improve understanding of these issues.

Banks in emerging markets are increasingly providing non-financial services to their SME clients, typically consisting of information sharing, training and consultancy. This study, published by IFC in partnership with the Austrian Government, is the first to explore reasons behind this trend, finding that banks' key motivations include attracting and retaining customers, and strengthening portfolio quality. The report consists of an overview followed by case studies of three banks, namely Türk Ekonomi Bankasý (TEB), Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), and ICICI Bank. It is estimated that there are 365 to 445 million formal and informal micro, small, and medium enterprises, with a subset of 25 to 35 million formal SMEs, in the developing world. Of these, 70 percent do not use external financing from financial institutions, although they are in need of it. Approximately 85 percent suffer from credit constraints.

"If there was ever a doubt about just how American Mr. Obama is, Sunday's raid eliminates it better than any long-form birth certificate. This was his finest hour." Bret Stephens, the Wall Street Journal Late at night on Sunday May 1st President Obama announced to the nation that Osama Bin Laden had been found and killed by a US Navy Special Operations team. The Navy SEAL team Six, as it is known here, landed two helicopters inside a walled three-story compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, where years of painstakingly gathered intelligence had led authorities to believe there was a high chance the Al Qaeda leader may be hiding. This may well have been the largest, most successful intelligence operation in US history; the President acted boldly and decisively and for that he received accolades from both sides of the political divide. Coming as it did just a month after the President launched his re-election campaign, this victory immediately boosted his approval rate by eleven points, according to surveys.Even if the strategic defeat of Al Qaeda has not yet been accomplished, this was a huge milestone and the closing of a chapter that started ten years ago when the hunt for Osama Bin Laden was launched by the Bush administration. Last week's operation resulted in the largest trove of data ever found on Al Qaeda, including information on immediate threats being planned, location and structure of its leadership, and scores of data that will help piece together a deeper understanding of their long-term tactics, techniques and procedures.Disposing of such a reviled figure who, for over ten years had ordered the killing of innocent civilians around the world, is undoubtedly a great blow both symbolic and real, to Al Qaeda, a decentralized movement whose members are tied together mainly by feelings, emotions and mythology. But does it sound the death knell for the organization? What are its short and long term implications? Al Qaeda has proven to be quite resilient, but is it still spreading and growing? More importantly, how relevant is it in the face of the Arab Spring moving throughout the Middle East and Northern Africa?All these questions need to be pondered carefully, since they have deep implications for US foreign policy in the region, for the war in Iraq and Afghanistan, and for its difficult and troubled relation with Pakistan. This unexpected win will lead to a comprehensive reassessment of US military presence in the area, its strategies of counterinsurgency and counterterrorism, and its alliance with Pakistan.American reaction to Osama Bin Laden's death was one of noisy, overt celebration in New York and DC, and of relief and jubilation in the rest of the country. It was indeed the reverse of the deep shock, terror and bereavement of 9-11, but both instances had one common denominator: there was a sense of collective emotion, of a long-forgotten and now recovered national unity. However, this did not last long as incipient criticism and second-guessing started 24 hours later over Bin Laden's burial at sea and the decision by the administration not to show pictures of his death. It came from both sides of the ideological spectrum and, in some cases, it was bolstered by strong arguments. For example Alan Dershowitz, the Harvard Law professor, considered the burial at sea a "willful destruction of evidence that may arise suspicions that there was something to hide." Others used the occasion to stir up doubts and demanded pictures to certify Bin Laden's death, but then again, these are not to be taken seriously sine they were the same groups that had to be shown a long version of the President's birth certificate as evidence he was American. A second criticism coming mainly from some Neo-conservatives, was the administration's failure to recognize publicly that the intelligence gathering that led to the finding and killing of Bin Laden was a vindication of the "enhanced interrogation techniques" (read: water boarding) used by the Bush administration in foreign detention centers and at Guantánamo, which Obama had consistently and very publicly condemned during the 2008 campaign and into his years in office.To the first, members of the administration responded that the point was to dispose of his body in a respectful manner, not because he deserved it but to deny a source of friction with other Muslims and to deprive his followers with a shrine and an opportunity to exploit him as an iconic martyr. A similar argument was used to explain the decision not to release the pictures: the President wants to avoid ostentatious displays of triumphalism that may come back to haunt him. His sobriety and restraint further reinforce the boldness of his decision and his steadfast determination to "disrupt, dismantle and defeat" Al Qaeda and not be distracted from his goal by premature claims of "mission accomplished".To the second claim, the White House responded that the success of the operation is far from a vindication of such unconstitutional techniques, since it was the result of the hard work of professionals over time and across two administrations, who integrated thousands of small pieces of intelligence gathering coming from human and technological sources into one gigantic puzzle, and that no one single piece led the US to Bin Laden. It took all the resources only the US can muster, from military bases to networks of human intelligence, to electronic eavesdropping, to specially trained forces, to locate and kill one hidden individual in a foreign country, and then match his DNA in an aircraft carrier before disposing of the corpse. But it also took a courageous American president to make such a risky call, namely, authorizing a covert operation deep into Pakistani territory based on circumstantial evidence at best, and without alerting the Pakistani authorities about it. Fortunately, wide recognition was given to the President's courage and many on the Right called it "Obama's Finest Hour". Both former President Bush and his prickly vice-president Cheney congratulated Obama and gave him full credit.A more productive conversation that has already started in academic and diplomatic circles is how relevant Bin Laden's death is for the Arab world. If he had died eight years ago, says one French scholar, he would have instantaneously become a martyr in the Arab street, an icon of anti-Western sentiment. However, in 2011, he had receded into the back of the consciousness of young Arabs for several reasons. First, because he had been in hiding for so long that his presence in the media had been noticeably diminished: out of sight, out of mind. Time spent out of the limelight erases mystiques and cools down emotions. Secondly because many saw him as the culprit for bringing the United States into Iraq and Afghanistan, which in turn gave an excuse for authoritarian regimes in the region to become even more repressive and extend their time in power. In Iraq, local Sunnis blame Al Qaeda for bringing the Shiites to power and expanding the influence of Iran in their country. Also, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda had increasingly lost