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Japan has many unique strengths, but it also faces numerous challenges, many of which are related to population ageing. Rapid demographic change is projected to reduce Japan's population by one-quarter by 2060 while increasing the share of elderly people from 29% of the total population to 38%, which would be the highest share among advanced countries. This book analyses the Japanese economy and the challenges it faces, and suggests policies to promote wellbeing, high living standards, fiscal sustainability, social inclusion and environmental sustainability. The book's 24 chapters focus on key aspects of Japan's economy, including the labour market, innovation, education, women in the workforce, corporate governance, small and medium-sized enterprises, the service sector, agriculture, fiscal and monetary policy, income distribution and policies to address climate change. The volume aims to increase understanding of Japan, the world's third-largest economy and a key player in the global economy. It will assist policymakers and serve as a resource for academics and students of economics and public policy. As Japan is a front-runner in population ageing, the book's analysis and policy recommendations are highly relevant to other countries that are, or soon will be, facing similar challenges.

Population aging is perhaps the single biggest economic and social obstacle confronting Asia's future. The region-wide demographic transition towards an older population is fundamentally reshaping the demographic landscape, and is giving rise to two key socio-economic challenges. This timely book provides an in-depth analysis of these challenges and presents concrete policy options for tackling them. -- First, the expert contributors argue, Asia must find ways to sustain rapid economic growth in the face of less favorable demographics, which implies slower growth of the workforce. Second, they contend, Asia must find ways to deliver affordable, adequate, and sustainable old-age economic security for its growing elderly population. Underpinned by rigorous analysis, a wide range of concrete policy options for sustaining economic growth while delivering economic security for the elderly are then presented. These include Asia-wide policy options – relevant to the entire region – such as building up strong national pension systems, while other policy options are more relevant to sub-groups of countries. -- This stimulating and informative book will be of great interest to academics, students, and researchers with an interest in Asian studies, economics generally, and, more specifically, public sector economics.

"Getting divorced and remarried are now common practices in European societies, even if the rules differ from one country to the next. Civil marriage law still echoes religious marriage law, which for centuries determined which persons could enter into marriage with each other and how validly contracted marriages could be ended. Religions and denominations also had different regulations regarding whether a divorce only ended marital obligations or also permitted remarriage during the lifetime of the divorced spouse. This book deals with predominantly handwritten documents of divorce proceedings from the British Isles to Western, Central and Southeastern Europe, and from 1600 to the 1930s. The praxeological analysis reveals the arguments and strategies put forward to obtain or prevent divorce, as well as the social and, above all, economic conditions and arrangements connected with divorce. The contributions break new ground by combining previously often separate fields of research and regions of investigation. It makes clear that the gender order doesn't always run along religious lines, as was too often assumed. This book will be of interest to all scholars and students of economic, social, religious, cultural, legal and gender history as well as gender and well-being in a broader sense"--

"This book analyzes heroin users and the drug subculture on the Shetland Islands, an area known for its geographical remoteness, rural character and relative wealth. It fills the scientific gap created by the conventional research in heroin research, which is usually conducted in urban areas and relies on treatment and prison populations. Based on qualitative, in-depth interviews with twenty-four heroin users, this book depicts and analyzes the nature and historical development of the local heroin scene. It illustrates the features and internal structures of the subculture, and it examines the manner in which both are influenced by the location-specific geographical, cultural and socio-economic conditions. It thus reveals complex causal associations that are hard to recognize in urban environments. Complete with a list of references used and recommendations for future research, this book is a vital tool for progressive and pragmatic approaches to policy, intervention and research in the field of illicit drug use"--Publisher's description

International audience ; Some clandestine organisations as well as the Western media willingly promote the part played by women fighters in guerrilla movements such as the Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK). Beyond the ideological developments of the "Free Woman" theory, the status of women was the object of a difficult women's conquest carried out within the party. In order to appreciate its evolution, we have relied on a qualitative sociological survey conducted among 28 female PKK fighters. After a brief look back at the phase of the 'armification' of women, we will highlight the forms of gender discrimination that have persisted within the party since the 1990s and emphasise the role of the 'armification' of women in the institution of the self as political subject. These elements will lead us to reconsider the thesis of martial feminism, developed in the academic literature and ideologically thought of as a "tool and a condition of women's emancipation", in order to nuance it from the women's relationship to political violence. ; Certaines organisations clandestines ainsi que les medias occidentaux font très volontiers la promotion de la part prise par les femmes combattantes dans des guérillas comme celle du Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan (PKK). Au-delà des développements idéologiques de la théorie de la Femme libre, le statut des femmes a fait l'objet d'une conquête féminine menée avec peine au sein du parti. Afin d'en apprécier les évolutions, nous nous sommes appuyées sur une enquête de sociologie qualitative menée auprès de 28 combattantes du PKK. Après un bref retour sur la phase de l'« armification » des femmes, nous mettons en évidence les formes de discrimination de genre persistantes au sein du parti depuis les années 1990 et soulignons le rôle de l'« armification » des femmes dans l'institution de soi comme sujet politique. Ces éléments nous conduisent à reconsidérer la thèse du féminisme martial, développée dans la littérature académique et pensée idéologiquement comme un « outil et une condition de l'émancipation des femmes », pour la nuancer à partir du regard que portent les femmes sur leur rapport à la violence politique.

