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In Cultures, Citizenship and Human Rights the combined analytical efforts of the fields of human rights law, conflict studies, anthropology, history, media studies, gender studies, and critical race and postcolonial studies raise a comprehensive understanding of the discursive and visual mediation of migration and manifestations of belonging and citizenship. More insight into the convergence – but also the tensions – between the cultural and the legal foundations of citizenship, has proven to be vital to the understanding of societies past and present, especially to assess processes of inclusion and exclusion. Citizenship is more than a collection of rights and privileges held by the individual members of a state but involves cultural and historical interpretations, legal contestation and regulation, as well as an active engagement with national, regional, and local state and other institutions about the boundaries of those (implicitly gendered and raced) rights and privileges. Highlighting and assessing the transformations of what citizenship entails today is crucially important to the future of Europe, which both as an idea and as a practical project faces challenges that range from the crisis of legitimacy to the problems posed by mass migration. Many of the issues addressed in this book, however, also play out in other parts of the world, as several of the chapters reflect. This book is available for free in PDF format as Open Access from the individual product page at www.routledge.com. They have been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Civilising Rural Ireland examines how modern Ireland emerged out of the social and economic transformation prompted by the rural co-operative movement. The movement emerged in response to systemic economic problems that arose throughout the nineteenth century and coincided with a wide-ranging project of cultural nationalism. Within a short space of time the co-operative movement established a swathe of creameries, agricultural societies and credit societies, leading to a radical reorganisation of rural Ireland and helping to create a distinctive Irish political economy. The work of overlooked co-operative experts is critically examined for the first time and reinserted into the process of state development. The interventions of these organisers, intellectuals and farmers built up key institutions that shaped everyday life across rural communities. The movement weathered war and revolution, to become an indispensable part of an Irish state infrastructure after independence in 1922. The strained relationship and economic rivalry that developed between Irish and British co-operators is also explored in order to illuminate the changing relationship between Ireland and the United Kingdom from an economic perspective. Civilising Rural Ireland will appeal to a wide audience interested in modern Irish history and readers are introduced to an eclectic range of personalities who shared an interest in co-operation and whose actions possessed important consequences for the way Ireland developed. The creative use of local and national sources, many of which are examined for the first time, mean the book offers a new perspective on an important period in the making of modern Ireland.

Humanitarian aid to refugees has become an increasingly important part of the United Arab Emirates government's external action in recent years, given the increasing number of humanitarian crises in all regions of the world, and in particular in the Middle-East. However, it should be noted here that the UAE's external action in the field of humanitarian aid is in link with the action of all the Gulf States because of the coordination of foreign policies carried out by the Cooperation Council of the United Gulf States (GCC). The latter has very close relations with the United Nations humanitarian agencies (in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (hereinafter "UNHCR") and the international Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, attempting to develop a deeper political dialogue ; Les aides humanitaires aux réfugiés occupent de plus en plus une place importante dans l'action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats Arabes Unis au cours de ces dernières années, compte tenu du nombre croissant de crises humanitaires dans l'ensemble des régions du monde et en particulier au Moyen-Orient. Or, il faut préciser ici que l'action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats en matière d'aide humanitaire se conforme à l'action de l'ensemble des États du Golfe du fait de la coordination des politiques étrangères effectuées par le Conseil de coopération des États du Golfe (CCG). Celui-ci entretient des rapports très étroits avec les agences humanitaires des Nations Unies (notamment le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (ci-après « HCR ») et le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge en tentant de développer un dialogue politique plus poussé

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and management of diseases takes a center stage in the control and prevention of chronic debilitating disorders. It also plays a prominent role in ensuring that patients are better equipped on how to deal with the disease burden. One reliable means of achieving this objective is to retrospectively study the frequency of common diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted between January 2010 and December 2014. Relevant data were extracted from patients' case folders. Adjustment to correct for potential biases such as multiple admissions and secondary diagnosis using a covariate on admission data was made to correct for systematic error. Information obtained was analyzed for frequency and distribution. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 44.9 years (standard deviation ± 16.7), with an age range of 15–99 years. The most common neurological disorder was stroke which accounted for 21.3%, followed by spinal cord compression syndromes (20.8%), epilepsy (17.3%), parkinsonian syndromes (8.9%), headaches (7.1%), and bacterial meningitis (5.2%). The highest number of cases of neurological disorder occurred within the age group of 45–54 years. CONCLUSION: The outcome of this study revealed that stroke and spinal cord compression syndromes were the most common neurological disorders in our center. It also showed that individuals within their productive age (50–54 years) were more affected. Given the present state of constrained resources, coordinated efforts at the institutional, state, and federal government levels are essential to encourage prioritization, funding, and implementation of effective health-care delivery system.