the allegiance of many Muslims around the world for their indiscriminate bombings of hospitals, mosques and shrines and the killings of non-combatant Muslims in Baghdad, Basra and Amman (even if many were Shiite, the slaughter of innocent women and children caused revulsion in these populations).More importantly, the wave of pluralistic revolutions sweeping the Middle East and North Africa has rendered Al Qaeda irrelevant. There is an emerging sense of strong national identities, whereby the masses are thinking of themselves first as Egyptians, Tunisians or Libyans, with ethnicity and religion taking a secondary role. Indeed, Nasser's Pan-Arabism died the 1960sm, and the dream of a Caliphate "extending Islamic rule from Indonesia to Spain", which Bin Laden proposed as Al Qaeda's ultimate goal is no longer an interesting proposition to the extremely young populations of the region, many of whom have access to the new social media in the Internet, and who crave freedom and modernity more than anything else. The "Arab Spring" may spell the end of Al Qaeda's political aspirations for the region: the Turkish model of a secular, modern state with an overwhelmingly Islamic population and a pluralistic party system is far more appealing than the pan-Islamic caliphate of the Prophet's era. In the words of Professor Fouad Ajami, "It is risky to say, but Arabs appear to have wearied of violence…It was Bin Laden's deserved fate to be struck down when an entirely different Arab world was struggling to be born."Time and treasure spent in a ten-year war have also changed perspectives in America, especially for the younger generations. There is an on-going unofficial revision of the Bush doctrine of invading whole countries "that harbor, train or fund terrorists" in favor of narrower, more focused actions against the terrorists themselves. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have taken their toll on the American military as far as recruitment and resources. The main concern of voters is the American economy, especially unemployment and the ever-expanding national debt. A hundred and forty thousand American and NATO troops are involved in counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan, with no endgame in sight. Killings of Americans by despondent Afghan soldiers and other groups whose "hearts and minds" the US is supposed to win, occupy the headlines daily. Counter-terrorism increasingly seems to be a much more appealing and productive strategy. Expressing this widely-held sentiment, Senator Kerry recently declared: "There is no possible victory to be had in Afghanistan".Even though President Obama called it a war of necessity and has invested deeply in it, this is no longer a popular war: two-thirds of the American electorate is against it. Therefore, there will be pressure on President Obama to accelerate the phased withdrawal from Afghanistan, and complete it before the set deadline of 2014. He is a rational decision-maker who does not easily cave under pressure, but the 2012 election is likely to enter into his calculations. As a champion of counter-terrorism and opposing counter-insurgency from early on, Vice-president Biden might still be vindicated in his wisdom. When Obama opted for the surge in Afghanistan two years ago, he overruled Biden and sided with the military. Will he change his mind and speed up the withdrawal now? The killing of Bin Laden certainly gives him an opening to change his initial timetable. "Al Qaeda is no longer there, and the Taliban must be beaten by Afghans themselves", says Leslie Gelb, president emeritus of the Council of Foreign Relations.Finally, the fact that Pakistan has proved to be an unreliable partner in the war against terrorism is also putting pressure on the President to review his Afghan policy. The alliance is frayed; Pakistan is giving sanctuary to violent militants of all sorts, and another high Al Qaeda operative now in American custody, Khalid Sheik Mohammed, was also found in Pakistan (Rawalpindi). Indeed, by the rationale of the Bush doctrine, the US should be invading Pakistan next. The White House says they have no evidence that there was any "foreknowledge" by the Pakistani leadership that Bin Laden was holed up in a one-million-dollar compound, in a military town, only 30 miles away from Islamabad. Pakistan will conduct its "own investigation" and will have to prove itself a worthy ally, for example, by sharing information gleaned from Bin Laden's three wives and several children now held under Pakistani custody. On the other hand, veteran security experts retort, more terrorists have been arrested by the Pakistani authorities since 2001 than anywhere else in the world. In this case, was it incompetence or complicity? Pakistan is a very complex country, where the military are an autonomous force above civilian rule, and they also control the Intelligence Services (ISI). It is a house divided against itself. It harbors numerous militant groups, and goes after some but not others. It hedges its bets this way so as not to lose influence and power in the region, for example by supporting the Taliban and Haqqani networks fighting to seize power in Afghanistan, and the Lashkar-e-Taiba organization against India in Kashmir. Pakistan's foreign and national security policy is built around its obsession with India, its most vilified enemy and against which it has fought several wars. It is clear now that ISI gave sophisticated support to the Mumbai terrorist attack in 2009. Pakistan needs a friendly government in Afghanistan so that it can maintain its "strategic depth" vis à vis India. Armed with over a hundred nuclear weapons and with some control over this wide array of militant groups, Pakistan is pivotal in the stability of South Asia. Those are the two main reasons why the US-Pakistani relationship survived after the Cold War ended. Because of the weakness and corruption of civilian governments, past and present, the US has preferred to engage with the military, who control the nuclear arsenal, and has made them the recipient of most US aid (indeed, by the end of this year alone the Pakistani military will have received $3 billion from the US). But this may be about to change if Pakistan rejects the US request to be in charge of the internal investigation on whether Bin Laden was given sanctuary, and if so, by whom.Now that its main leader has been killed, and in spite of its virtual irrelevance, Al Qaeda is likely to undergo an internal struggle to determine its future. The mystique of its international role has already somewhat dissipated and the different groups in the network are shifting their focus to their national agendas. Indeed, this has already been the case in Egypt, where after days of ominous silence on the Tahrir Square Revolution, Al Qaeda's second in command, Egyptian-born Al-Zwahiri injected himself in the process by supporting the leader of an Islamist party that wants post-Mubarak Egypt to adopt Sharia law. But his attempt did not resonate with the young revolutionaries, most of which want a pluralistic society and are much more concerned with jobs and government accountability than with religious utopia. However, revolutions are just the beginning of a long process, transition periods are by definition unstable, and post-revolutionary regimes have historically been highjacked by extremists. So one can only be cautiously optimistic about what will come next, but it appears as if the Middle East and the Arab world are moving on and beginning to spell the end of Al Qaeda's aspirations. Bin Laden's demise is the appropriate end of this chapter in the region's history.Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science and Geography Director, ODU Model United Nations Program Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia

The findings from the study suggest that international pressure for more effective Right to Information (RTI) implementation only goes so far. The development of RTI laws with the encouragement, assistance, or insistence of the international community was a prominent theme throughout the case studies, particularly for EU countries during their accession process. But implementation is a less straightforward task, with many interlocking, moving parts, and international support comes in ad hoc fashion as the process unfolds. A strong implication from these findings is that a national coordinating strategy may be valuable for implementation. This kind of strategy document should take the interdependence of the drivers of effectiveness into account when drafting policies and rules for practice, and can serve as a guiding document when deciding on foreign funding priorities.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Argentina accounts for 15% of total tobacco consumption in Latin America and has made the epidemiological transition to an advanced stage in the tobacco epidemic. The Southern Cone region of the Americas leads the hemisphere in tobacco attributable mortality. Argentina is a developing country with economic interests in tobacco growing and rapidly increasing tobacco use in urban areas. In 2000, smoking prevalence was 40.4% among adults- 46.8% of men and 34% of women- and Buenos Aires urban youth (13 to 15 years old) had a 30.2% 30-day smoking prevalence (27.8% male; 31.8% female) compared to 17.7% (17.8% male; 17.7% female) in the United States. Argentina also has a high smoking prevalence among health professionals (30.3% of physicians, and 36.3% of nurses currently smoke). Given the limited smoking restrictions in indoor environments the general population is highly exposed to secondhand smoke both in public and private places. In 2000, the percentage of young people aged 13 to 15 years exposed to secondhand smoke in Buenos Aires was 69.6% at home, 87.6%, in public places, and 27.6% from their friends. A multi-country study carried out in seven Latin American cities in 2004 showed that the city of Buenos Aires had the highest airborne nicotine levels inside hospitals, schools, government buildings, airports, and restaurants observed. According to the National Program on Tobacco Control of the Ministry of Health and Environment of Argentina, tobacco use causes 40,000 deaths per year, including 6,000 due to secondhand smoke. The cost of the treatment of tobacco-related diseases is more than 4,330 million pesos per year, which represents 15.5 % of the total public expenditure on health care. Meanwhile, the tobacco excise taxes collected by the government are only 3,500 million pesos per year. The transnational tobacco companies working through their local affiliates dominate production and marketing of cigarettes in Argentina. Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco, as well as other transnational tobacco companies such as Liggett, Reemtsma, Lorillard, and RJ Reynolds International- through their local subsidiaries Massalín-Particulares and Nobleza-Piccardo- have been actively influencing public health policy-making in Argentina since the early 1970s. These transnational tobacco companies have used the same strategies in Argentina as in the United States to block meaningful tobacco control. Methods This report uses three main sources to describe the interference of the tobacco industry in tobacco control efforts in Argentina. First, we examined the tobacco industry documents in the University of California San Francisco Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) and British American Tobacco Documents Archive (http://bat.library.ucsf.edu) and in Tobacco Documents Online (www.tobaccodocuments.org). We also used internet resources, major Argentinean newspapers (Clarín, La Nación, Página 12, La Prensa), local magazines (Muy Interesante, Revista 23, Somos, Humor, VEA), and the Argentinean National Congress Library for complete texts of the laws, bills and other tobacco control measures. Finally, we conducted face-to-face interviews with congressmen, public health officials, and tobacco control advocates in Buenos Aires during December 2003. Results • In 1966, the first bill on tobacco regulation was introduced in the Argentinean Congress to adopt a mandatory warning label on cigarette packs, but did not pass. In 1970 the government promulgated Law 18.604 that ended cigarette advertising on radio, television, and in movie theaters, and established fines for violators. This law was in effect only for one year. • In 1973 and 1974, two bills were introduced that would have placed a health warning label on tobacco products and advertisements, but these bills were not approved due to the intervention of the Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco (Chamber of Tobacco Industry), the tobacco industry's national manufacturers' association. • In 1977, as in the USA and other countries, the Chamber of Tobacco Industry created a weak and ineffective voluntary self-regulating code to avoid strong legislated restrictions on cigarette advertising. • In 1976 and 1979, the Ministry of Social Welfare drafted two bills to regulate the content of tobacco and alcohol advertisements and to require a warning label on cigarette packages. Tobacco Industry representatives lobbied government officials claiming that the established voluntary industry code was adequate and both bills died. • In the early 1980s, the Chamber of Tobacco Industry created the "Smoking Controversy Department" to counteract and undermine potential legislation. This department organized "Information Seminars" intended for selective community groups to promote the industry's position that the causal links between smoking and disease had not been proven. Seminars were aimed at the managers of tobacco production associations, agricultural technicians, physicians, scientists, journalists, tobacco advertising agencies, tobacco products distributors, elected officials, and Ministers of Health. The Smoking Controversy Department also produced and promoted literature arguing the industry's position. • During the 1980s, efforts to pass comprehensive tobacco control legislation intensified. These attempts were neutralized by a much better-organized tobacco industry that implemented a public campaign to lobby health authorities and convince journalists and the public that there was a "controversy" about the links between smoking and disease. • In 1986, the National Congress passed Law 23.344 that essentially codified the tobacco industry's ineffective voluntary advertising code and placed the weak health warning label "Fumar es perjudicial para la Salud" (Smoking is harmful to health) print on cigarette packs. Industry representatives had meetings with selected influential federal and provincial ministers, governors, and federal senators to water down the original proposal introduced by Representative Lorenzo Pepe in 1984. • In 1992, the 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health was held in Buenos Aires. Local tobacco control advocates tried to push for the approval of a new comprehensive tobacco control bill in the Congress introduced by Representative Aldo Neri in 1990. At the same time, Philip Morris International and British American Tobacco worked together to divert the attention of the conference by organizing briefings with friendly journalists to create controversy about secondhand smoke. • In September 1992, the Neri Bill was approved in the Congress. The tobacco industry rapidly organized and orchestrated a major lobbying and public relations campaign to defeat it with the help of front groups (e.g., the International Advertising Association, the Inter-American Press Association, the Inter-American Society for Freedom of Commercial Speech, and the Argentine Association of Advertising Agencies), "scientific" consultants secretly hired and managed by industry lawyers based in the US, and Congressmen from the tobacco growing provinces. Ten days later, on October 10, President Carlos Menem vetoed the law. • Between 1992 and 2000, the tobacco industry supported alternative legislation to write the industry's ineffective voluntary marketing code into law. Even though they were not approved, these bills distracted political and public attention so that all efforts at meaningful tobacco control legislation were neutralized. • Since