This thesis traces a discursive genealogy of the language debates at the Council of Europe. Through a sociolinguistic and discursive approach to international institutions, different institutional texts produced between 1949 and 2008 are examined in their socio-historically situated conditions of production. The focus is on the (dis)continuity of old language ideologies in the construction of the discourse on linguistic diversity and plurilingualism and on the way the discourse on languages is a terrain which articulates, on the one hand, the ideologies of nation-states, as independent entities,and, on the other hand, the ideologies of the Council of Europe as an international institution that functions on the basis of interstate cooperation. This thesis is a critical reflection on the discourse of celebration and valorization of plurilingualism and linguistic diversity, on the role of (the discourse of) international institutions in the context of the globalized new economy and the internationalization of politics, and on the exercise of symbolic power by means of institutional and discursive apparatus. ; Cette thèse trace une généalogie discursive des débats sur les langues au Conseil de l'Europe. Au moyen d'une approche sociolinguistique des institutions internationales dans une perspective discursive, différents textes institutionnels produits entre 1949 à 2008 sont examinés dans leurs conditions de production sociohistoriquement situées. L'intérêt est porté sur la (dis)continuité des anciennes idéologies langagières dans la construction du discours sur la diversité linguistique et le plurilinguisme et sur la manière dont s'articulent sur le terrain discursif des langues, d'une part les idéologies des États-nations, en tant qu'entités indépendantes, et d'autre part, les idéologies du Conseil de l'Europe en tant qu'institution internationale fonctionnant sur la base d'une coopération interétatique. Cette thèse est une réflexion critique sur le discours de célébration et de valorisation du plurilinguisme et de ...

Starting from 1415 when - after a previous and similar expedition that failed - they conquered the city of Ceuta , the Portuguese spread over the Iberian peninsula; interested, first of all, in the defence of their national borders, and, then, in the big trade routes, they built a row of fortified outposts along African and Asiatic coasts up to the Pacific Ocean.Lusitanian presence on the present Moroccan territory lasted till 1769, when they lost Mazagao, today's El Jadida. As a matter of fact, by the way, Portuguese military pressure reduced significantly already in the middle of XVI century, when most of the fortresses were captured by local populations. After, Portuguese period in Morocco started again with the opening of the kingdom to ocean wideness, includes the moments of his maximum richness and ends when the world's geopolitical balance of power had changed.An analysis of the luso-moroccan vestiges reveals a series of typology of action run down by countless actors and variables; even if, to describe them approximately, we can refer to a small number of major features. Those make reference to the physical condition of buildings, to the consideration they deserve in collective memory, to the typology of major actors intervening on these sites, to their interests and wills.While it sounds banal, we should not forget that an unescapable value is due to the socio-economical conditions of the involved area and, obviously, to the role and standing those sites can raise inside global economic gear. ; Nous proposons une lecture des dynamiques qui caractérisent les héritages matériels et monumentaux que la présence portugaise a laissés sur la côte atlantique du Maroc et leurs relations avec l'espace patrimonial actuel.L'objectif de ce travail est celui d'analyser le "phénomène patrimonial", c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des actions et des effets qui sont liés à un "objet" patrimonial, tel qu'il se présente dans l'environnement marocain, en tenant compte autant des liens directs des objets patrimoniaux avec leur ...

Starting from 1415 when - after a previous and similar expedition that failed - they conquered the city of Ceuta , the Portuguese spread over the Iberian peninsula; interested, first of all, in the defence of their national borders, and, then, in the big trade routes, they built a row of fortified outposts along African and Asiatic coasts up to the Pacific Ocean.Lusitanian presence on the present Moroccan territory lasted till 1769, when they lost Mazagao, today's El Jadida. As a matter of fact, by the way, Portuguese military pressure reduced significantly already in the middle of XVI century, when most of the fortresses were captured by local populations. After, Portuguese period in Morocco started again with the opening of the kingdom to ocean wideness, includes the moments of his maximum richness and ends when the world's geopolitical balance of power had changed.An analysis of the luso-moroccan vestiges reveals a series of typology of action run down by countless actors and variables; even if, to describe them approximately, we can refer to a small number of major features. Those make reference to the physical condition of buildings, to the consideration they deserve in collective memory, to the typology of major actors intervening on these sites, to their interests and wills.While it sounds banal, we should not forget that an unescapable value is due to the socio-economical conditions of the involved area and, obviously, to the role and standing those sites can raise inside global economic gear. ; Nous proposons une lecture des dynamiques qui caractérisent les héritages matériels et monumentaux que la présence portugaise a laissés sur la côte atlantique du Maroc et leurs relations avec l'espace patrimonial actuel.L'objectif de ce travail est celui d'analyser le "phénomène patrimonial", c'est-à-dire l'ensemble des actions et des effets qui sont liés à un "objet" patrimonial, tel qu'il se présente dans l'environnement marocain, en tenant compte autant des liens directs des objets patrimoniaux avec leur ...

