Suchergebnisse

James Grantham Turner (ed.) Sexuality and Gender in Early Modem Europe: Institutions, Texts, ImagesRichard Burt and John Michael Archer (eds) Enclosure Acts: Sexuality, Property, and Culture in Early Modern EnglandRoddey Reid, Families in Jeopardy: Regulating the Social Body in France, 1750–1910Jann Matlock, Scenes of Seduction: Prostitution, Hysteria, and Reading Difference in Nineteenth‐Century FranceJeffrey R. Watt, The Making of Modern Marriage: Matrimonial Control and the Rise of Sentiment in Neuchâtel, 1550–1800Claire Duchen, Women's Rights and Women's Lives in France, 1944–1968Amanda Anderson, Tainted Souls and Painted Faces: The Rhetoric of Fallenness in Victorian CultureDeborah Epstein Nord, Walking the Victorian Streets: Women, Representation, and the CityAngela Groppi, I Conservatori Delia Virtú. Donne Recluse Nella Roma dei PapiJoanne E. Gates, Elizabeth Robins, 1862–1952: Actress, Novelist, FeministAngela V. John, Elizabeth Robins: Staging a Life, 1862–1952Kenneth A. Lockridge, On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth CenturyChristine Bolt, The Women's Movements in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920sIan Tyrrell, Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International PerspectiveAudrey Oldfield, Woman Suffrage in Australia: A Gift or a Struggle?The Blaze of DayNancy A. Hewitt and Suzanne Lebsock (eds) Visible Women: New Essays on American ActivismTeresa Anne Murphy, Ten Hours'Labor: Religion, Reform, and Gender in Early Slew EnglandVirginia Bernhard, Betty Brandon, Elizabeth Fox‐Genovese and Theda Perdue (eds) Southern Women: Histories and IdentitiesCatherine Clinton (ed.) Half Sisters of History: Southern Women and the American PastMelvyn Stokes and Rick Halpern (eds) Race and Class in the American South since 1890Catherine Wessinger (ed.) Women's Leadership in Marginal Religions: Explorations Outside the MainstreamWendy E. Chmielewski, Louis J. Kern and Marlyn Klee Hartzell (eds) Women in Spiritual and Communitarian Societies in the United StatesJean Humez (ed.) Mother's First‐Born Daughters: Early Shaker Writings on Women and ReligionW. Peter Ward, Birth Weight and Economic Growth: Women's Living Standards in the Industrializing WestDavid Cordingly, Life Among the Pirates: Fact vs FictionCatherine Wendy Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry, and Holy War in the Sixteenth‐Century AdriaticB. R. Berg, Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition: English Sea Rovers in the Seventeenth‐Century Caribbean (New York University Press, New York and London, 1994; rev. ed. of Sodomy and the Perception of Evil)Carol A. B. Giesen, Coal Miners'Wives: Portraits of EnduranceGillian Thomas, A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica

With the end of the Franco-Prussian War on January 18, 1871, the German Empire under the leadership of the Hohenzollern king, William of Prussia, was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Now Emperor Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, his chancellor, and their staff as federal executives of the Empire possessed important legislative and economic powers. However, the individual states retained rights in some areas such as: education, health services, police protection and some powers of taxation, and in some instances, there was a distrust of the newly organized federal institutions. Consequently, this states' rights concept seemed to have prevented the formation of a highly centralized state and encouraged regional independence. Therefore, when Wilhelm II became emperor of the German Reich in 1888, he inherited a regime that appeared militaristic, authoritarian, and conservative. This premise is the central focus of my thesis. In spite of the authoritarian structure imposed on many aspects of German society by Wilhelm II, there were dissidents like the artists who developed artists' groups in the Empire that challenged the influence of the Kaiser, his concept of art, and the state-supported art institutions that propagated his views. In addition, I examine the reactions of the artists and their associations to the prescribed artistic tastes imposed by the Emperor and his followers. Chapter one of the paper provides a sketch of the social stratum of the Empire and of Wilhelm II. It focuses on the Kaiser's view of his responsibility to German art and his influence in the field of art. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of the state art institutions that the Kaiser supported. The purpose of chapters two and three is to consider the development of those artists' associations which challenged the status quo in German art institutions. These include: Munich Secession, Berlin Secession, Phalanx, New Artists' Association Munich, Blaue Reiter, and Die Brücke. In addition, I discuss those cities, Munich and Dresden, which provided an atmosphere for artistic dissent, as well as, the uniqueness of diverse art associations and their special schools. Second, an attempt is made to explain the reasons for dissolution of and the impact each group had on the development of the succeeding artists' associations. In the conclusion I comment on Expressionism as a challenge to the Emperor and the state-supported art institutions. However, the discussion is limited to an explanation of the artistic spirit that inspired the avant-garde of Expressionism rather than following the development of the movement and its many facets.