the mid-1990s, the tobacco industry has been promoting its "accommodation" program "La Cortesía de Elegir" (The Courtesy of Choice), to avoid legislation to end secondhand smoke exposure in restaurants and bars and to maintain the social acceptability of smoking. • Since 1997, the tobacco industry has been promoting ineffective "youth smoking prevention" programs (such as "Yo Tengo P.O.D.E.R." [I Have Power] and "Yo NO Vendo Cigarrillos a Menores de 18 Años" [I DO NOT Sell Cigarettes to Minors under 18]) to preempt meaningful anti-tobacco education by the government and to shift the focus away from the industry's responsibility for increasing youth smoking through its advertising and marketing. • In 2003, the Lower House Public Health Committee drafted a version that consolidated 18 tobacco control bills (including one from Representative Neri) but again, the tobacco industry succeeded in burying the bills. • In September 2003, President Néstor Kirchner signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first international public health treaty negotiated by the 192 countries under the auspices of the World Health Organization. The ratification process in the Argentinean Senate remained bogged down as of September 2005, with limited efforts to ratify it. It appears that the industry is effectively lobbying Argentinean legislators not to ratify the treaty. • In August 2005, the Ministry of Health and Environment introduced in the Senate a new comprehensive tobacco control bill that follows the minimum standards required by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, including the creation of smokefree public places (including bars and restaurants) and workplaces, the end of all types of tobacco advertising (except point-of-sale) and sponsorship, and the placement of rotating health warning labels and images in cigarette packages. It also bans misleading descriptors (such as "light") and requires the placement of maximum levels of nicotine and tar print on packages. Recommendations 1. The journalists from print and electronic media, public health advocates, politicians and institutional leaders need to become more aware of how the transnational tobacco industry has manipulated and influenced policy making in Argentina, which affects the health of the public, and report this information to the public. 2. The national government, through the Ministry of Health and Environment, should implement a comprehensive educational campaign to enhance awareness about the health dangers of secondhand smoke and to promote the enactment of city-wide, provincial and national ordinances that prohibit indoor exposure to secondhand smoke. 3. Argentina should implement the principal provisions of the Framework Convention such as increased taxes, a complete advertising ban, and graphic pictorial warning labels on cigarette packages. 4. The federal government and health care industry need to support effective smoking cessation services, such as quit-lines, at minimal cost to all smokers. RESUMEN Argentina representa el 15% del consumo total de tabaco en América Latina y se encuentra en una fase avanzada de la transición epidemiológica en la epidemia del tabaquismo. La región del Cono Sur de las Américas lidera el hemisferio en mortalidad atribuible por tabaco. Argentina es un país en desarrollo con intereses económicos en el cultivo de tabaco y un alto consumo de tabaco en áreas urbanas. En 2000, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en adultos fue del 40.4% (46.8% en varones; 34% en mujeres). El mismo año, la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en los últimos 30 días, en jóvenes de 13 a 15 años de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, fue del 30.2% (27.8 % en varones; 31.8% en mujeres) comparada con 17.7% (17.8% en varones; 17.7% en mujeres) en los Estados Unidos. Argentina posee también una alta prevalencia de consumo de tabaco entre los profesionales de la salud (30% de los médicos y 36.6% de los enfermeros actualmente fuman). Debido a las escasas restricciones al consumo de tabaco en ambientes cerrados, la población general está altamente expuesta al huno de tabaco ajeno, tanto en lugares públicos como en privados. En 2000, el porcentaje de jóvenes de 13 a 15 años expuestos al humo de tabaco ajeno en Buenos Aires, fue del 69,6% en sus casas, 87,6% en lugares públicos y 27,6% de sus amigos. Un estudio multicéntrico llevado a cabo en siete ciudades latinoamericanas en 2004, mostró que la ciudad de Buenos Aires tenía la mayor concentración de nicotina ambiental en hospitales, escuelas, edificios gubernamentales, aeropuertos y restaurantes observados. De acuerdo al Programa Nacional de Control del Tabaco del Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente de la Argentina, el uso de tabaco causa 40.000 muertes anuales, incluyendo 6.000 debido a la exposición al humo de tabaco ajeno. El costo del tratamiento de la enfermedades relacionadas al tabaco es de más de 4.330 millones de pesos por año, el cual representa el 15,5% del gasto público total en salud. Mientras tanto, los impuestos al tabaco recaudados por el gobierno son sólo 3.500 millones de pesos al año. Las compañías transnacionales de tabaco, trabajando a través de sus filiales locales, dominan la producción y la comercialización de los cigarrillos en la Argentina. Philip Morris International y British American Tobacco, así como otras compañías transnacionales de tabaco tales como Liggett, Reemtsma, Lorillard y RJ Reynolds International, a través de sus subsidiarias locales Massalín-Particulares y Nobleza-Piccardo, han influenciando activamente las políticas de salud pública en Argentina desde comienzo de los años 1970s. Estas compañías transnacionales de tabaco han utilizado las mismas estrategias en Argentina que en Estados Unidos para bloquear políticas de control del tabaco significativas. Métodos El siguiente reporte utiliza tres fuentes principales para describir la interferencia de la industria del tabaco en los esfuerzos por controlar el tabaco en Argentina. Primero, examinamos los documentos de la industria del tabaco que se encuentran disponibles en la internet en las bibliotecas Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) y British American Tobacco Documents Archive (http://bat.library.ucsf.edu) de la Universidad de California en San Francisco, y en Tobacco Documents Online (www.tobaccodocuments.org). También utilizamos otras fuentes de información de la internet, los principales periódicos argentinos (Clarín, La Nación, Página 12, La Prensa), revistas locales (Muy Interesante, Revista 23, Somos, Humor, VEA), y la Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación de la Argentina para ubicar y analizar los textos completos de leyes, proyectos de ley, y otras medidas de control del tabaco. Finalmente, en diciembre de 2003, realizamos entrevistas cara a cara en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, con legisladores, funcionarios de salud pública y activistas para el control del tabaco. Resultados • En 1966 fue introducido en el Congreso Nacional argentino el primer proyecto de ley para la regulación del tabaco. El proyecto, que no fue aprobado, requería la colocación obligatoria de una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en todos los paquetes de cigarrillos. En 1970, el gobierno promulgó la Ley 18.604 que ponía fin a la publicidad de los cigarrillos en la radio, la televisión y los cines, y establecía multas para los infractores. Sin embargo, esta ley estuvo en vigencia sólo durante un año. • En 1973 y 1974 dos proyectos de ley ingresados en el Congreso Nacional requerían la colocación de una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en los envases de los productos de tabaco y en su publicidad. Sin embargo, estos proyectos no fueron aprobados debido a la intervención de la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco, la asociación nacional de productores de la industria del tabaco. • En 1977, de la misma manera que en los Estados Unidos y otros países del mundo, la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco creó voluntariamente un Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria débil e inefectivo para evitar la aprobación de legislación que contemplara fuertes restricciones a la publicidad del tabaco. • En 1976 y 1979 el Ministerio de Bienestar Social de la Nación preparó dos proyectos de ley para regular el contenido de la publicidad del tabaco y el alcohol y para requerir una etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Representantes de la industria del tabaco ejercieron presión política sobre funcionarios del gobierno reclamando que el ya voluntariamente establecido Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria de la industria era suficiente. Finalmente, ambos proyectos fueron archivados. • A principios de los años 1980s la Cámara de la Industria del Tabaco creó el "Departamento sobre la Controversia del Tabaco" como una herramienta para contrarrestar y menoscabar una posible futura legislación anti-tabaco. Este departmento organizó "Seminarios de Información" dirigidos a grupos específicos de la comunidad para promocionar la posición de la industria por la cual la relación causal entre tabaco y enfermedad no estaba comprobada. Los seminarios estuvieron dirigidos a gerentes de asociaciones de productores de tabaco, técnicos agricultures, médicos, científicos, periodistas, agencias de publicidad del tabaco, distribuidores de productos del tabaco, Ministros de Salud y otros funcionarios gubernamentales. El "Departamento sobre la Controversia del Tabaco" también editó y promocionó publicaciones exponiendo la posición de la industria del tabaco. • Durante los años 1980s se intensificaron los esfuerzos para aprobar una legislación amplia para el control del tabaco. Estos intentos fueron neutralizados por una industria del tabaco mucho mejor organizada que orquestó una campaña pública para ejercer presión sobre las autoridades de salud, y convencer a periodistas y al público en general sobre lo que la industria llamó la "controversia" sobre tabaco y salud. • En 1986 el Congreso Nacional aprobó la Ley 23.344 que esencialmente codificó el inefectivo y voluntario Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria de la industria del tabaco y requirió la colocación de la débil etiqueta de advertencia sanitaria "Fumar es perjudicial para la Salud" en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Representantes de la industria del tabaco tuvieron reuniones con influyentes ministros nacionales y provinciales, gobernadores y senadores nacionales para "suavizar" el proyecto de ley original introducido en 1984 por el Diputado Nacional Lorenzo Pepe. • En 1992 la 8va Conferencia Mundial sobre Tabaco o Salud se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Activistas locales para el control del tabaco intentaron presionar para la aprobación en el Congreso de una ley amplia la cual había sido introducida en 1990 por el Diputado Nacional Aldo Neri. Al mismo tiempo, Philip Morris International y British American Tobacco trabajaron juntas para desviar la atención de la conferencia, organizando sesiones informativas con periodistas "amigos" para crear controversia sobre los efectos de la exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco. • El 30 de septiembre de 1992, la Ley Neri fue aprobada en el Congreso Nacional. Sin embargo, la industria del tabaco rápidamente organizó y orquestó un exitoso plan para derrotarla con la ayuda de grupos de fachada (por ej. la Asociación Internacional de Publicidad, la Asociación de Prensa InterAmericana, la Sociedad InterAmericana para la Libertad de Expresión Comercial, y la Asociación Argentina de Agencias de Publicidad), consultores "científicos" contratados y orientados por la industria y legisladores de las provincias tabacaleras, y montó una gran campaña de relaciones públicas y de presión política. Diez días más tarde, el 10 de octubre, la ley fue vetada por el Presidente Carlos Menem. • Entre 1992 y 2000, la industria del tabaco apoyó proyectos de ley "alternativos" que estaban en consonancia con su Código de Autorregulación Publicitaria. A pesar de no haber sido aprobados, estos proyectos sirvieron para distraer la atención política y pública y de esa manera, todos los esfuerzos para el control del tabaco fueron neutralizados. • Desde mediados de los años 1990s la industria del tabaco ha estado promoviendo su programa de "acomodación" conocido como "La Cortesía de Elegir" o "Convivencia en Armonía", para evitar legislación que ponga fin a la exposición pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno en restaurantes y bares, y para mantener la aceptación social del consumo de tabaco. • Desde 1997 la industria del tabaco ha estado promoviendo programas de "prevención del uso de tabaco en jóvenes" inefectivos (tales como "Yo Tengo P.O.D.E.R." y "Yo NO Vendo Cigarrillos a Menores de 18 Años") para evitar campañas educativas anti-tabaco por parte del gobierno y para desplazar el foco de atanción por la responsabilidad que la industria tiene, a través de la publicidad y comercialización de sus productos, en el incremento del uso de tabaco entre los jóvenes. • En 2003, la Comisión de Acción Social y Salud Pública de la Cámara de Diputados de la Nación escribió un Dictamen Final que consolidaba 18 proyectos de ley para el control del tabaco (uno de ellos del Diputado Aldo Neri) pero una vez más, la industria del tabaco tuvo éxito en cajonear los mismos. • En septiembre de 2003, el Presidente Néstor Kirchner firmó el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco, el primer tratado internacional sobre salud pública negociado por 192 países bajo los auspicios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Al mes de septiembre de 2005, el proceso de ratificación en el Senado argentino permanece estancado con pocos esfuerzos para ratificarlo. En vista de los acontecimientos pasados parecería que la industria ha estado ejerciendo presión exitosamente sobre los lesgisladores argentinos para que no ratifiquen el convenio. • En agosto de 2005, el Ministerio de Salud y Medio Ambiente introdujo en el Senado de la Nación un nuevo proyecto de ley amplio para el control del tabaco que está en sintonía con los estándares mínimos requeridos por el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco. El proyecto contempla la creación de ambientes públicos y lugares de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco (incluyendo bares y restaurantes), la prohibición de la publicidad (excepto en los lugares de venta) y el patrocinio y la colocación de etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias rotatorias con imágenes, en los paquetes de cigarrillos. También prohibe la colocación de descriptores engañosos (tales como "suaves") y requiere los niveles máximos de nicotina y alquitrán impresos en los en los envases de tabaco. Recomendaciones 1. Periodistas tanto de los medios gráficos como electrónicos, activistas de la salud pública y líderes institucionales, deberían tomar conocimiento sobre como las compañías transnacionales del tabaco han manipulado e influenciado las políticas de control del tabaco en la Argentina lo cual afecta la salud de la población, y comunicar esta infomación a la población general. 2. El gobierno nacional, a través del Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente, debería implementar una amplia campaña educativa para aumentar la conciencia sobre los daños a la salud provocados por la exposicion pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno, y promover la aprobación de legislación local, provincial y nacional que impida la exposicion pasiva al humo de tabaco ajeno en lugares cerrados. 3. Argentina debería implementar los estándares principales del Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco, tales como el aumento de los impuestos al tabaco, la prohibición total de la publicidad, y la colocación de etiquetas de advertencia sanitarias con imágenes en los paquetes de cigarrillos. 4. El gobierno nacional y el sector privado de la atención de la salud deben apoyar servicios de cesación tabáquica efectivos, tales como las líneas telefónicas de ayuda para dejar de fumar, a un bajo costo para todos los fumadores.

"DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO JOURNAL BY ELIASANTI AGUSTINA NIM. 102084007 ADVISOR Dra. THERESIA KUMALARINI, M.Pd. NIP. 19521014 197903 2 001 SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM 2014 "DOLL STEPS" AS A BRAINSTORMING GAME TO IMPROVE THE SPEAKING SKILL IN PROCEDURE TEXT OF THE NINTH GRADERS OF SMPN I MOJOKERTO Eliasanti Agustina English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University elia.englishedu2010@gmail.com Dra.Theresia Kumalarini, M.Pd. Lecturer of English Study Program FBS Surabaya State University kumala_rini52@yahoo.co.id ABSTRAK Pengajaran berbicara bahasa Inggris di banyak sekolah tidak memfasilitasi siswa untuk menjadi terampil. Akibatnya, keterampilan berbicara mereka masih kurang memuaskan. Dengan demikian, guru harus menggunakan cara yang tepat untuk mengajarkan keterampilan berbicara berdasarkan kebutuhan siswa. Di sini peneliti menyarankan guru untuk menerapkan permainan brainstorming bernama "DOLL STEPS" yang bertujuan untuk membantu siswa memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk menjadi aktif dan kritis, membangun kebiasaan untuk berbicara menggunakann bahasa Inggris, berbagi dan mendapatkan pengetahuan, berbicara dengan fasih dan bebas , berkaitan dengan topik yang diberikan , siap dengan tugas inti dalam pelajaran berbicara, dan belajar untuk memperhatikan pembicara yang lain. Penelitian ini fokus pada berbicara teks prosedur. Penelitian kuantitatif eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kemampuan berbicara siswa setelah penerapan "DOLL STEPS". Populasinya adalah siswa kelas Sembilan di SMPN 1 Mojokerto, sedangkan sampelnya adalah IX E sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan IX F sebagai kelompok kontrol. Untuk mendapatkan data, masing-masing kelompok diberi pre-test untuk menemukan kesetaraan kemampuan dan post-test untuk menemukan pencapaian yang berbeda. Peneliti menggunakan rumus t -test untuk menganalisa data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa skor post-test dari kelompok eksperimen lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol. Kesimpulannya, direkomendasikan kepada guru bahasa Inggris bahwa permainan "Doll Steps" dapat digunakan untuk mengajar keterampilan berbicara sehingga dapat mencapai target belajar bahasa Inggris . Keyword : "Doll Steps", Keterampilan Berbicara , Teks Prosedur ABSTRACT The teachings of speaking in many schools do not facilitate students to be skillfull in speaking. Consequently, their oral skill is still unsatisfactory. Thus, the teacher has to use an appropriate way to teach speaking based on the students' need. Here the researcher suggested the teacher to implement brainstorming game namely DOLL STEPS which aims to help students have the same chance to be active and critical, build a habit to speak English, share and get knowledge, speak in fluent and free way, be enganged with the topic given, be ready in the main speaking task, and learn to pay attention to other's talk. This study focuses on speaking procedure text.This experimental quantitative research aims to know how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of "DOLL STEPS" is. The population was the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, whose sample was IX E as the experimental group and IX F as the control group. To get the data, each group was given a pre-test to find their equality and post-test to find the different achievement. The researcher used t-test formula to analyze the data. The result of the study showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. Finally, it is recomended that English teachers use Doll Steps game in teaching speaking skill to meet the target of learning English. Keyword: Doll Steps, Speaking Skill, Procedure Texts INTRODUCTION English proficiency is a must in the era of communication and globalization. English is seriously learned by many people to have a good prospect in the communication and also to get more information of international world. It can be seen in Indonesia that English is learned by children from elementary school to students of higher education. Therefore, our government seriously provides the appropriate curriculum about this subject. English lesson in junior high school function as a tool of self-development of students in science, technology and art. After completing their studies, they are expected to grow and develop into individuals who are intelligent, skilled and personable also ready to take a role in national development. In line with the explanation above is Indonesian law number 20 year 2003 about National Education System Article 37 paragraph 1, one of them states that language study materials include a foreign language with consideration of foreign languages, especially English is an international language which is a very important utility in global society (2006 : 282). Hence, English language become the principle subject which determines student graduation. This is proven by the fact that English is the subjects that is always included in the national examination in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 78 Year 2008 on National Examination for Secondary level in Article 6 states that the subjects tested in the examination include Indonesian, English, Mathematics, and Science. In the process of learning English, a teacher must be able to master the language pretty well. Moreover she must be able to master how to teach English properly and how to transfer knowledge and experience of the teacher to the learners. Thus, there has to be many efforts to do in order to create an interesting English learning that can motivate students to enhance learners' capacity in learning English. That is why, it is recommended that the teaching of English, should bring English atmosphere in it. Being a good teacher, she should be able to bring it in teaching and learning process, because if the atmosphere can not be brought into the process, the students will not get a clear purpose, why they have to learn the lesson and what is the importance of learning it for their daily lives. According to Depdiknas (2006:307), the teaching of English consists of four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing and other three components, pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Each skill has different purposes to help students master English. The uppermost important language skill in learning English is a skill in oral communication or generally called speaking. As declared by Aliakbar & Jamalvadi, speaking is crucial since it is the vehicle of social solidarity, social rank, the business world and as a medium for learning language. Learning objectives of speaking have been clearly stated in the English curriculum. The goal is students are able to communicate efficiently. "Learning speaking should improve the communication skills of learners to be able to express and learn to follow the appropriate social and cultural development" (Kayi, 2006: 1). Unfortunately the current condition shows that English Foreign Language (EFL) learners, in this term is Indonesian learners, are reluctant to speak English in the classroom. The problem is commonly found in EFL class. It is caused by some factors such as they do not have the confidence to do conversation in English, they are afraid of making mistakes and then laughed by their peers, they have limited vocabulary so that they know what to say in bahasa but not in English and many more. Sometimes the topic given is too high for them so they prefer to be silent. In addition, some students did not get a chance to speak in class because of the domination by particular learners. Consequently, students have fewer opportunities to learn from speaking than the more oral students. For sure it will affect to their ability and their score in speaking skill as well. Students who do not take charge in their learning are unable to take full advantage of learning opportunities. This is a problem that faces many Asian students who are generally more reserved than western students (Tsui , 1996). As teachers, we can try to overcome students' problem by using suitable warm-up activities, in this case called brainstorming game. Basically the use of brainstorming game in teaching and learning activities is not a must considering the effectiveness and time required. However, occasionally it is necessary to use the game to support the implementation of learning English. Brainstorming game can facilitate and create a strong positive effect on the atmosphere and also relaxed for students in doing classroom learning activities, considering that English is still a scourge for most students. That warm-up activity also helps students to have an overview about the main speaking task. In addition, the nature of game is fun so it can increase students' motivation and able to overcome shyness. Consequently, they will be able to express their ideas freely because through playing the game they may not consider that they are learning. Implementation of learning strategy in SMPN 1 Mojokerto strongly support the achievement of the speaking purpose itself. Learning strategy requires students to be independent, critical, and active in expressing their opinion. However at the presentation time most of the students do not focus in listening to the speaker. Sometimes they are busy with their own tasks even do not appreciate the presenter. Moreover, frequently