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Although discretion is considered desirable for law enforcement officials in a democracy, its control poses a problem, particularly in the case of policemen. Police have the option of using physical force, & they also make initial decisions on criminal behavior & status. So far studies of police discretion have not been widely related to organizational theory. Research on police discretion discloses three control perspectives: through departmental rules, through community pressure, & through changes in officer decision-making capacity. However, none of these assumes that police discretion is at present satisfactory. Analysis of these models of organizational control indicates that structures designed to increase officer decision-making capacity should be enlarged. Modified Author Summary.

To work actively, in a targeted, planned manner to promote equality and prevent discrimination is an explicit objective for Norwegian authorities. To develop equal, non-discriminatory public services is an essential part of this work. The principal task of The Equality and Anti-discrimination ombud is to guide the public as well as government and private agencies on how to fulfil this objective. In 2010 the ombud worked specifically to raise awareness among authorities and public service institutions on how to offer equal services to all, irrespective of ethnicity, religion, gender, ability to function, age and sexual orientation. The present report was commissioned by The Equality and Anti-discrimination ombud. The research problem was to study whether and how the child welfare system in the municipality of Alna in Oslo provided equal and non-discriminatory services to all categories that are included in the anti-discriminatory acts. The research comprised four person months and consisted of interviews with public health nurses in three child welfare centres and parents in two open kindergartens, a short survey to parents visiting the centres and kindergartens and a survey to youths about the public health service in schools. Child Welfare centres are public health centres for families and for children and youth up to the age of 23. Alna is one of the most multicultural municipalities in Norway with 45% immigrants or children of immigrants, so ethnicity became the core issue of the study. According to our informants, questions of discrimination based on religion, ability to function and sexual orientation was not relevant because such clients were extremely rare. The focus among nurses and parents in the study was on ethnic discrimination or unequal services based on ethnicity and gender; this concern was consistent across both majority and minority groups. Our findings are presented in terms of Structural, Organisational and Cultural factors that hinder the development of equal services. Nancy Frazer's concepts distribution, recognition and representation are employed to assess the degree of equality of services.@ Structural barriers that may hinder equal services were found to be: Staff at child welfare centres do not represent the population they serve as almost all are native Norwegians without physical disabilities or other minority characteristics. We found that the formal competence in handling diversity among nurses is almost non-existing. We also found that too many tasks and too little time to perform them combined with many non- Norwegian- speaking clients, undersized budgets and no priority given to use interpreters. may hinder equal treatment. Organisational barriers were found to be: Services to children in school appeared to have limited availability due to a practice where children had to ask for leave to visit the public nurse. This may hinder children with ethnic backgrounds or with functional disabilities to reveal their vulnerability in class. Most consultations at child welfare centres are arranged as group consultations; individual consultations have to be specially asked for. This may be a hindrance for non-Norwegian clients and clients that want more privacy to receive the service they need. Most information brochures at the centres are available only in Norwegian, thus important information is often unavailable to non-Norwegian speakers. Tests used to assess the language skills and cognitive development of children are given in Norwegian only. Children with little competence in Norwegian are thus not tested equally to native speakers. Cultural barriers were found to be: Advice from nurses to parents were generally based on Norwegian "official" concepts of family. Cultural differences concerning child rearing practices and concepts concerning relationships between parents and children, were often difficult to follow, not only for many minority parents, but for many native parents as well. Advice was often not based on the actual diversity that exists among clients. Nurses reported experiencing tension between giving practical, "official" advice and being client-oriented and more culturally sensitive. Child welfare centres in the municipality of Alna are generally providing equal and non-discriminatory services to the population, but their ability to do this is restricted by some structural, organisational and cultural barriers that should be discussed and removed. ; Et likeverdig tjenestetilbud til alle, uansett etnisitet, kjønn, religion, funksjonsevne, alder og seksuell orientering, er en uttalt politisk målsetting. Hvordan realiseres denne målsettingen i praksis? For å svare på dette har NOVA gjennomført en datainnsamling om helsestasjonstilbudet i bydel Alna. Studien omfatter intervju med ansatte og foreldre på tre helsestasjoner og en kort spørreundersøkelse rettet mot foreldre og ungdom på skolene. Studien viser at det kun er etnisitet som oppfattes som etdiskrimineringsgrunnlag i bydelen, både blant ansatte og foreldre. Ansatte ser imidlertid ut til å håndtere dette mangfoldet på en ikke-diskriminerende måte. Vi fant imidlertid flere strukturelle og organisasjonsmessige forhold som kan hindre utførelsen av et likeverdig tjenestetilbud, og at kulturelle forskjeller mellom foreldres og helsestasjonenes sosialiseringsnormer kan føre til frustrasjoner hos begge parter.

