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A current and universal challenge, particularly in developing nations, is the establishment of effective environmental regulation policies that protect the ecological environment without adversely affecting the international competitiveness of the domestic manufacturing industry. To deal with this dilemma, this study investigates the export competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry from the viewpoint of export value added. The Porter hypothesis is applied for an empirical investigation of the effect of environmental regulation on export competitiveness and to determine the presence of intra-industry heterogeneity. Furthermore, this study seeks to understand the mechanisms through which environmental regulation affects export competitiveness by exploring the two main approaches to technological innovation. The findings reveal that environmental regulation has a promotion effect of approximately 2% on the export competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry; however, this effect is non-linear and displays a "U-shaped" tendency, indicating that certain prerequisites must be fulfilled to validate the Porter hypothesis. In addition, the effect of environmental regulation displays significant intra-industry heterogeneity, which is evident primarily in heavily polluting sub-industries and to a lesser extent in moderately polluting sub-industries but insignificant in lightly polluting sub-industries. Environmental regulation also differs significantly in the mechanisms through which it affects different approaches to technological innovation. Independent research and development is affected by environmental regulation through the compliance cost effect, which limits export competitiveness, while technology introduction is affected by the innovation offset effect, which favors export competitiveness. These findings offer political implications for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and foreign trade.

Sedap Malam flowers (Polianthes tuberosa L.) are very popular behind the exotic market opportunities are still known to a variety of issues so need to explore the perceptions of business actors. The research objective is analyze the perceptions of farmers in the agribusiness Sedap Malam flowers and the policy of the Pasuruan Regency government in strengthening the agribusiness Sedap Malam flowers. The study was conducted in Rembang District, Pasuruan Regency with 55 farmers as respondents. The data analysis method uses a descriptive approach with the interpretation of the average value of the interval. The results of the study revealed that farmers' perceptions based on the conditions of land excretion put a statement Sedap Malam flowers (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cultivation with land that contains fertile clay and stipulating Sedap Malam flowers (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cultivation land did not conflict with the general spatial plan and regional layout of Pasuruan Regency were perceived better than other statements. Another interesting finding is that the understand technology places vegetative propagation of plants using tubers and determines the frequency and interface of fertilizer application based on crop needs, while farmers' perceptions of government policies on agribusiness Sedap Malam flower protecting of agricultural land for cultivation and pleasant Sedap Malam flowers (Polianthes tuberosa L.) as one of the regional icons, both are perceived very well to support the sustainability of farming. The policy support is a tangible form of strengthening that reflects the uniqueness of the region through its superior agriculture sector.

The organisational governance of further education and training colleges in South Africa has been cited as an obstacle to the institutions' ability to contribute to the developmental needs of the country. In response, the government has instituted major policy reforms since 1996, including a move towards granting greater organisational autonomy to these colleges, with limited success. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding of the causes of these governance issues by examining the effect of the organisational environment, with specific focus on the power dynamics that characterised that environment between 2010 and 2012. A qualitative research approach was adopted to answer two research questions: (i) How did the concentration of power in the external environment affect the expression of autonomy of further education and training colleges between 2010 and 2012? and (ii) How did the colleges respond to the power dynamics in the external environment? The analysis of data from case studies of two further education and training colleges revealed that the government had applied external control over the institutions, thereby constraining the overt expression of autonomy. However, the colleges were not without agency and were able to respond strategically to demands from the policy environment. Thus, this study offers a counter-narrative in South African literature on governance in vocational colleges, and the authors of this article assert that the failing governance in respect of the case studies was a result of external forces (power dynamics) rather than the internal characteristics of the colleges.

