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Internal migration; fieldwork. Gebze (Turkey); social conditions

Motherhood -- Calling -- Migration -- Prohibitions -- Education -- Civics -- Conventions

Examines the link between migration and racism.

This issue examines politics and practices that challenge the European border regime by contesting and negotiating asylum laws and regulations, practices of separation in refugee camps and accommodation centers, as much as political acts by undocumented migrants and activists seeking alternative ways of cohabitation. The different contributions all highlight the role of civil society initiatives during the migration movements in 2015 and 2016 in Europe by discussing critical perspectives on the European border regime and by looking at migration as a contesting political force. Topics related to mobilization and the appropriation of public spaces to actively declare one's solidarity, political activism to contest borders and boundary-making approaches (no border movements) and the engagement into voluntary work are critically reflected.

This paper contributes to the growing literature on the diversity of return migration by analysing the different types of small-scale entrepreneurship among returnees. Data from an original survey conducted among Romanian returnees and in-depth interviews with returnees in entrepreneurship are combined to reveal distinct profiles of returnee entrepreneurs and to illustrate their specific ways of thinking about entrepreneurship and migration. Currently, Romania is one of the most fertile settings to research intra-European return migration due to its important flows of temporary international migrants. The paper highlights that there are major differences between business owners and self-employed returnees in terms of entrepreneurship. Returnees who are business owners are those who benefited significantly more from migration than non-entrepreneur returnees—in terms of economic savings, human capital accumulation, and enhancement of their stocks of social capital; while returnees in self-employment reveal no significant differences for these migration outcomes compared to non-entrepreneur returnees. The distinction between the two groups of entrepreneurs has certain implications for origin states' policies oriented towards stimulating return migration through programmes oriented towards returnees' entrepreneurship. Keywords: Return Migration; Intra-European Migration; Entrepreneurship; Self-Employment; Multi-Method Social Research. „„„„ Articolul contribuie la literatura dedicată diversității migrației de revenire prin analiza unor tipuri diferite de antreprenoriat în rândul migranților reîntorși în țara de origine. Pentru a documenta profilurile specifice ale migranților care sunt antreprenori după revenire, sunt combinate date culese printr-un sondaj cu migranți reveniți în România și interviuri de profunzime cu migranți care au statutul de antreprenori după revenirea din străinătate. În prezent, România reprezintă unul dintre contextele excelente pentru cercetarea migrației de revenire datorită fluxurilor importante de migranți temporari internaționali. Lucrarea subliniază o serie de diferențe majore între migranții reveniți care au deschis mici afaceri și cei care lucrează pe cont propriu (de exemplu, sub formă de persoană fizică autorizată). Pe de o parte, migranții reveniți care dețin mici afaceri sunt cei care au beneficiat semnificativ mai mult din experiența de migrație comparativ cu reveniții non-antreprenori, în termeni de bani economisiți din migrație, acumulare de capital uman în străinătate și reconfigurarea capitalului social. Pe de altă parte, compararea profilurilor celor care lucrează pe cont propriu cu non-antreprenorii nu arată diferențe semnificative între cele două categorii în termeni de resurse acumulate prin experiența de migrație. Distincția dintre cele două tipuri de antreprenori poate avea implicații pentru politicile statelor de origine orientate către stimularea migrației de revenire prin programe centrate spre antreprenoriatul migranților reveniți. Cuvinte-cheie: migrație de revenire; migrație intra-europeană; antreprenoriat; angajare pe cont propriu; cercetare multi-metodă.