"Nachhaltigkeit" ist ein Aushängeschild für viele Unternehmen geworden. Dieses Buch bietet einen schnellen Einstieg und umfassenden Einblick in das Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement von Unternehmen und Organisationen. Studierende, aber auch in der Praxis Tätige können sich einen kompakt formulierten Überblick verschaffen. Neben standardisierten Ansätzen des betrieblichen Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements wird die Implementierung von der Strategieentwicklung und Verankerung in unterschiedlichen betrieblichen Funktionsbereichen bis hin zu Instrumenten des Nachhaltigkeitscontrollings vorgestellt und durch anschauliche Praxisbeispiele illustriert. Die Beiträge thematisieren den aktuellen Diskussions- und Entwicklungsstand des Nachhaltigkeitsmanagements in Unternehmen und Organisationen. Durch den einheitlichen Kapitelaufbau und die didaktische Aufbereitung wird dieses komplexe Themenfeld optimal erschlossen.

El problema de esta investigación se centra en un tema que cobra gran importancia en nuestra coyuntura: la Paz y los medios para construirla. El objeto de estudio fue específicamente el análisis de la construcción de una Cultura de Paz desde la educación superior, a nivel de maestría, en las facultades o escuelas de Ciencia Política y Estudios Políticos en las universidades de la ciudad de Bogotá. La construcción de una cultura de paz propia latinoamericana es una necesidad imperiosa y es ahora cuando debe plantearse la discusión de cómo lograr la paz desde un cambio cultural propio en América Latina. Por consiguiente, este trabajo buscó acercarse a la respuesta de las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿De qué manera se promueve desde la educación superior la construcción de Cultura de Paz en América Latina y hasta qué punto se puede considerar esta una construcción propia para la región? ¿En qué medida las materias obligatorias ofrecidas a nivel de maestría en el área de la Ciencia Política influyen en la generación y fortalecimiento de una Cultura de Paz en los estudiantes, futuros profesionales? El análisis se hará teniendo en cuenta las concepciones generales y actuales de Cultura de Paz. (texto tomado de la fuente) ; The focus of this research is of great significance in our current situation: Peace and the means to build it. The object of this study was specifically to analyze the construction of a Culture of Peace at the level of higher education, or Masters Programs, in schools and departments of Political Science and Political Studies at universities in Bogotá, Colombia. Building a particularly Latin American Culture of Peace is imperative, and now is the time to launch the discussion on how to achieve peace via a cultural change from within Latin America. This study therefore sought to attain answers to the following research questions: How is the construction of a Culture of Peace in Latin America promoted at the level of higher education and to what extent can it be considered a construction particular to the region? To what degree do the lectures and seminars offered at the Master's level in the field of Political Science influence the building and strengthening of a Culture of Peace within the students, future professionals? This analysis will take into account the general and current conceptions of Culture of Peace. ; Maestría ; Análisis Politico

AbstractUsing the most recent round of a nationally representative survey series, this study examines determinants of dropout from basic education in Lao People's Democratic Republic. The existing studies show that, unlike in other developing countries, the effects of household income and gender are limited. Our analysis confirms the former but not the latter—gender inequality remains an issue to be resolved. Further, separate estimations by gender indicate that the significant effects of mother's education and rural/urban residence obtained in pooled data are due to the effects on female students, which highlights the need for more policy focus on female students in rural areas. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractSmall NGOs in international development have a unique advantage when it comes to engaging communities, establishing partnerships and advocating rights. However, studies suggest that small NGOs are disadvantaged when it comes to demonstrating evidence‐based impact. Small NGOs are less likely to invest in development evaluation as they lack expertise and/or feel strongly about funding programmes and not processes, given the increased demand for accountability to donors. To explore the challenge NGOs face in moving from a single project‐based entity to a vision‐led professional entity, we have documented the creation of low‐cost evaluation tools using a case study in water‐based development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of China's newly established rural pension programme on personal life satisfaction of the rural elderly along with other social, economic and demographic factors. The results indicate that old‐age security is a key component of personal life satisfaction for the rural elderly, and the New Rural Pension Programme can significantly improve their subjective well‐being. The importance of sons is declining given the wider availability of rural pension programmes. Additionally, the study finds that a poorly designed pension programme could not only result in low participation rate but also negatively affect personal life satisfaction of nonparticipants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractMost land governance reforms seek to enhance tenure security, encourage investments and thereby promote economic growth. Increasingly, land reforms attempt to secure women's