Ethnology: The Bamboo Fire: An Anthropologist in New Guinea. William E. Mitchell.Ethnology: Papuan Belief and Ritual. John Parratt.Ethnology: Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia. Todd L. Savitt.Ethnology: Bibliography of New Religious Movements in Primal Societies. Volume II: North America. Harold W. Turner.Ethnology: Pouvoir des Vivants, Langage des Morts: Idéo‐logiques Sakalava. J. F. Baré.Ethnology: 'Elota's Story: The Life and Times of a Solomon Islands Big Man. Roger M. Keesing.General and Theoretical: Ethnopsychiatrica: Revue Semestrielle Bilingue. George Devereux.General and Theoretical: The Illustrated Golden Bough. James G. Frazer.General and Theoretical: Towards the Elimination of Racism. Phyllis A. Katz.Applied Anthropology: Caring for Ourselves: An Alternative Structure for Health Care. Nancy Kleiber and Linda Light.Applied Anthropology: In Search for Community: Encounter Groups and Social Change. Kurt W. Back.Applied Anthropology: Future Directions in Health Care: A New Public Policy. Rick J. Carlson and Robert Cunningham.Applied Anthropology: The Culture of a Community College. Howard B. London.Applied Anthropology: Urban Problems: Psychological Inquiries, Readings and Text. Neil C. Kalt and Sheldon S. Zalkind.Applied Anthropology: Urban Utopias in the Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier. Robert Fishman.Physical Anthropology: The Primate Forelimb: A Morphometric Study of Locomotor Diversity. Marc R. Feldeman.Physical Anthropology: Essays on Kuru. R. W. Hornabrook.Physical Anthropology: Ancient Disease in the Midwest. Dan Morse.Physical Anthropology: Human Population Genetics. Russell M. Reid.Physical Anthropology: The Stature of Early Southern California Indian Populations. Spencer L. Rogers.Physical Anthropology: Verhandlungem der Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie und Humangenetik: 13. Tagung vom 10.‐13. Oktober 1973 in Giessen. Ulrich Schaefer.Physical Anthropology: Okologie, Lebensweise und Sozialverhalten der grauen Languren in verschiedenen Biotopen Indiens. Christian Vogel.Linguistics: Diccionario de la Lengua Guajira: Guajiro Castellano. Miguel Angel Jusayú.Linguistics: Phonétique historique haïtienne (l'haïtien, nouvelle langue romane). Michelson P. Hyppolite.Linguistics: Korean Clause Structure. Shin Ja Joo Hwang.Linguistics: Diccionario Tzotzil de San Andrés con Variaciones Dialectales. Alfa Hurley Vda. de Delgaty and Agustín Ruíz Sánchez.Linguistics: Wikchamni Grammar. Geoffrey Gamble.Linguistics: First Fire: Central and South American Indian Poetry. Hugh Fox.Linguistics: Zalmoxis: The Vanishing God. Comparative Studies in the Religions and Folklore of Dacia and Eastern Europe. Mircea Eliade.Linguistics: Lexique Analytique du Vocabulaire Inuit Moderne au Quebec‐Labrador. Louis‐Jacques Dorais.Linguistics: Amharic Verb Morphology: A Generative Approach. M. Lionel Bender and Hailu Fulass.Linguistics: The Ethiopian Nilo‐Saharans. M. Lionel Bender.Archaeology: Historical Archaeology: A Guide to Substantive and Theoretical Contributions. Robert L. Schuyler.Archaeology: Man's Rise to Civilization: The Cultural Ascent of the Indians of North America. Rev. 2nd ed. Peter Farb.