My dissertation contributes towards our understanding of effects of trade liberalization on institutional, economic and environmental outcomes. It consists of three chapters. The first, ``International Trade Liberalization and Domestic Institutional Reform: Effects of WTO Accession on Chinese Internal Migration Policy" studies the effect of trade liberalization on migration regulations. I study how trade affects labor institutions in the context of China?s Hukou system that regulates internal migration. Chinese local governments were allowed to relax internal migration restrictions after China entered the WTO in 2001. I collect a new dataset on Chinese prefecture-level migration regulations that shows each region?s friendliness to migrant workers. Using these data, I document an increase in pro-migrant regulation around the time of WTO entry. I then consider the role of international trade in triggering this increase by estimating the impact of prefecture-level export and import shocks on migration regulations across 250 Chinese prefectures from 2001 to 2007. I find a positive and significant impact of export shocks on regulations that encourage in-migration. 17% of the impact of export shocks on migration and 9%-15% of their impact on growth operated through changes in regulation. In my second chapter, ``Was Entry into the WTO Worth it: Environmental Consequences of Trade Liberalization'', I document that despite the enormous economic benefits from China's accession to the WTO in 2001, the overall welfare gains from trade liberalization may be compromised since pollution from production has also increased. Using plausibly exogenous tariff reductions on Chinese goods caused by the WTO accession, variation in industry composition across cities and variation in pollution intensity levels across industries, I study the effect of trade liberalization on income, pollution, and health in China from 2000 to 2005. Using regional tariff shocks as instruments for changes in income and pollution levels, I show that cities which faced a 10% larger GDP per capita increase experienced a 6%-7% larger total mortality rate decline, and regions that faced a 10% larger increase in air pollution levels experienced a 4%-13% larger total mortality rate increase. Overall, if all exports were generated from non-polluting industries, the total mortality rate would have declined by 3.6% more. However, in terms of overall welfare, the gains from income growth outweigh losses from increases in pollution levels. In the third and last chapter, ``Hukou and Labor Misallocation in China", I propose to quantify the changes in misallocation cost due to the Hukou reform. The Hukou system impedes labor mobility across regions, and the marginal productivity of labor may not be equalized spatially. Following Hsieh and Moretti (2017), I plan to use a general equilibrium Rosen-Roback model to measure the effect of Hukou regulations on aggregate growth.

Organisms modify their geographical distributions in response to changes in environmental conditions, or modify their affinity to such conditions, to avoid extinction. This study explored the altitudinal shift of Abies pinsapo Boiss. in the Baetic System. We analysed the potential distribution of the realised and reproductive niches of A. pinsapo populations in the Ronda Mountains (Southern Spain) by using species distribution models (SDMs) for two life stages within the current populations. Then, we calculated the species' potential altitudinal shifts and identified the areas in which the processes of persistence and migration predominated. The realised and reproductive niches of A. pinsapo are different to one another, which may indicate a displacement in its altitudinal distribution owing to changes in the climatic conditions of the Ronda Mountains. The most unfavourable conditions for the species indicate a trailing edge (~110 m) at the lower limit of its distribution and a leading edge (~55 m) at the upper limit. Even though the differences in the altitudinal shifts between the trailing and leading edges will not cause the populations to become extinct in the short term, they may threaten their viability if the conditions that are producing the contraction at the lower limit persist in the long term. ; This research was funded by (i) Spanish government, State R&D Program Oriented to the Challenges of the Society: MED-REFUGIA Research Project (RTI2018-101714-B-I00); (ii) Andalusian Plan for Research, Development and Innovation: OROMEDREFUGIA Research Project (P18-RT4963); (iii) ERDF Operational Programme in Andalusia (EU regional programme): RELIC-FLORA 2 Research Project (B-RNM-404-UGR18); and (iv) State Program for the Promotion of Scientific Research and Excellence Technique: PALEOPINSAPO Research Project (CSO2017-83576-P). The APC was funded by (i) Spanish government, State R&D Program Oriented to the Challenges of the Society: MED-REFUGIA Research Project (RTI2018-101714-B-I00); and (ii) Andalusian Plan for Research, Development and Innovation: OROMEDREFUGIA Research Project (P18-RT-4963).

In order to address the 'complex landscape' of large-scale information systems which have developed within the fields of migration and security, the European Union adopted two Regulations on Interoperability (Reg (EU) 2019/817 and Reg (EU) 2019/818) on the 20th May 2019. These twin Regulations establish a framework composed of four components: firstly, a European Search Portal (ESP); secondly, a Shared Biometric Matching Service (BMS); thirdly, a Common Identity Repository (CIR); and fourthly, a Multiple-Identity Detector (MID). Through these components, the EU seeks to close information gaps which exist between the various information systems, enabling the different systems to supplement each other. The EU argues that doing so helps to ensure the correct identification of individuals presenting themselves at an EU border, and assists in achieving a number of aims such as improving the effectiveness of external border checks, preventing illegal immigration and contributing to a high level of security within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. While beneficial from the standpoint of simplifying data exchange, these Regulations raise significant human rights concerns, particularly in relation to privacy and data protection. Through considering this 'complex landscape' through a holistic perspective, this article considers whether rather than simplifying how the information within these databases are accessed, the Interoperability Regulations, in fact, further complicates it, by failing to take into account the importance of the respective purposes behind each individual database. As an ecosystems approach highlights, rather than looking at the interoperability provisions in isolation, greater attention should be paid to the wider context within which these databases have developed. It is suggested that by ignoring this context, these Regulations prioritise the development of new tools for security purposes at the expense of the human rights of migrants.