and other vulnerable groups' access to land. This article reviews the extent to which gender equality in land tenure has been pursued in these reforms and examines the role played by donor cooperation. Despite significant progress in developing land legislation that upholds gender equality, implementation often does not follow suit, and women still face discrimination. Based on country case studies, the article identifies six challenges, which should be addressed to achieve gender equality in land tenure. © 2016 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractMost empirical studies in microfinance have disproportionately focused on its downstream effects—effects on the borrower—leaving the important question of how microfinance institutions are affected in the process, largely unanswered—upstream effects. This paper addresses this question by using panel data estimations to empirically investigate the causal effect of microfinance growth on microfinance institution loan portfolio quality. Surprisingly, we find evidence that portfolio quality improves with growth in outreach, which is contrary to the dominant view that higher growth leads to increased default risk. This result is robust across estimation methods and even after controlling for microfinance institutional characteristics and macroeconomic indicators. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis paper welcomes the Stiglitz Report's placing of wellbeing at the centre of policy discussions of measuring economic performance and social progress. However, the paper critiques the identification of subjective perspectives on quality of life solely with subjective well‐being. The paper locates subjective well‐being within psychological wellbeing, happiness and quality of life studies more broadly. It argues for attention to concepts, not just techniques, and more engagement with social and political perspectives. It draws on empirical research in Zambia and India to show that context matters and qualitative research is needed to complement quantitative measures of wellbeing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThe paper looks at some visible and invisible challenges to development studies—seen as comprising a policy‐related field—in relation to the UK and the DSA and against the background of world economic turmoil. They include: a revaluation of the multi‐disciplinary and inter‐disciplinary nature of the subject, to retain its broad base; the need to work within a comparative framework, linking poor and rich countries and the importance of a value base for development research. A strong appeal is made for better efforts to educate a wider public, especially in collaboration with the Development Education Association. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis paper explores the role of transaction costs and collective action in shaping small‐scale farmer participation in the fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) supply chain to supermarkets (SSC) in Honduras. Transaction costs and collective action are found to be significant in determining farmer participation in the SSC. Contrary to the findings of other studies, human capital and farm characteristic variables are not significant, suggesting that small‐scale farmers can be included in new supply chains under certain conditions, especially if incentives to farmers, trust‐based relationships between buyers and sellers, risk reduction practices and new forms of collective action are put in place. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis Policy Arena examines some of the development challenges faced by SIDS. It brings together a collection of papers arising from the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU‐WIDER) project [Fragility and Development]. These investigations were presented at the UNU‐WIDER project meeting held in Lautaka, Fiji in December 2006.The Policy Arena contains four studies that look, respectively, at various aspects of trade, foreign direct investment, aid and remittances, and migration, focusing on countries in the Pacific and the Caribbean. This introduction briefly describes the papers and distills some key messages for development policy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThis paper examines the ways in which financial sector development policy might contribute to poverty reduction, particularly by supporting the growth of micro and small enterprises (MSEs). Specifically, the paper draws on case studies and empirical work on the changing role of MSEs in the development process and the access of MSEs to informal and formal finance, including the role of microfinance. A number of research priorities relating to the links among financial policy, small enterprise development and poverty reduction are identified for the immediate attention of researchers engaged in contributing to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving global poverty by 2015. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Studies concerned with the intimate areas of human experience suggest that the institutions
and social mores structured around the instinctive drives of mankind—such as sex, love and fear,
are not meant to serve the same purpose in every culture. Belief systems, world views and culturally-determined
expectations from life determine the texture, causation and expression of even our very basic emotions.
Nature's purpose for the sexual impulse may be the propagation of the species,
but in controlling and harnessing this drive for the ends of social cohesion, different cultures have had
very different objectives in view and used very different means. The emotive affects associated with its
expression have also varied accordingly.