Ship detection plays a significant role in military and civil fields. Although some state-of-the-art detection methods, based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) have certain advantages, they still cannot solve the challenge well, including the large size of images, complex scene structure, a large amount of false alarm interference, and inshore ships. This paper proposes a ship detection method from optical remote sensing images, based on visual attention enhanced network. To effectively reduce false alarm in non-ship area and improve the detection efficiency from remote sensing images, we developed a light-weight local candidate scene network([Formula: see text] CSN) to extract the local candidate scenes with ships. Then, for the selected local candidate scenes, we propose a ship detection method, based on the visual attention DSOD(VA-DSOD). Here, to enhance the detection performance and positioning accuracy of inshore ships, we both extract semantic features, based on DSOD and embed a visual attention enhanced network in DSOD to extract the visual features. We test the detection method on a large number of typical remote sensing datasets, which consist of Google Earth images and GaoFen-2 images. We regard the state-of-the-art method [sliding window DSOD (SW+DSOD)] as a baseline, which achieves the average precision (AP) of 82.33%. The AP of the proposed method increases by 7.53%. The detection and location performance of our proposed method outperforms the baseline in complex remote sensing scenes.

Created in 1934, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is the independent agency of the United States Government tasked to protect depositors of insured banks located in the U.S. against the loss of their deposits in case of bank failure. To achieve this objective, the FDIC collects data on banks condition and income through quarterly Financial Report calls, which are then publicly released as "Statistics on Depository Institutions (SDI)". The present data article, as a follow up to Niankara and Ismail, 2019 that focuses on U.S. banks' exposure to foreign counterparty risk, describes an extract from the quarterly SDIs that is compiled into a panel of 16209 observations on 5403 U.S. FDIC insured Banks, observed over the three-year periods of 2016, 2017 and 2018. Since our objective is to bring forth a useful data source for analyzing U.S. FDIC banks fiduciary activities and annual performance changes over the past recent years, our constructed sample contains all FDIC insured banks with end of year (4th quarter) financial reporting for each of the 3 fiscal years 2016-2018. We further supplement this data with U.S. county and state level geospatial data that allow analysts and business researchers to address questions with temporal significance, but also spatial relevance through appropriate modelling and mapping of the data. Finally, we demonstrate the usability of the data using R based descriptive analytics, with computer codes provided for prospective Analysts and business researchers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine risk factors for osteomyelitis in United States military personnel with combat-related, extremity long bone (humerus, radius, ulna) open fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective observational case-control study. SETTING: U.S. military regional hospital in Germany and tertiary care military hospitals in United States (2003-2009). PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four patients with open upper extremity fractures who met diagnostic osteomyelitis criteria (medical record review verification) were classified as cases. Ninety-six patients with open upper extremity fractures who did not meet osteomyelitis diagnostic criteria were included as controls. INTERVENTION: not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable odds ratios (OR; 95% confidence interval [CI]). RESULTS: Among patients with surgical implants, osteomyelitis cases had longer time to definitive orthopaedic surgery compared to controls (median: 26 versus 11 days; p<0.001); however, there was no significant difference with timing of radiographic union. Being injured between 2003 and 2006, use of antibiotic beads, Gustilo Anderson [GA] fracture classification (highest with GA-IIIb: [OR: 22.20; CI: 3.60-136.95]), and Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification skin variable (highest with extensive degloving [OR: 15.61; CI: 3.25-74.86]) were independently associated with osteomyelitis risk. Initial stabilization occurring outside of the combat zone was associated with reduced risk of osteomyelitis. CONCLUSIONS: Open upper extremity fractures with severe soft-tissue damage have the highest risk of developing osteomyelitis. The associations with injuries sustained 2003-2006 and location of initial stabilization are likely from evolving trauma system recommendations and practice patterns during the timeframe.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: The privatisation of the Washington Liquor Monopoly in 2012 offered a unique opportunity to study spirits purchasing behaviour changes from a government to licensed system. DESIGN AND METHODS: Four representative cross-sectional surveys of adults aged 18 and older in Washington state were recruited between January 2014 and October 2015 (Wave 1, N=1202; W2, N=804; W3, N=823; W4, N=662). Analyses compared spirits purchasing behaviours before privatisation from retrospective reports to current reports in the areas of travel distance, spirits quality, purchase frequency and size of bottle. Respondents also directly reported on changes in convenience, selection and prices. RESULTS: No significant changes were found in these aspects of purchasing. However, subgroup analyses found that younger drinkers 18-29 reduced travel distance and increased purchase frequency while drinkers aged 50 and older travelled further. Reduced travel distances were associated with grocery and drug stores while increased travel distances were associated with liquor superstores, wholesale stores and government stores in bordering states. Respondents reported that liquor purchasing was more convenient after privatisation but that the selection of spirits was better and prices were lower in the government-controlled stores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The government monopoly stores were viewed as offering a wider selection of products and as having lower prices than those in the privatised system. The variety of store types in the licensed system allowed drinkers to select stores based on convenience, selection or prices, so that travel times increased for some buyers, presumably those seeking lower prices or a wider selection.