The domestication and subsequent global dispersal of livestock are crucial events in human history, but the migratory episodes during the history of livestock remain poorly documented [1, 2, 3]. Here, we first developed a set of 493 novel ovine SNPs of the male-specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) by genome mapping. We then conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, and whole-genome sequence variations in a large number of 595 rams representing 118 domestic populations across the world. We detected four different paternal lineages of domestic sheep and resolved, at the global level, their paternal origins and differentiation. In Northern European breeds, several of which have retained primitive traits (e.g., a small body size and short or thin tails), and fat-tailed sheep, we found an overrepresentation of MSY lineages y-HC and y-HB, respectively. Using an approximate Bayesian computation approach, we reconstruct the demographic expansions associated with the segregation of primitive and fat-tailed phenotypes. These results together with archaeological evidence and historical data suggested the first expansion of early domestic hair sheep and the later expansion of fat-tailed sheep occurred ∼11,800–9,000 years BP and ∼5,300–1,700 years BP, respectively. These findings provide important insights into the history of migration and pastoralism of sheep across the Old World, which was associated with different breeding goals during the Neolithic agricultural revolution. ; This study was funded by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program-Key Projects of International Innovation Cooperation between Governments (2017YFE0117900), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 31825024, 31661143014, 31760661, and 31972527), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP) (no. 2019QZKK0501), the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (152111KYSB20190027), the Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province (no. ts201511085), and Chinese Government contribution to CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources in Beijing and to ICARDA. ; Peer reviewed

The recent refugee crisis in Europe is the first of its kind in a fully digital age. This has meant that migrants have been able to use new digital affordances to aid themselves in risky transnational crossings, keeping in touch with the loved ones left behind but also with the peers who have successfully arrived in the destination countries. But the combination of technology and migration deserves further scrutiny as it has not only allowed for geographical distance to be bridged through digital proximity but also created new anxieties and fears. Recent media images of refugees reaching dry land and taking selfies, for example, has sparked heated debates on whether these refugees are worthy of aid and support (Chouliaraki, 2017; Risam, 2018, Ticktin, 2016). The assumption is that refugees should be innocent victims, helpless and disenfranchised in order to fit with the claim for humanitarian help bestowed by the West. Images of refugees as technologically savvy and digital natives have instead generated fear and anxiety about an invasion of bogus refugees feeding into 'high tech orientalism' (Chun, 2006, p. 73). The present intervention investigates how digital technologies have been used bottom up to offer new ways of communication and support to 'connected migrants' (Diminescu, 2008) versus the increased top down use of technologies for monitoring, surveillance and racial profiling done both by government organizations and by media at large. The idea is that technologies offer new tools for engaging in transnational cosmopolitan alliances but that the speed, uncontrollability and unpredictability of these flows have also generated new sources of anxiety and resistance to these strangers at our door as theorized by Zygmunt Bauman (2016). How do migrants and technology enhance this culture of anxiety in Europe? How is anxiety fomented in order to 'frame' migrants as new players in our risk society (Beck, 1992)?

Transnational migration and questions of identity are amongst the most powerful forces of social transformation in contemporary Europe. Over the past three decades, representations of migrant and diasporic experiences and the dynamics of postmodern multiculturalism have assumed a prominent position in European mainstream and art house cinema (Berger 2010; Berghahn 2010; Loshitzky 2010; Ponzanesi 2011a, 2011b). This proposal explores new ways of unpacking Europe by analyzing conventional as well as experimental cinema genres through postcolonial lenses. It furthermore offers alternative reading of space and mobility in European cinema at the crossways of local, transnational and global re- and deterritorialization which allows not only to redefine Europe from new subjective perspectives but also to rethink the role of cinema as an aesthetic and political medium. Contributions explore questions of postcoloniality in European migrant cinemas from a comparative point of view, integrating on the other hand a corpus of both films made by migrant and non-migrant film-makers. Located between national and transnational modes of production, distribution and reception, migrants cinemas not only rely on the colonial heritage of Europe's past, but also on its consequences in present. Both narration and aesthetics focus, on one hand, on the human flow from Latin America, Africa or Asia to the Old Continent, which on the other hand moves into a self-protecting European fortress. Spatiality occupies a central role in migrant cinema, not only because it foregrounds movement and dislocations, borders and crossings, spaces and non-places, mental journeys and fantasies, but also different forms of heterotopias (Foucault, 1986). These are not just post-apocalyptic science fiction dystopias but integral places within Europe in which marginalization, entrapment and confinement of otherness and deviancy is organized (refugee camps, prisons, detention centers, holding areas, checkpoints, asylum quarters etc.). But whereas these issues ...