Since the advent of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, classrooms in the U.S. have experienced a steady decline in the amount of time teachers spend on social studies, with the elementary grades suffering the highest level of decline. There is currently a need to understand how teachers perceive the problem of insufficient social studies instruction time and gain their perceptions of curriculum integration as a solution. The purpose of the qualitative case study was to explore how 14 elementary social studies teachers in Grades 3 to 5 integrate social studies throughout the curriculum. In addition, another aim was to evaluate the outcomes of employing an integrated social studies curriculum on teaching civic competence to students. This qualitative case study included interviews and focus group discussions; data were then analyzed using a thematic analysis. It was discovered that teachers believed that by increasing instructional time for social studies, students' understanding of the subject and its concepts should also increase; however, the key disadvantage was the need to have adequate time and planning to integrate the subject. The interviewed teachers shared that the best method of integration is by incorporating social studies concepts in classroom projects and activities. From the results, it is then recommended for the integrated curriculum theory to be strongly considered by the key educational decisions makers in the country. The results can help the schools determine how to best increase social studies instructional time, improve quality of social studies education, and the positive effects of instilling civic competence among their students.

This study focuses on the ways that people interact around contemporary craft objects. The ambiguous quality of these objects holds people's attention and inhibits autobiographical narratives. The study focused on the relationship between the perceptual language used by participants and the ways in which they interacted with the objects. The analytical approach taken here begins with close observation and careful description of single cases and working towards valid generalisations rather than imposing an interpretation from the outset by explicitly positing a hypothesis. Six pairs of women were invited to participate in object handling conversations in an art museum setting. The conversations were recorded using digital video cameras. Analysis treated interaction as an embodied process and drew on work, which interprets interaction the outcome of social and cognitive processes. We found that the interplay of language and action shifted fluidly throughout the conversations. Not all actions were verbally expounded on and these could only be interpreted tentatively. Utterances could change the meaning or purpose of an action without any apparent change in the dynamics of the action. When attending a complex quality, such as the material nature of an object, the relationship between language and action was correspondingly complex. Participants used a variety of frameworks to understand the objects and these shaped the qualities of the objects that they attended to. Participants' words and actions could usefully be interpreted in terms of meaning rather than just social action and with reference to findings from cognitive research on perception and action.

The institution of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) has had an impact on the economy in South Africa. Due to its extensive reliance on government procurement, BBBEE has had a substantial influence on the construction industry in terms of transformation imperatives. Although much has been achieved in the transformation of the sector, its empowerment initiatives are generally deemed to be less effective. This argument can be attributed to the impediments encountered by industry stakeholders, when implementing BBBEE. The central subject examined in this study pertains to the BBBEE implementation challenges in South African construction. In order to get to the depth of the identified issues in the reviewed literature, the qualitative method was employed for primary data collection. Eleven interviews were conducted with management representatives of major construction firms in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolis, through the use of a brief questionnaire and an interview protocol. The empirical findings that emanated from the study show that most of the respondents were aware of the challenges associated with BBBEE implementation in the construction sector. However, very few are presently addressing the difficulties. This lack of action frequently promotes the exploitation of BBBEE by concerned parties. This exploitation leads to unethical procurement practices in the form of 'fronting'. Based on the literature reviewed and the data that were collected, it appears that deterrents must be addressed before the implementation of the BBBEE initiative can begin to yield the desired benefits for all concerned parties in South African construction.

In the wake of globalization, liberalization and privatization on economic front, organizations are expected to make objective assessment of existing status of their HRD system and processes in order to evolve need based pragmatic HRD Agenda for the future. In this context the present study gives a concrete base and direction as it provides the empirical evidence as regards to current status of HRD Sub-systems & facilitators in relation to HR productivity with reference to Indian Private Sector and Public Sector Organizations. Almost all the selected sub-systems of HRD (except Employee Communication and Employees' Empowerment) have been found to be moderately effective. Concerns of the various stakeholders for HRD cause and practices of selected management styles have also been found at moderate level to facilitate HRD process. HR Productivity has also been found to be confined only to moderate level. The selected HRD sub-systems, concerns of various stakeholders for HRD cause and the selected management styles have been found to have significant impact on HR effectiveness. Such findings of the study indicate that in order to improve the level of HR effectiveness, there exists a dire need of continuous improvement in design and implementation of HRD subsystems (particularly Employee Communication and Employee Empowerment), also in level of concerns of various stakeholders, as well as in practice of the management styles. Research on earlier researches and case studies need to be taken up as it will give right direction in order to formulate action strategies for the future.