The Three Revolutions of China: a 28 years Review of Socialist Edification.
When Mao Tse-tung proclaimed the Republic of China in October 1949, the nation was in a deplorable economic end political situation. The communist party aimed to reorganize the country by way of a revolution that has taken place on three fronts: the political front, party efforts directed at taking over power; the economic front, directed at transforming production; the cultural front, bringing about a change in the mentality to reinforce the action taken on the political and economic fronts.
The political revolution, based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism, developed and extended through the doctrine of Mao Tse-tung. This brought about dictatorship of the proletariat and the formation of a state based on democratic centralism, in which power is exercised by elected popular assemblies and the communist party. This state is founded on the principle of democratic rights, such as freedom for all people, excepting enemies such as counter-revolutionaries, who are deprived of all rights of expression. For ethnic minorities special provisions are made to safeguard the originality of their culture, while for women judicial and economic measures have been taken to enable them to a accede to a condition of equality.
On the economic front, action constitutes progressive socialization of the means of production. Planned economy based on the concept of "stand on your own two feet" and "accomplish the task yourself" is geared to prevent waste and encourage a mass spirit of initiative and invention. Very satisfying results have been recorded in agriculture and industry.
Although revolution on the cultural front accompanies the two other movements, it became apparent in 1966-69, when great changes were made in education, science, technology, art and literature. An effort was made to abandon previous forms and forge a culture of the proletariat which would be at once: national, taking into account the rich heritage of Chinese civilization; scientific, ridding the culture of negative elements; and created by and for the masses, and not a privileged minority.
In conclusion, despite continuing difficulties, in particular regarding the choice of leaders for top authority, the net results appear to be positive: China has come out of dire poverty and become independent both politically and economically, having done away with a certain number of social evils which continue to plague richer, more developed societies.

Currently, the U.S. reports some of the worst health outcomes while spending the most money on health care when compared to other developed countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In 2018, Americans took out $88 billion in debt to cover the cost of medical care and approximately 28.5 million individuals remained uninsured. Despite poor health outcomes across the country, health care reform is a highly controversial issue and has been for the last century. Historically, elites in the Republican party have aligned themselves with New Right political philosophies, which stand for a privatized health care system with minimal government involvement. Elites in the Democratic party have aligned with Pluralist political philosophies, which is an orientation that encourages government oversight to protect the health of its citizens. Recently there has been a rise in political polarization that has stemmed from the asymmetric movement of the Republican Party further to the right escalating the controversy around health care reform. In addition to growing polarization, recent studies have found that politicians are more responsive to the affluent classes while concurrently accumulating an influx of wealth. When neglecting to vote with the majority of their constituents, politicians have tried to change public opinion rather than address it. These short-term manipulation strategies have been found to confuse constituents more than mobilize them, contributing to the controversy around health care reform today. This project aims to understand how macro level structures affect public opinion on government funding of health care utilizing the thermostatic model and the works of Nicos Poulantzas and Michel Foucault as theoretical frameworks to understand how political structures influence public opinion and how political structures are shaped within Capitalistic societies. Specifically, the current study examines how the political leaning of Congress and the Presidency, total lobbying dollars contributed by the top five medical industries, and the number of health care bills passed per year affects public opinion on government funding of health care between 1986 and 2018. The data were accumulated from multiple sources including the General Social Survey, OpenSecrets.org, GovTrack.us, and the Senate, House, and White House websites. After completing bi-variate and multi-variate autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models the only variable that was found to impact public opinion was the political party of the Presidency. ; 2019-08-01 ; M.A. ; Sciences, Sociology ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