The inability of physiologists to effect change in fisheries management has been the source of frustration for many decades. Close collaboration between fisheries managers and researchers has afforded our interdisciplinary team an unusual opportunity to evaluate the emerging impact that physiology can have in providing relevant and credible scientific advice to assist in management decisions. We categorize the quality of scientific advice given to management into five levels based on the type of scientific activity and resulting advice (notions, observations, descriptions, predictions and prescriptions). We argue that, ideally, both managers and researchers have concomitant but separate responsibilities for increasing the level of scientific advice provided. The responsibility of managers involves clear communication of management objectives to researchers, including exact descriptions of knowledge needs and researchable problems. The role of the researcher is to provide scientific advice based on the current state of scientific information and the level of integration with management. The examples of scientific advice discussed herein relate to physiological research on the impact of high discharge and water temperature, pathogens, sex and fisheries interactions on in-river migration success of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the increased understanding and quality of scientific advice that emerges. We submit that success in increasing the quality of scientific advice is a function of political motivation linked to funding, legal clarity in management objectives, collaborative structures in government and academia, personal relationships, access to interdisciplinary experts and scientific peer acceptance. The major challenges with advancing scientific advice include uncertainty in results, lack of integration with management needs and institutional caution in adopting new research. We hope that conservation physiologists can learn from our experiences of providing scientific advice to management to increase the potential for this growing field of research to have a positive influence on resource management.

[EN] Spain has historically been a country of emigrants (mainly to South America and the rest of Europe), but has become an important country of in-migration since 1980. This article considers the case of Latin American immigrants in Spain. The economic transformation of Spain following democratization and its entry into the European Union generated dynamic economic growth that led to its promotion to the group of countries attracting economic migrants from countries of the 'South'. The linguistic affinity with Latin America (except Brazil) has also been a strong factor in making Spain the principal European recipient of Latin American immigrants today. Based on social and demographic statistics, the author analyses the difficulties faced by migrants - for example, social integration, protection at school and at work - residential patterns, cultural conflict, and state policies to address these problems. ; [ES] En el contexto de la transformación histórica de España, de país de migrantes (fundamentalmente hacia el sur de América latina y hacia el resto de Europa) a un importante receptor de inmigrantes a partir de los años 80 del siglo XX, este artículo presenta las particularidades de la presencia de latinoamericanos en España. La transformación económica de España a partir de la democratizacion y de su inclusión en la Unión Europea generó una dinámica de crecimiento ecómico que la hizo ingresar en el grupo de países de destinación de la migración económica de los países del 'Sur'. La comunidad lingüística con América latina (con la excepción de Brasil) ha sido también un factor determinante para que actualmente sea el principal destino de la migración latinoamericana hacia Europa. Apoyada en variadas estadísticas sociodemográficas, la autora analiza aspectos como las dificultades de integración social y de cobertura en aspectos tales como el laboral y la educación, las tendencias de ubicación residencial, los conflictos culturales y las políticas del Estado para encarar estas problemáticas. ; Peer reviewed

The governmental regulation of labor force migration is an important part of country''s image. The interdependence between in ternational labor force migration and national economy''s competitiveness is analyzed. The Global Competitiveness Index was cho sen as a background of the research. The ways of improving of Ukrainian performance in a Global Competitiveness Index are de fined. Tough control and the migrants inflow limits implementation will cause a decrease in an unemployment rate and an increase in a competitiveness of national business. The stimulation of the high-qualified specialists'' immigration is also a way of gaining acompetitive advantage. The necessity of governmental programs, supporting national entrepreneurs must be emphasized.

This paper examines Thai immigrant entrepreneurship in the UK, drawing on 17 interviews with Thai migrants in Brighton, East Sussex. It explores how Thai immigrants from different socioeconomic backgrounds and migration pathways mobilize ethnic and non-ethnic forms of capital in their entrepreneurial activities. Thai immigrants constitute a relatively new, small, but internally diverse migrant population in the UK, with female marriage migrants dominating the Thai migrant population in the past two decades. The findings of this study reveal that Thai migrants tend to own small-scale businesses or provide personal services in three sectors: cleaning and care work, beauty and massage, and food and catering. In their interaction with opportunity structures in the UK, Thai restaurant and massage entrepreneurs mobilize the exotic notion of "Thai-ness" to add value to their services catering to local British customers.