open ; 12 ; Funding text Financial support by the EU Commission through the QuantERA Project SUMO by the FETOPEN project FATMOLS (GA 862893), by Ente Cassa di Risparmio Firenze (prog. 2018.1042), Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Università e della Ricerca Italiano (PRIN2017-2017Z55KCW), and by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 871124 Laserlab-Europe are acknowledged. The computing resources and the related technical support used for this work have been provided by CRESCO/ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure and its staff. CRESCO/ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure is funded by ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development and by the Italian and European research programs, see http://www.cresco.enea.it/english for information. ; Molecular electronic spins are good candidates as qubits since they are characterized by a large tunability of their electronic and magnetic properties through a rational chemical design. Coordination compounds of light transition metals are promising systems for spin-based quantum information technologies, thanks to their long spin coherence times up to room temperature. Our work aims at presenting an in-depth study on how the spin-phonon coupling in vanadyl-acetylacetonate, [VO(acac)2], can change as a function of temperature using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Powder THz spectra were recorded between 10 and 300 K. The temperature dependence of vibrational frequencies was then accounted for in the periodic DFT calculations using unit-cell parameters measured at two different temperatures and the optimized ones, as usually reported in the literature. In this way, it was possible to calculate the observed THz anharmonic frequency shift with high accuracy. The overall differences in the spin-phonon coupling magnitudes as a function of temperature were also highlighted showing that the computed trends ...

none ; 8 ; no ; Funding text The authors wish to acknowledge the project IMEAS, co-financed by the European Union via Interreg Alpine Space (Contract ASP409 ), aiming at supporting integrated and sustainable energy planning policies. This study was performed partly within the framework of IMEAS activities. ; Increasing electrification of final uses can be a viable solution towards low-carbon energy systems, when coupled with local renewable power generation. Mountain areas can already benefit from high shares of hydro-power generation, but, at the same time, rely on oil products for transport and for the heating sector in remote areas where natural gas infrastructures are not available. This research work evaluates potential scenarios for the electrification of transport and heating sectors, by coupling the simulation tool EnergyPLAN with a multi-objective optimization algorithm to analyse economic and environmental aspects. Results show that the largest benefits are expected from the electrification of the heating sector. Indeed, a CO2 emissions reduction up to 30% can be reached by acting on the transport sector alone, while up to 65% combining it with measures on heating, industry and agriculture sectors and additional electricity generation from photovoltaic systems. Moreover, the use of heat pumps can lead to significant CO2 emissions decrease with only to a slight increase in the overall annual costs thanks to lower variable costs that partly compensate the higher required initial investment and electricity storage deployment. The optimization analyses also highlight the effect of progressive penetration of electric vehicles in the private cars fleet and hydrogen trucks in the light-duty vehicles one. ; none ; Bellocchi S.; De Iulio R.; Guidi G.; Manno M.; Nastasi B.; Noussan M.; Prina M.G.; Roberto R. ; Bellocchi, S.; De Iulio, R.; Guidi, G.; Manno, M.; Nastasi, B.; Noussan, M.; Prina, M. G.; Roberto, R.