It is customary to regard the planning function as being distributed over three levels of government—national, local and regional. This analysis radically differs from existing administrative machinery in most modern states: nevertheless it has been widely recognized that comprehensive, nation-wide planning cannot be carried out solely through the normal processes of national and local government. There is a need for a new level of power and responsibility: a level of government intermediate in function between central government and the municipality both geographically and administratively. To quote E. A. Gutkind: "Planning implies a systematic procedure starting from the top and the bottom at the same time. It includes large-scale plans as well as local plans, or in other words, its general framework consists of a national plan while local plans constitute, as it were, the cellular components which are bound together through the medium of regional schemes. Consequently planning proceeds on the different levels of national, regional and local activities forming one coherent whole …."Although this idea is probably true of planning, however its field is defined, it is worth remembering that the word is loose in meaning, and that under it several very different activities have been lumped together. In its commonest usage, planning means city planning: the reconstruction of cities to render them more efficient and more liveable. Though such planning usually requires permissive national legislation for its prosecution, it is emphatically a local activity, carried out normally in the smallest governmental units. Primarily, it is a matter for the architect and the engineer. But equally vital (perhaps more vital) to the community is the planning work of the conservationist, who is concerned to stop the wastage of physical resources and amenities. In the United States, the conservation movement has gathered impetus in this century until there are now many governmental agencies wholly concerned with work of this character. The work chiefly rests with either state or federal agencies: it involves too great an expenditure and too wide a viewpoint to be carried out locally. Lastly there is the group of purely national activities we can label economic and social planning, which may cover anything from public investment policies to such matters as the relocation of industry, the colonization of hitherto undeveloped country, or the systematic restriction of some field of production.

Dominion Order-in-Council 1003 passed in February of this year promises to be epoch-making in labour relations in Canada. It commands the parties to bargain collectively, assists them to reach agreement, names and enjoins against both employer and workers certain practices opposed to wholesome bargaining relations, and sets up a special Board judicial in character to administer and enforce the Order. Following as it does in the wake of a half-dozen provincial statutes reaching toward the same general purpose, its appearance calls for a review of state policy with respect to collective bargaining in modern industrial society. What are the trends? And with what particular phases of the movement has the State concerned itself across a century and a half? What is to be the future status of collective agreements at law?The attitude and behaviour of the State may conveniently be considered in three phases which are only roughly separable in time. In some countries all three have been experienced while in others progress has been made only to the second. There is considerable difference in opinion in fact whether the change from the second to the third represents the true path of social advance. The first phase is found in the earlier nineteenth-century outlook and practice of State opposition to collective bargaining (a condition which in some countries continued well into the twentieth). The second involves the withdrawal of opposition but where collective bargaining is regarded as outside the State's responsibility. Trade unions and employers' associations are treated as voluntary autonomous associations having important dealings with one another, but collective agreements have no status as contracts; neither in negotiating or enforcing, in assisting or in interpreting does the State lend its authoritative hand. The two collective parties are left to work it out for themselves without benefit of sovereign authority. Third we find the phase of positive State participation, operating as the case may be (1) through compulsion in labour disputes seen in its fullest in Australia; (2) through making collective agreements enforceable at law and thus making the parties responsible for performance, practised for many years in Sweden; (3) through compelling the parties (and particularly the employer) to negotiate with a view to forming agreements, the classic example being the United States since the middle 1930's; and finally (4), in addition to this last, through assuming a responsibility for assisting them to reach agreement and provide adequate machinery for interpretation and enforcement, these being the heavy tasks of government under the Canadian Order.