Informal carers (i.e. people who provide unpaid care to family and/or friends) are crucial in supporting people with long‐term conditions. Caring negatively impacts on carers' health and experiences of health services. Internationally and nationally, policies, legislation, professional guidance and research advocate for health and care services to do more to support carers. This study explored the views of health and social care providers, commissioners and policy makers about the role and scope for strengthening health service support for carers. Twenty‐four semi‐structured interviews, with 25 participants were conducted, audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by thematic analysis. Three main themes emerged: (a) identifying carers, (b) carer support, and (c) assessing and addressing carer needs. Primary care, and other services, were seen as not doing enough for carers but having an important role in identifying and supporting carers. Two issues with carer identification were described, first people not self‐identifying as carers and second most services not being proactive in identifying carers. Participants thought that carer needs should be supported by primary care in collaboration with other health services, social care and the voluntary sector. Concerns were raised about primary care, which is under enormous strain, being asked to take on yet another task. There was a clear message that it was only useful to involve primary care in identifying carers and their needs, if benefit could be achieved through direct benefits such as better provision of support to the carer or indirect benefit such as better recognition of the carer role. This study highlights that more could be done to address carers' needs through primary care in close collaboration with other health and care services. The findings indicate the need for pilots and experiments to develop the evidence base. Given the crucial importance of carers, such studies should be a high priority.

Tout au long du XIX e siècle, le dépeuplement des campagnes et la volonté politique de centralisation et d'unification linguistique accélèrent un processus de perte d'identité et de coutumes qui touche les régions françaises. Témoins de ces disparitions, les élus locaux, les sociétés savantes régionales et les intellectuels se mobilisent et créent des mouvements de collectes. Une pléiade de musées d'ethnographie voit alors le jour à la fin du XIX e siècle. Leur but est principalement de conserver une mémoire des particularismes régionaux, qu'il semble urgent de sauvegarder. Tel fut également l'élan nécessaire à la création d'une institution nationale à Paris, destinée à recueillir ces témoignages, à une période clé de mise en valeur des identités régionales comme fait d'une réelle volonté politique. Le dernier quart du XIX e siècle est marqué par l'organisation à Paris de trois Expositions Universelles, de première importance pour l'ethnographie de la France. C'est sous l'impulsion de personnes influentes au sein du Ministère de l'Instruction Publique, de scientifiques et de sociétés savantes que seront réunies les conditions propices à la création du Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro. L'acquisition de collections sur les régions de France dès 1878 et l'ouverture, en 1884, d'espaces d'expositions consacrés à la France au sein du musée conduisent petit à petit à une première reconnaissance de l'ethnographie française en tant que discipline. En quête de méthodologie, c'est notamment sous l'influence et sur le modèle de sciences déjà établies qu'elle va constituer ses bases. La photographie, alors fréquemment utilisée dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques, intervient comme outil : elle enregistre, retranscrit, et conserve une certaine vision du réel à moindre coût.

Tout au long du XIX e siècle, le dépeuplement des campagnes et la volonté politique de centralisation et d'unification linguistique accélèrent un processus de perte d'identité et de coutumes qui touche les régions françaises. Témoins de ces disparitions, les élus locaux, les sociétés savantes régionales et les intellectuels se mobilisent et créent des mouvements de collectes. Une pléiade de musées d'ethnographie voit alors le jour à la fin du XIX e siècle. Leur but est principalement de conserver une mémoire des particularismes régionaux, qu'il semble urgent de sauvegarder. Tel fut également l'élan nécessaire à la création d'une institution nationale à Paris, destinée à recueillir ces témoignages, à une période clé de mise en valeur des identités régionales comme fait d'une réelle volonté politique. Le dernier quart du XIX e siècle est marqué par l'organisation à Paris de trois Expositions Universelles, de première importance pour l'ethnographie de la France. C'est sous l'impulsion de personnes influentes au sein du Ministère de l'Instruction Publique, de scientifiques et de sociétés savantes que seront réunies les conditions propices à la création du Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro. L'acquisition de collections sur les régions de France dès 1878 et l'ouverture, en 1884, d'espaces d'expositions consacrés à la France au sein du musée conduisent petit à petit à une première reconnaissance de l'ethnographie française en tant que discipline. En quête de méthodologie, c'est notamment sous l'influence et sur le modèle de sciences déjà établies qu'elle va constituer ses bases. La photographie, alors fréquemment utilisée dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques, intervient comme outil : elle enregistre, retranscrit, et conserve une certaine vision du réel à moindre coût.