there are learners who like to cut the talks of presenter with things that are not discussed. This affects condition of other students and causes confussion in the classroom. Teachers will be exhausted to remind them repeatedly. Dealing with the issues above, a teacher needs appropriate strategy and media which can control the class order and boost students' score in speaking English. There are some alternatives of speaking games that can be used in order to improve the students' speaking ability. One of the games that can be used is the Doll Steps game. This game is actually taken from the Chain Story ideas that are commonly used in the teaching of narrative text and also Talking Stick, but the writer gives a little modification in the content of the media itself, so that produces a new media that is Doll Steps game. As a result students will pay attention to the presenter when she is speaking. This teaching strategy can be used in teaching any texts. Based on Competence Based Curriculum Issued (KTSP) 2006, there are five genres that are introduced to Junior High school students. Those are procedure, descriptive, recount, narrative and report text. Those kinds of texts are expected to be mastered by the students well. Among those genres, a procedure text is easily understood by the students as it is commonly found in their environment. The text can be found on the sachet of instant foods and beverages also on the box of electronic machine. Additionally, procedure text is a genre which has to be mastered by students, especially the ninth graders as it is already stated in Standar Isi and Standar Kompetensi. In procedure text, students are told the way how something is achieved by doing sequence steps. The text includes set of suggestion on how to do something, how to operate something and how to get to a certain place or direction. To apply Doll Steps for procedure text, the speaker gives direction or step. All students will be treated fairly. They will get same chance to speak, so it is expected by applying this game, students will be able to speak English effortlessly and without hesitant. Doll Steps will be very advantageous for teaching speaking procedure text of the ninth graders in SMPN 1 Mojokerto. This study will discus the activities during the learning process using Doll Steps. The implementation here will be different from the concept in general as it will be modified by the music so that students feel comfortable. Researcher found a previous study on the use of brainstorming carried out in Oral Communication classes at a Japanese senior high school which was observed by Culen (1998) entitled, "Brainstorming Before Speaking Task". Brainstorming used was Information Gap. The evaluation of the study showed that an increase in speaking time and a more positive atmosphere are two benefits that brainstorming can bring to speaking class. Based on the background and the problems above, the research conducted to investigate how the students' speaking skill after the implementation of Doll Steps is. METHOD Concerning with the research question in the previous chapter, the writer used experimental quantitative research design. According to Ary, (1985) in Denik lejar (2012) Experimental design refers to the conceptual framework where the experiment is conducted. There were two groups involved in this study, experimental group (class IX E ) and control group (class IX F), which were randomly assigned. The two groups were given a pre-test to examine whether they were in the equal level or not. Then the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps in their teaching and learning process for several times. On the contrary, the control group was taught conventionally. At the end, both of the groups were given a post-test to measure the effectiveness of Doll Steps for teaching speaking procedure texts to Junior High school. The population used in this research was the ninth graders of SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The researcher chose two classes randomly as the samples. In this research, the researcher chooses probability sampling, especially cluster random sampling. After getting two classes, the researcher randomly assigned which one was the experimental group and which was the control group. The two chosen classes should be equal, to avoid any unexpected effect. In this study, the sample was class IX E as the experimental group, and class IX F as the control group. Each of them consists of 26 students. This study used test as the instrument. The tests consisted of pre-test and post-test. The items used in the tests were exactly the same. The pre-test and post-test were administered to know whether the model of learning is successful or not. From the two tests, the researcher got scores of speaking tests as the data. Before the tests were administered, a tryout was conducted to analyze the reliability of the test be used for pre-test and post-test also to know the appropriate test items for the students' level. The try-out test was given to the students who were given neither pre-test nor post-test. The number of the test items was just 2 instructions in the form of oral test. The results showed that the test items had a high validity because all of the components of the test items were according to the standard competency (see table 1) and has been approved by the experts (lecture of UNESA and the English teacher of SMPN I Mojokerto). While to know the reliability, the researcher used interrater reliability method. It means, one test will be administered once, but it is scored by two people. If the result from those two people are same or almost the same, means the test are valid and can be used in collecting data. Therefore, for the results showed that the test items were in high validity and reliability. Table 1 Scale of Validity Test Item Standard Competency Validity How to send a picture through e-mail How to make a glass of iced lemon tea 4.2.1 Mengungkapkan makna dalam monolog pendek sederhana dengan menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima untuk berinteraksi dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dalam teks berbentuk procedure Valid Valid When the students came in front of the class and produced a monologue related to the lesson given, their performance was analyzed and scored based on some aspects. They are pronunciation, grammar, fluency, vocabulary, organization and comprehension. Each aspect has its own point and description. The measurement adopted from Oller (Language Tests at School, 1979, pp. 320-323). A quantitative data analysis was conducted in this study. The scores of students' speaking tests were analyzed by using t-test­ formula because the result of the study was determined by the comparison of the post-test scores of the two groups. Moreover it is used to analyze the significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result The Implementation of Doll Steps in Teaching Speaking The research was done on December 9th up to 12th 2014. Furthermore, six meetings were needed to accomplish the research; try-out, pre-test, treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, and post-test. It is held to find out the influence of using brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to improve students' speaking skill in Procedure text. It was investigated through comparing the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test between the experimental and control group. Below is the statistics table of scores of both groups in pretest and posttest. Table 2 Scores of Pre-test for Experimental and Control Group Based on the calculation of the scores, it was found that the mean of the pretest scores of the experimental group was 70.2 and the control group was 65.4. From the table above, it can be seen that the Tvalue of pretest of the Experimental and control group with the level of significance of .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 1.3 and the Ttable was 2,009. If the T table was higher than the Tvalue . it means that there is no significant difference between Experimental and Control group. Oller's speaking measurement considers that both of the groups belong to level 3. From those results, the researcher assumed that the members of the two groups had equal level of speaking ability before the treatments were given. Table 3 Scores of Post-test for Experimental and Control Group From the calculation, the Mean of Experimental group was 81.9 which belongs to level 3+ and the Mean of Control group was 66.8 which belongs to level 3. It was clearly seen that the scores of experimental group the Mean of experimental group was much higher than the Mean of control group. Moreover the level of experimental is one level above the control group. The scores also have a better improvement. It can be seen at the pretest, the mean of experimental group was 70.2 and belongs to level 3. It significantly increased at the post-test the mean of which 81.9 and belongs to level 3+. It is because the experimental group was given a treatment by using Doll Steps game. The game was able to help students to produce oral speaking text fluently. The significant difference of the post-test scores of experimental The T value of post-test scores of experimental and control groups with level significance .05 and 58 (60) degree of freedom was 8.9 and the T table was 2.009. From the table above, it can be seen that the result