This groundbreaking history of African Americans and golf explores the role of race, class, and public space in golf course development, the stories of individual black golfers during the age of segregation, the legal battle to integrate public golf courses, and the little-known history of the United Golfers Association (UGA)--a black golf tour that operated from 1925 to 1975. Lane Demas charts how African Americans nationwide organized social campaigns, filed lawsuits, and went to jail in order to desegregate courses; he also provides dramatic stories of golfers who boldly confronted wider segregation more broadly in their local communities. As national civil rights organizations debated golf's symbolism and whether or not to pursue the game's integration, black players and caddies took matters into their own hands and helped shape its subculture, while UGA participants forged one of the most durable black sporting organizations in American history as they fought to join the white Professional Golfers' Association (PGA). From George F. Grant's invention of the golf tee in 1899 to the dominance of superstar Tiger Woods in the 1990s, this revelatory and comprehensive work challenges stereotypes and indeed the fundamental story of race and golf in American culture.

Первая научная биография сотрудника Историко-археографического института Академии наук СССР, профес- сора Ленинградского университета Исаака Троцкого. Приводятся данные, относящиеся к его детским и юношеским годам, учебе в начале 1920-х гг. в Одесском гуманитарно-общественном и Одесском археологическом институтах, а также в Петро- градском университете, на историческом отделении факультета общественных наук, которое он окончил в 1924 г. Научные труды Троцкого посвящены разработке истории Древней Руси и движению декабристов. Широкую известность в советской историографии он получил и как публикатор источников по истории русской общественной мысли конца XVIII - первой по- ловины XIX в. 02.06.1936 г. Исаак Троцкий был арестован. Используя данные архива Управления Федеральной службы без- опасности Российской Федерации по Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области, автор статьи показывает, что в вину Исааку Троцкому было поставлено его мнимое участие в некоей нелегальной троцкистско-зиновьевской организации, совершившей 01.12.1934 г. убийство секретаря Центрального и Ленинградского комитетов Всесоюзной коммунистической партии больше- виков Сергея Мироновича Кирова, и подготовившей ряд террористических актов против руководителей партии и Советского государства. Под давлением следствия И. М. Троцкий вынужден был признать факт участия в подпольной антисоветской ор- ганизации, куда его якобы вовлек директор Историко-археографического института Семен Томсинский. Однако он настаивал на том, что никогда даже не подозревал, что тот троцкист и готовит террористический акт. 23.12.1936 г. выездная сессия воен- ной коллегии Верховного суда СССР приговорила его к 10 годам исправительно-трудовых работ, после чего он был этапирован в Соловецкий концлагерь. 10.10.1937 г. по обвинению в том, что, оказавшись в лагере, Троцкий якобы продолжал и здесь свою контрреволюционную деятельность, Особая тройка УНКВД приговорила его, вместе с большой группой других заключенных, к расстрелу. 04.11.1937 г. приговор был приведен в исполнение. ; This article is the first scientific biography of Professor Isaac Trotsky employee of Historical archaeographic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad University. There are new facts about his childhood and youth years, studies in the early 1920s in the Odessa humanitarian and public Institute and Odessa Archaeological Institute, as well as in Petrograd University, History Department of the Faculty of Social Sciences, which he graduated in 1924. Trotsky's scholar papers were devoted to the history of Ancient Russia and to the movement of the Decembrists. He was widely known in Soviet historiography as the publisher of sources on the history of Russian social thought in the late 18th early 19th centuries. Isaac Trotsky was arrested 1936, June 2. Using data from the archives of the Federal Security Service for St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, the author shows that the blame was put Isaac Trotsky his alleged involvement in certain illegal Trotsky-Zinoviev organization that committed the murder Secretary of the Central Committee and the Leningrad All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks Sergei Kirov of the year 1934, December 1st, and produced a number of terrorist acts against the leaders of the Party and the Soviet state. Under the pressure I. M. Trotsky was forced to admit the fact of participation in the underground anti-Soviet organization, which he was assertedly involved by the director of the Institute of History and archaeographic Semen Tomsinsky. However, Trotsky insisted that he had never even suspected that Tomsinsky had been a trotskyist and had prepared an act of terrorism. 23.12.1936, the visiting session of the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to 10 years of correctional labour work and then he was transferred to the Solovki camp. Trotsky was charged counter-revolutionary activities in the camp and 10.10.1937 special NKVD troika sentenced him, together with a large group of other prisoners to death. 04.11.1937 sentence was carried out.