International audience ; From the 1990s, South American companies – from Argentina, Brazil, and Chile in particular - have multiplied and diversified their investments and alliances in the region. Following political and economic reforms implemented by some countries, borders have opened between rival countries, generating new opportunities to develop regional markets. Among the major internationalized firms, those exploiting natural resources are many –especially for exploiting minerals and energy-. Some are public companies, other mixed or private, and some are privatized from former state enterprises. Their investments are based on regional institutions and the state governments, which, in turn, impose their conditions. Due to mutual dependence, businesses and governments develop the energy sector and large infrastructure, key factors in the socio-economic and territorial cohesion and redefine the geopolitical relations. ; À partir des années 1990, des entreprises originaires d'Amérique du Sud –Argentine, Brésil et Chili en particulier - ont multiplié et diversifié leurs investissements et leurs alliances dans la région. A la suite des réformes politico-économiques menées par certains États, les frontières de pays plus rivaux que complémentaires se sont ouvertes, générant de nouvelles opportunités pour développer les marchés régionaux. Parmi les principales entreprises internationalisées, celles exploitant les ressources naturelles sont nombreuses –énergies et minéraux principalement-. Certaines sont des entreprises publiques, des autres mixtes ou privées, d'autres encore sont des anciennes entreprises publiques privatisées. Leurs investissements s'appuient sur les institutions régionales et sur les gouvernements étatiques, qui, de leur côté, imposent leurs conditions. Dans un rapport de dépendance mutuelle, les entreprises et les États développent le secteur de l'énergie et les grandes infrastructures, facteurs clés de la cohésion socio-économique et territoriale ainsi que de la redéfinition des relations ...

What are the chances of achieving reconciliation between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo within the framework of the UN peace-consolidation mission begun in 1999? This reconciliation is a key objective for the United Nations, which is basing its approach on the promotion of multi-ethnicity. To focus on such a policy, however, is to forget that the reconciliation process must be an endogenous one and cannot be imposed by outside forces. This is all the more true given that the conditions in which the peace agreement was concluded were such that the conflict has never really come to an end and that each party still hopes to gain the upper hand at a later date. A process of reconciliation could perhaps begin if the Serbian side were to show some signs of repentance. Such an initiative, however, is likely to be hampered by the Serbs'perception of themselves as victims. ; Quelles sont les chances d'une réconciliation entre Serbes et Albanais au Kosovo, dans le cadre de la mission de consolidation de la paix conduite par l'ONU depuis 1999 ? Cette réconciliation est un objectif central des Nations unies, qui tentent de la faire advenir à partir d'une politique de multiethnicité. Mais c'est oublier que le processus de réconciliation doit être endogène et ne saurait être imposé de l'extérieur, d'autant que les conditions de conclusion d'un accord de paix ont failli à mettre véritablement un terme au conflit, chaque partie escomptant à l'avenir l'emporter sur l'autre partie. Un geste de repentance venant des Serbes pourrait peut-être enclencher un processus de réconciliation, mais il bute sur le sentiment de victimisation des Serbes.

What are the chances of achieving reconciliation between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo within the framework of the UN peace-consolidation mission begun in 1999? This reconciliation is a key objective for the United Nations, which is basing its approach on the promotion of multi-ethnicity. To focus on such a policy, however, is to forget that the reconciliation process must be an endogenous one and cannot be imposed by outside forces. This is all the more true given that the conditions in which the peace agreement was concluded were such that the conflict has never really come to an end and that each party still hopes to gain the upper hand at a later date. A process of reconciliation could perhaps begin if the Serbian side were to show some signs of repentance. Such an initiative, however, is likely to be hampered by the Serbs'perception of themselves as victims. ; Quelles sont les chances d'une réconciliation entre Serbes et Albanais au Kosovo, dans le cadre de la mission de consolidation de la paix conduite par l'ONU depuis 1999 ? Cette réconciliation est un objectif central des Nations unies, qui tentent de la faire advenir à partir d'une politique de multiethnicité. Mais c'est oublier que le processus de réconciliation doit être endogène et ne saurait être imposé de l'extérieur, d'autant que les conditions de conclusion d'un accord de paix ont failli à mettre véritablement un terme au conflit, chaque partie escomptant à l'avenir l'emporter sur l'autre partie. Un geste de repentance venant des Serbes pourrait peut-être enclencher un processus de réconciliation, mais il bute sur le sentiment de victimisation des Serbes.