In today's living conditions, the quality of life depends on well-managed energy. Therefore, countries produce different energy policies to manage their energy resources. Determining appropriate, feasible, and controllable energy policies becomes important especially for buildings, as being one of the most significant energy consumers. Green building certification systems (GBCSs) are one of the most common applications for energy efficiency in the building sector.PurposeThis paper is a comparative analysis of GBCSs in developed and developing countries, in an effort to establish the similarities and differences between Turkey's first national GBCS – B.E.S.T and other GBCSs, and to determine how the energy criteria in GBCSs contribute to each dimension of sustainability (i.e., environmental, economic, social).Design/Methodology/ApproachThe research methodology depends on the literature review and documentary review on energy-related regulations, legislation, and laws. A comparative analysis of GBCSs was conducted in the study. Not only the sub-criteria directly exist under the energy criterion, but also indirect energy criteria, which are included in the sub-criteria of all other criteria within the GBCS, were numerically evaluated with the helped of developed matrix.FindingsThe results show that energy credits were given the highest weight by LEED (~33%) in international GBCSs and by GRIHA (~42%) in national GBCSs. In B.E.S.T, this is ~29%. It was determined that B.E.S.T was structurally similar to LEED, while it was similar to BREEAM in terms of weight and importance given to the energy criteria. According to the developing country GBCSs, the biggest similarity is seen with GBI. In terms of SD, it is found that GBCSs present similar characteristics to their regional development level. Where a GBCS serves for a developing region, the main concerns of energy criteria focus on the intersection of its environmental and economic aspects. Thus, B.E.S.T has been created in a similar structure and the highest share () on environmental-economic aspects.Research LimitationsIn the study, the comparison was made between selected international GBCSs like BREEAM, LEED, and DGNB and national GBCSs like GM, GBI, and GRIHA.Practical ImplicationsIn practice, the results can help owners or developers to focus on which energy criteria contribute economic, social or environmental advantage for them.Social ImplicationsThis study also provides some recommendations for further application and academic studies of B.E.S.T.Originality/ValueIncreasing the recognition of Turkey's national GBCS in scientific researches and contributing to the development of it have made this study original and unique.

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a 0.15% and a 0.3% cream formulation of podophyllotoxin in comparison with the 0.5% solution in the treatment of condylomata acuminata and to compare the treatment modalities regarding side effects. DESIGN--The study was designed as an open randomised trial. Ninety male patients with signs of penile HPV infection, with either acuminate or papular lesions, were randomised into three parallel treatment groups. The study medication comprised 0.15% and 0.3% cream and 0.5% solution of podophyllotoxin. The patients treated themselves twice daily for three consecutive days and if total regression of the warts was not achieved after this first treatment cycle, further treatment cycles at 7-day intervals were to be repeated up to a maximum of four treatments. SETTING--The study was carried out in three outpatient clinics: two STD clinics, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital (45 patients) and Institut Antoine Fournier, Paris (30 patients), and one military hospital, S1/FO 47/48, Sjukhusenheten, Enköping (15 patients). RESULTS--Statistical evaluation of the treatment effect was based on a "Response rate" calculation at each visit. The number of completely responding patients after the first, second, third and fourth cycle were 40 (44%), 61 (68%), 67 (74%) and 70 (78%), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the three treatments after four treatment cycles. However, the 0.15% cream had a significantly slower onset of efficacy as compared with the 0.3% cream and 0.5% solution. Adverse effects were less severe and less frequent with the 0.15% cream than with the other treatment modalities. Severe adverse effects were reported by 12 patients, of whom two were treated with 0.15% cream, five with 0.3% cream and five with 0.5% solution. Thirty-one patients were completely free from adverse effects. CONCLUSION--In this open randomised study with three parallel treatment groups, two cream formulations of 0.15% and 0.3% ...