The advent of government transparency through online data publication should provide a transformative benefit to the information gathering practices of civic organizations and environmental advocates. However, environmental agencies and other reporters often disseminate this critical data only in siloed repositories and in technically complex, inconsistent formats, limiting its impact. We have developed a new open source web resource, the Archive of Massachusetts ENvironmental Data or AMEND, which curates information relating to federal, state, and local environmental stewardship in Massachusetts, focused on water quality. We describe the construction of AMEND, its operation, and the datasets we have integrated to date. This tool supports the development and advocacy of policy positions with published analyses that are fully reproducible, versioned, and archived online. As a case study, we present the first publicly reported analysis of the distributional impact of combined sewer overflows on Environmental Justice (EJ) communities. Our analysis of the historical geospatial distribution of these sewer overflows and block-level US Census data on EJ indicators tracking race, income, and linguistic isolation demonstrates that vulnerable communities in Massachusetts are significantly overburdened by this form of pollution. We discuss applications of this analysis to the state-level legislative process in Massachusetts. We believe that this approach to increasing the accessibility of regulatory data, and the code underlying AMEND, can serve as a model for other civic organizations seeking to leverage data to build trust with and advocate to policymakers and the public.

The paper discusses the features of building a system for managing the recovery of military personnel (SUOVS), including combatants who have been diagnosed with PTSD or there is a likelihood of its development. Based on the analysis, the requirement for the system is deduced - to influence all components of health (physical, psychological, social). The informational structure of health and the role of the state of the musculoskeletal system in it are considered. Exercise was chosen as a healing effect. It is shown that the optimal medium for creating video processing programs is the The Unified Algorithmic Platform (UAP). The use of UAP, technology of big data, machine learning will allow the SUOVS system to create new knowledge for rehabilitation. ; The paper discusses the features of building a system for managing the recovery of military personnel (SUOVS), including combatants who have been diagnosed with PTSD or there is a likelihood of its development. Based on the analysis, the requirement for the system is deduced - to influence all components of health (physical, psychological, social). The informational structure of health and the role of the state of the musculoskeletal system in it are considered. Exercise was chosen as a healing effect. It is shown that the optimal medium for creating video processing programs is the The Unified Algorithmic Platform (UAP). The use of UAP, technology of big data, machine learning will allow the SUOVS system to create new knowledge for rehabilitation.

Much vacuum has been identified in the trajectory of university governance, which had led to epileptic university operation as a result of student and university management dichotomies in Nigeria. To this end, this study investigated students' involvement in university governance and administrative effectiveness in public and private universities in Ekiti state. The study adopted survey design. The population consists of all staff and students of all universities in Ekiti State. The sample consisted of 500 respondents selected using proportionate sampling technique. A questionnaire titled, "Students Involvement in University Governance and Administrative Effectiveness Questionnaire" (SIUGAEQ) was used to collect data. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and Inferential Statistics such as Frequency Counts, Percentages, Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC), and T-test. All hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that the level of students' involvement in university governance and administrative effectiveness was high which indicate that there is a high level of students' involvement in university governance and administrative effectiveness in public and private universities. The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between students' involvement in University governance and administrative effectiveness. Findings also showed that there was no significant difference in the level of students' involvement in University governance in public and private universities as well as in the level of administrative effectiveness in public and private Universities. The study recommended that students should be actively involved in university decision making process. This will accord them a sense of belonging, reduce incessant conflicts between the university management and the students which will, in turn, lead to improved administrative effectiveness of the university system.