La reimaginación de la identidad étnica y la lucha por el territorio se han convertido en Colombia—y en América Latina—en una fuerza transformadora de las condiciones de subordinación e invisibilidad a que han sido sometidos los indígenas y los negros por el proyecto de nación mestiza.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of the regional patterns of Mexico-US migration flows.Along with traditional economic determinants, we examine the role played by environmental factorsand violence in Mexico in determining migration patterns and their evolutions. We estimate a microgroundedgravity model of migration using a panel dataset of state-to-state emigration and returnmigration flows between Mexico and the US for the period 1995-2012. We exploit the time anddyadic dimension of the data to control for time-invariant and time-variant characteristics ofdestination states, including migration policies. Our results suggest that along with the traditionaleconomic determinants of migration, climatic and social factors contribute to shaping regionalmigration patterns. ; Nous étudions dans cet article les déterminants des tendances régionales des flux migratoires entre leMexique et les Etats-Unis. A côté des déterminants économiques traditionnels des migrations, nousexplorons le rôle de facteurs environnementaux et sociaux sur les caractéristiques et l'évolution desflux migratoires entre états. Nous estimons un modèle de gravité micro-fondé, à partir de données depanel sur les flux migratoires entrants et de retour entre états mexicains et états-uniens sur la période1995-2012. Nous exploitons la dimension temporelle et dyadique de nos données pour contrôler pourles caractéristiques des états de destination susceptibles d'affecter les flux migratoires, notamment leschangements de politiques migratoires. Nos résultats suggèrent que les facteurs sociaux et climatiquescontribuent à expliquer les tendances régionales observées.

The modern economy, which is a result of intricate human society, compels economists and policy makers to build complex economic models. In addition to this complexity, each country requires its own economic policies. This thesis addresses these intricacies of modern economies. In the first three chapters of this thesis, I improve the current literature to assess the role of financial intermediary agents, housing and credit markets in the economy, using Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. Data from three periods in the US economy, including the economic climate before the Great Rescission, the systemic collapse in 2008, and post-crisis fiscal policies, are imputed into the models. Simple DSGE models havebeen criticized for not placing more emphasis on financial frictions. Here, I have included financial frictions on different sides of economy to resolve the failures of previous models.The results of simulations indicate that introducing these features to the economy reveals new channels and mechanisms which are neglected in simple models. As a result, my model gives a more accurate means to forecast economic movements. In addition, this thesis documents the significance of macroprudential policy regulations in financial stability, sustainability and welfare. Lastly, in the final two chapters of my thesis, I move away from the study of advanced markets and focus on developing economies. These chapters build new models and address a variety of economic questions pertaining to financial, public and labor economics in developing countries, through the lens of multi-agent dynamic general equilibrium models. I examine the impacts of real, monetary, fiscal and oil price shocks on the economic environment of developing countries. I then propose appropriate policy recommendations. ; L'économie moderne complexifiée, qui résulte d'une société humaine hétérogène, oblige les économistes et les décideurs à élaborer des modèles économiques complexes. Outre cette complexité, les politiques économiques varient d'un pays à l'autre.Cette thèse aborde ces complexités des économies modernes.Dans les trois premiers chapitres de cette thèse, j'améliore les théories existentes pour évaluer le rôle des agents intermédiaires financiers, des marchés d'immobilier et du crédit dans l'économie, en utilisant des modèles d'Équilibre Général Dynamique et Stochastique (EGDS). Les données de trois périodes de l'économie américaine, y compris le climat économique avant la Grande Récession, l'effondrement systémique de 2008 et les politiques budgétaires après la crise, sont imputés aux modèles. Les