of T table was lower than the T value. Therefore, it shows that there was a significant difference between two groups. In other words, there was a significant improvement between those who were taught by using Doll Steps game. Discussion As stated in chapter II, Kattlen (2005:31) defines that speaking as an interactive process of constructing meaning involves producing, receiving and processing information. However, some teachers and pupils mean every sound which comes out of the mouth is called speaking activity. It is totally wrong since speaking is human daily activity in which human expresses the ideas through the oral words about his need, feelings and thought that he wants other people hear. It must use his oral words not the words from the texts, recorders or other people's words. In the second chapter, it can be seen that speaking is a productive skill not a receptive skill, so here the speaker must produce meaningful words not copying or imitating. Therefore, it is necessary that students not only be able to pronounce words correctly but also produce oral words fluently in order to improve the speaking skill of the students, in this case is in a procedure text. Then, the researcher favored Doll Steps game as an alternative way to ease students creates a procedure text orally. The oral words should create spontaneously which means that the words must be original words from the learners. Moreover from the contrasting scores of the post-test between two groups, it can be stated that Doll Steps game can be an effective game for teaching speaking procedure texts. The test items consisted of two instructions. In this section, the researcher tried to analyze the findings of the research which was conducted in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. The first analysis was about the pre-test scores of the experimental and control groups. The result of the pre-test showed that there was no significant difference of both groups. It means that the two groups have equal ability. The second analysis was the post-test scores of Experimental and control groups. Table 3 shows that the mean of post-test scores for Experimental group was higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the calculation of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference of post-test scores of Experimental and Control group. It seems that the treatments given to experimental group was successful. Table 3 describes clearly that Doll Steps game is effective for teaching speaking procedure texts. It is supported by the result showed that the scores between experimental and control were significantly different. It caused by the treatments given to experimental groups affected the students' speaking ability. The treatments were given three times. During the treatments, the researcher applied steps of Doll Steps game. At the first treatment, the researcher explained and modeled the steps of Doll Steps first. After the researcher explained the strategy and the material, the students were taught a procedure text by applying Doll Steps game. From several treatments, the researcher was sure that "Doll Steps" is effective as an alternative strategy for teaching speaking procedure texts for the ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto. Applying Doll Steps allows the following benefits some of which are stated in the second chapter: It takes students to be a critical learner as they develop independence in practicing speaking. It allows students to practice freely. Here they may speak fearless as no one will cut or correct their says as long as it relates with topic given. All the students will be active speakers for they will get their turn to speak up. It engages students in speaking around the topic. It makes students learn to focus on what his friends' saying because in this game they should listen to the step mentioned by their friends to continue the next step. It scaffolds speaking with a variety of texts in all curriculum areas. It helps students to have a habit in speaking English. It makes students easy to produce the procedure text orally in the main activity since this game gives them chance to take and share knowledge with each other. It creates good English athmosphere in class which brings fun and purpossive learning activity. 10. Learners learn to appreciate one another. In conclusion, the calculation of the post-test from experimental and control groups using t-test showed that there was significant difference between them. Moreover the scores of Experimental group increased rapidly. It is statistically proved that Doll Steps game is effective for ninth graders in SMP Negeri I Mojokerto to improve their ability to speak the Procedure texts. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion According to the findings in this research, in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that the post-test scores of the experimental group, who were taught by using Doll Steps game are higher than those of the control group who was taught as usual. It was proven by comparing the mean of post-test between the experimental (81.9) which is considered as level 3+ and control group (66.8) with just in level 3 which is clearly stated by the statistical computation between those two groups. Moreover, it was found that the t value of the t-test (8.9) was higher than the t table (2.00). The result of speaking ability of the experimental group students showed that most of them are very good in spoken procedure with the 3+ level. Some of them got excellent scores with the level 4 even 4+. It means that most of them were able to speak the language with suffecient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most formal and informal conversation on practical, social, and professional topics. Whereas some of them who got 4 and 4+ level were able to use the language fluently and accurately at all levels normally pertinent to professional needs (Oller:1979). Therefore, the research question of this study has been answered well. From the findings above, it can be stated that the Null hypothesis, which stated that there is no significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is rejected. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis which stated there is a significant difference in the speaking ability of procedure texts between the students who are taught by using Doll Steps game and those who are not is confirmed. It can be assumed that teaching speaking procedure texts to ninth graders by using Doll Steps game helps the students to create a procedure text orally in a fluent way and reach a higher achievement. If the teacher implements the Doll Steps game to teach speaking of procedure texts, the students will be able to produce oral procedure text not only easily but also well structured and fluently because from the Doll Steps game they will become confident and critical learners, use their previous knowledge for the speaking task, feel free and confident through the game. Through their friends' sentences they will gain new knowledge such as new vocabulary and how to arrange a good procedure text, so that they can produce the oral text well. In conclusion, it can be said that Doll Steps game is one of the effective teaching speaking games that can be used to teach speaking production of procedure text in the classroom. Suggestion Based on the result of the study, the researcher recommends some advices which are essential. The suggestion may be beneficial for the English teachers and other researchers who conduct a study on speaking skill. For the English teacher Nowadays, when the teaching and learning process is no longer teacher centered but student centered, so the teachers should have some criterion namely: Creative teacher Creative means teachers can do variation in teaching process such as adapting and creating new technique, media, strategy or even game. Good facilitator It means that as a facilitator, teachers should be able to explore students' ability, for instance courage them to solve their learning problem, produce much ideas, give same chance to each students, and give supportive feedback. Selective teacher Teacher should selective in choosing the media, technique, strategy and game used to teach. The things must be appropriate to the curriculum, need, proficiency, and age of the students so that the learning process can meet the target. From all the characteristics above, students will be excited in practicing English orally Linked to the 2006 curriculum, the objective is to make learners able to express the text orally to be used for communication purpose (BSNP, 2006:24). Accordingly, the teacher should use suitable way, one which is giving Doll Steps game. Doll Steps game can give benefits and be implemented as an appropriate game for the students to produce oral procedure texts. For the other researchers Relating to the successful usage of brainstorming game called "DOLL STEPS" to boost speaking score of the ninth graders of SMPN 1 Mojokerto, other researchers who are interested in investigating speaking skill are recommended that they look further on other related aspects of this study. Furthermore, it is suggested to develop this study by exploring the use of this game for other kinds of genre, skills, and level of the students REFERENCES Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Razavieh, A. 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