This article examines the blurred boundaries between public and private repressive practices in Wilhelmine Germany with a special focus on the legal and administrative framework drawn up to redistribute security tasks and delegate the use of violence to non-state actors. While the rapid escalation of political violence in Central and Eastern Europe after 1917 has been widely discussed in the recent historiography, the structure of violence in the pre-war period remains less explored, especially with regard to the public-private interplay in the policing of popular protests. After the first massive strike by Ruhr miners in 1889, the Prussian authorities began to support the formation of semi-private armed protection groups in an effort to tackle 'strike terrorism'. The idea of privatizing repressive practices arose as a result of widespread fears of social and political disintegration. Yet, although it may seem paradoxical, the precondition for delegating the use of violence to non-state actors was Prussian administrators' confidence in the state's solidity and efficiency. The ambivalence in contemporary discourses concerning the vulnerability of the existing social and political order is crucial to explaining why the Prussian authorities implemented strategies for legally distributing arms to those groups that were considered part of the 'loyal classes'. The mobilization against 'strike terrorism' involved not only officially organized armed groups, such as the Zechenwehren, but also more informal or extra-legal strategies such as private use of the municipal police, the distribution of arms to strike-breakers and the militarization of white-collar workers and supervisors. ; European Research Council (ERC)

Civil procedure of trademark enforcement runs in Pakistan under Trade Marks Ordinance 2001, Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and Specific Relief Act 1877. Trademark is one of the components of Intellectual Property Law, it is a mark, name, sign, smell or a sound which distinguishes goods and services of one undertaking from goods and services of other undertakings. It is required to be distinctiveness and non-descriptive, it losses its distinctiveness when owner of registered trademark does not take prompt action against its infringement. The registered trademark owner may file civil suit against infringement of his registered trademark before the concerned District Court of Law for claiming damages and obtaining injunctions. The Trademark Registry works under Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) for registration and protection of trademarks in Pakistan. Similarly, Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia (MyIPO) is empowered agency of trademark registration and its protection in Malaysia. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is responsible for registration and protection of trademarks in United States of America (USA). Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) is the only International Treaty which contains exhaustive provisions on trademark enforcement includes civil procedure, administrative procedure, criminal procedure, provisional and border measures. Important civil procedure of trademark enforcement issues need to be clarified in trademark law of Pakistan includes trademark infringement, trademark dilution and rectification of trademark register. This article is comparative analysis of civil procedure of trademark enforcement in Pakistan, Malaysia and USA.

International law arising in international legal relations, sometimes there are loopholes which cannot be enforced in an effective international way. Case study on creating legal measures that are necessary for non-proliferation of nuclear weapons in the ASEAN community focusing on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, which the Association of Southeast Asia Nations or ASEAN has established for over 20 years. The importance of this Treaty is, specify the Parties prohibit development, production or acquisition of possession or control over nuclear weapons, and to desire all Southeast Asia free from weapons and all destructive weapons. Although the Treaty has been signed and rectified by all ASEAN Member States, the five nuclear powers have not accepted the Treaty would make the goal of making the region free from nuclear weapons could not be achieved because of such nuclear powers to be the Parties that bring nuclear weapons into the region. The General Assembly adopted a resolution on the adoption of nuclear weapons free-zones over the years by the Parties' members from all over the world raising their level of recognition, including the nuclear superpower countries do not oppose. Therefore, as a guideline for creating new norms in international practice, which should have legal consequences for the nuclear superpower that has accepted the resolution by consensus, and this consensus may be a channel that leads to legal binding that every superpower and every state must refrain from using nuclear weapons in the region instead of signing or ratifying the Treaty.

The article is devoted to explaining the differences between legal educational systems in states with a positivist understanding of law and states where the system of law is based on the natural understanding of law. Law education has a value orientation. The educational process at higher law schools aims not only to transfer information about law but also to involve the student into the legal values. The purpose of law education under the positivist understanding of law is to provide the student with encyclopaedic knowledge of current legislation. The purpose of legal education under the natural understanding of law is the preparation of a critically minded lawyer, who is characterized by devotion to the idea of law and who meets advanced ethical requirements. An important direction for improving law education is the introduction of legal clinical education. ; Стаття присвячена висвітленню відмінностей між правовими освітніми системами в державах із позитивістським розумінням права та державами, де система права базується на природному розумінні права. Юридична освіта має ціннісну спрямованість. Навчальний процес у вищих правничих школах спрямований не лише на передачу інформації про право, а й на залучення студента до правових цінностей. Метою юридичної освіти за позитивістського розуміння права є надання студенту енциклопедичних знань чинного законодавства. Метою юридичної освіти за природного розуміння права є підготовка критично налаштованого юриста, якому властива відданість ідеї права і який відповідає сучасним етичним вимогам. Важливим напрямком вдосконалення юридичної освіти є запровадження юридичної клінічної освіти.