modèles EGDS ont souvent été critiqués pour leur trop grande simplification des marchés financières.J'ai inclus les frictions financières des différents côtés de l'économie pour résoudre les échecs des modèles précédents.Les résultats des simulations indiquent que l'introduction de ces nouvelles caractéristiques dans l'économie révèle de nouveaux canaux et mécanismes qui sont négligés dans les modèles simples. Par conséquent, mon modèle donne un moyen plus précis de prévoir les mouvements économiques. En outre, cette thèse documente l'importance des réglementations des politiques macroprudentielles dans la stabilité financière, la durabilité et le bien-être. Enfin, dans les deux derniers chapitres de ma thèse, j'aborde l'étude des marchés avancés et je me concentre sur les économies en développement.Ces chapitres construisent de nouveaux modèles et abordent diverses questions économiques relatives à l'économie financière, publique et du travail dans les pays en développement, à travers le prisme des modèles EGD à agents hétérogènes.J'examine les impacts des chocs réels, monétaires, fiscaux et pétroliers sur l'environnement économique des pays en développement. Je propose ensuite des recommandations de politique économiques.

Urban areas today concentrate the most pressing ecological issues. With the majority of people on the planet living in cities, a rapid pace of urbanization and resource limitations, urban actors are forced to consider the relationship between urban design and ecological issues. Over the last decade, ecological criteria have progressively been introduced in public planning policies and, as a result, new professional practices are emerging in urban design. This ecological shift concerns all urban actors, especially landscape architects who approach urban design from a landscape perspective. This PhD questions the impact of the ecological shift in urban design on landscape architects' practices. We examine three domains: the evolution of landscape architects' discourses by analysing the movement of Landscape Urbanism and its French counterparts, the position of landscape architecture compared to other professions through the tendering process of green public procurements, and, finally, the evolution of their design practices in ecological neighbourhoods in France and the United Kingdom. We use a multidisciplinary methodology combining research tools from diverse fields such as geography, linguistic and economy. We also use a research on design approach based on landscape projects analysis. We show that the emergence of the ecological agenda in public planning programmes has not yet resulted in any substantial changes to the landscape architects' practices. However, the arising issues impact on the diversification of landscape architects' design practices since they favour a site-specific approach often based, amongst others, on ecological characteristics. ; Avec une population mondiale vivant majoritairement dans les villes, un rythme d'urbanisation rapide et une limitation des ressources, il est devenu indispensable de prendre en compte les enjeux écologiques de la conception urbaine. Cela se traduit depuis une dizaine d'années par l'introduction de critères écologiques dans les politiques publiques et un changement des pratiques professionnelles des acteurs urbains. Ce tournant écologique concerne notamment les paysagistes qui ont une pratique urbanistique propre définie par une démarche de projet de paysage. Le travail de thèse interroge l'impact du tournant écologique dans la conception urbaine sur l'évolution des pratiques des paysagistes. Nous étudions cette question dans trois domaines : les pratiques de discours des paysagistes à travers l'analyse du Landscape Urbanism et des mouvements similaires en France, la place des paysagistes dans les associations disciplinaires au sein des équipes de conception des marchés publics et enfin leurs pratiques de conception à travers l'analyse de huit cas d'étude de quartiers écologiques en France et au Royaume-Uni. La méthodologie de recherche est pluridisciplinaire et déploie divers outils provenant de la géographie, la linguistique et l'économie mais aussi l'analyse de projet de paysage. Nous n'observons pas de mutations fondamentales des pratiques paysagistes face au tournant écologique observé et montrons plutôt que ce tournant conforte la démarche traditionnelle de projet de paysage. Il constitue néanmoins un facteur de différenciation des pratiques paysagistes qui adaptent leur démarche aux spécificités, entre autres écologiques, du site.