ملخص انبنى هذا البحث بعنوان "الحقوق المالية للزوجة – دراسة فقهية قانونية مقاصدية-" من مبحثين وخاتمة، ففي المقدمة ذكر الباحث مشكلة البحث وأهميته، ومنهجية البحث والدراسات السابقة، وخطته التفصيلية، ففي المبحث الأول "مقاصد الشريعة وعلاقتها بالأسرة "، جاء في المطلب الأول: بيان معنى المقاصد الشرعية لغة واصطلاحًا، وفي المطلب الثاني: توضيح أقسام المقاصد الشرعية، أما المطلب الثالث: فقد أبرز أهمية المقاصد الشرعية في توثيق روابط الزواج، وذكر الباحث ستة مقاصد للزواج، أما المبحث الثاني: فكان عنوانه: "أثر المقاصد في حقوق المرأة المالية المنبثقة عن عقد الزواج" ذكر الباحث في مطلبه الأول المهر وبعض أحكامه، ومقصد الشارع منه، وفي المطلب الثاني: بيّن معنى النفقة، ودورها المقاصدي في الحياة الأُسرية، أما المطلب الثالث: فعرض لأجرة الحضانة والرضاعة من ناحية مقاصدية، بينما وضّح الباحث في المطلب الرابع معنى الثروة المشتركة بين الزوجين، وحكمها الشرعي، وأنواعها، وأهمية ضبط هذه الأموال وتنظيم توزيعها ضمن الميزان المقاصدي، وخُتم البحث بأهم النتائج والتوصيات. Wife's financial rights "An intentional legal jurisprudential study" Abstract This research is based on the title "The wife's financial rights - a Purposeful, legal and jurisprudential study". It consists of two chapters and a conclusion. In the introduction, the researcher mentions the problem of the study and its importance, the methodology of research and literature review, and his detailed plan. In the first topic, "The purposes of Sharia law and its relationship to the family". The first requirement comes for a definition statement of the legal objectives linguistically and in convention. In the second requirement, there is a clarification of the sections of the legal objectives. As for the third requirement, it highlights the importance of Shari'a intentions in Strengthening the marriage ties. The researcher also mentions six goals for marriage. The second chaptre is entitled "The impact of the objectives on women's financial rights emanating from the marriage contract". The researcher mentions in his first demand the dowry and some of its provisions, and the aim of the legislator from it. In the second demand, the researcher clarifies the meaning of alimony and its intended role in family life, while the third requirement presents the wages for nursery and breastfeeding in terms of the intentions of Shari'a, while the researcher explains in the fourth requirement the meaning of the common wealth between spouses, and its verdict in the Islamic law, its types, and the importance of controlling these funds and organizing their distribution within balance of the Islamic law's purposes. The research is concluded with the most important findings and recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: India has a large proportion of the global HIV-infected patients. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the cornerstone of HIV treatment. Antiretroviral drugs are highly toxic and lead to diverse adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Adherence to medications plays a prominent role in success of the therapy. This prospective study was done to study the adherence and analyze its associated factors. METHODOLOGY: The present study was conducted at ART Centre, Swarup Rani Hospital, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Selection of the patients was done based on systematic random sampling method. Baseline enrollment was done over 2 months and follow-up was done monthly over 6 months. Information regarding sociodemographic profile, ART regimen, occurrence of ADRs, adherence to ART and factors affecting adherence was collected. Bivariate logistic regression was done to analyze the association of selected variables with adherence. RESULTS: This study enrolled 163 participants among which 152 participants completed the study. During the study period, 94 participants reported the occurrence of at least one ADR. Nonadherence to ART therapy was seen in 31.6% of patients. The most common reason was forgetting to take the medicine (21.8%) followed by occurrence of ADRs (18.3%). No statistically significant association of nonadherence was found with the selected variables. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive research to assess nonadherence to ART therapy is the need of the hour. Policy formulations ought to be made to assess and promote effective adherence to enhance the longevity and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS. Concerted efforts by government and intersectoral collaboration are further needed to sustain promotive measures.

Although record amounts of money and other resources are being donated to American charities, few discussions focus on the issue of accountability. This article attempts to lay the framework for such a discussion by exam ining charitable health organizations as a case study. Such issues as fiscal responsibility, fund-raising, organizational structure, and political lobbying are explored in an effort to define the problems that surround the concept of accountability in the nonprofit sector.

Advertisements in a sample of U.S. magazines portrayed characters in more "individualistic" stances than did a comparable sample of advertisements published in magazines of Great Britain. By contrast, England's advertisements, according to this content analysis, made social class differences more evident. This study looks at the issue: Should advertising be standardized around the world, aiming at homogeneous buyers, or should advertising reflect individual cultural differences? Here individual cultural adaptation wins the argument.