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The presence of political parties has often been viewed as an integral part of democracy, and in particular, the Westminster parliamentary system. Parties representing different opinions, policies and ideologies are perceived as necessary for the representation of different interest groups. Also, political parties provide voters the opportunity to select leaders from a number of alternatives. It was, therefore, assumed that in order for democracy to work successfully parties must exist. Consequently, the newly independent states of Africa, Asia and Oceania that emerged in the post-World War II period and subscribed to democracy all attempted to develop a political culture where parties become significant. This is despite the fact that in most of these countries, especially in Melanesia, most voters had not yet understood the concept of party politics. When Solomon Islands gained constitutional independence on 7 July, 1978 and adopted the Westminster system of government from Great Britain, it inherited along with it concepts such as party politics. Consequently, Solomon Islanders who took over leadership of the government were faced with the fact that, in parliament, for the purposes of forming a government they had to align themselves with groups called political parties. The idea that the main governing body is made up of a government and an opposition was relatively new to most Solomon Islanders. However, despite this, political parties have become important in Solomon Islands politics today. Parties (or the absence of strong cohesive parties) have had a profound impact on the process of governance. This paper discusses the emergence and development of political parties in contemporary Solomon Islands. It analyses how party politics influences the process of governance and the nature of politics. The discussions here are drawn largely from my experiences as a member of the Solomon Islands parliament for eight years. ; AusAID

Lowell Turner has extensively researched the German transformation in the 1990s. Indeed, in 1993 he was at the factory gates at Siemens in Rostock for the first major strike in post-Cold War eastern Germany. In that strike, and in a series of other incisively analyzed workplace and job developments in eastern Germany, he shows the remarkable resilience and flexibility of the German social partnership and the contribution of its institutions to unification. His controversial and, to some, radical findings will stimulate debate at home and abroad

1. Introduction -- Berlin Divided—A City of Contrasts -- Governmental Heritage -- Early Postwar Developments Under Allied Occupation -- Complexity of Governance -- 2. Allied Governmental Authority -- "Statement of Principles" for Berlin -- The Allied Kommandatura -- 3. Constitutional System -- Temporary Constitution of 1946 -- Abortive Constitution of 1948 -- Division of Berlin -- Constitution of 1950 -- Amending the Constitution -- 4. Governmental System -- Electoral Law -- The Legislature -- The Executive -- Executive-Legislative Relations -- The Judiciary -- Government of East Berlin -- The Berlin Bezirke (Boroughs) -- 5. Politics and Elections -- Political Parties -- Communist Party (KPD) -- Early Elections -- Elections Since 1950 -- 6. Legal and Political Status of Berlin -- Legal Prerogatives of World-War-II Allies -- Legal Status of the Kommandatura -- Berlin and the West German Federation -- East Berlin and the East German Republic -- Concluding Statement -- Berlin—Pawn of the Powers -- Appendices -- Selected Bibliography -- Charts and Tables -- 1. Allied Control of Germany and Berlin, 1946 -- 2. Allied Kommandatura, 1951 -- 3. Allied Kommandatura, 1961 -- 4. Structure of Berlin Government Following 1946 Elections -- 8. Structure of East Berlin Government, 1961 -- Table I. Berlin Election Results -- Appendices -- 1. Protocol on Zones of Occupation in Germany and Administration of Greater Berlin, September 12, 1944—Excerpts -- 2. Agreement on Control Machinery in Germany, November 14, 1944—Excerpts -- 3. Quadripartite Statement on Zones of Occupation in Germany, June 5, 1945 -- 4. Quadripartite Statement on Control Machinery in Germany, June 5, 1945—Excerpts -- 5. Allied Agreement on Quadripartite Administration of Berlin, July 7, 1945 -- 6. Kommandatura Order No. 1, July 11, 1945 -- 7. Declaration by Western Commandants to Continue Operation of Kommandatura, December 21, 1948 -- 8. Statement of Principles for Berlin, 1949 -- 9. Instrument of Revision of Statement of Principles, 1951 -- 10. Allied Declaration on Berlin, May 5, 1955 -- 11. Kommandatura Letter Approving Constitution of 1950 -- 12. Berlin Constitution of 1950.

The cornerstone of the American republic is an educated, active, and engaged citizenry; however, the multifaceted inner workings of government and the political forces that shape it are incredibly complex. This book provides an overview of the commonwealth's major governing and political institutions and the public policy issues that profoundly affect Kentuckians' daily lives. In this volume, the editors have assembled respected scholars from across the state to inform citizens about their governing institutions, the consequences of their policy choices, and the intricacies of the political process. They provide information on Kentucky's government and explain significant trends and patterns, exploring the legacy of the state's political history and illuminating the contributions of influential Kentucky politicians such as Henry Clay, Abraham Lincoln, and Jefferson Davis. The contributors also address essential topics such as the structure and function of the three branches of government, the constitution, and federalism and intergovernmental relations, as well as administration, budgeting, and finance. They analyze key issues in education policy, economic and community development, and health care in great detail, explaining persistently controversial topics such as campaign finance, the cost of elections, ethics, and the oversight of regulatory agencies. From the executive branch to the legislature, from the court system to political parties, this book serves as a primer on government in the commonwealth

Telling the story of the Nazis' plan to kill millions of people in the German-occupied eastern territories, this book examines food politics during the Third Reich. Gesine Gerhard explores the economics of food production and consumption in Nazi Germany, as well as its use as a justification for war and as a tool for genocide

On December 8, 2021, the new coalition government of Germany began its work, an important area of the country's foreign policy development is relations with Russia, Germany's leading partner in the post-Soviet space. In many ways, they determine the parameters of cooperation between the European Union and the Russian Federation and its partners. The SPD, Union 90 / Greens, FDP, during difficult negotiations, agreed on common approaches to cooperation with Russia, which eventually united the value, economic, civil and political «Russian» denominators of the three party election programs. At the same time, the provisions enshrined in the coalition agreement are based on the foundation of bilateral relations built by the last two cabinets of ministers under the leadership of A. Merkel, incl. during 2021, the year that marked the end of the era of the former Chancellor. Just a week after the start of the government, bilateral relations were tested for strength in the political and economic spheres. The new year 2022 began in difficult conditions of escalating confrontation between the collective West, including Germany, and official Moscow. Under these conditions, on January 18, the German and Russian foreign ministers held talks, clarifying their mutual positions on the most important issues on the bilateral and international agenda. On February 15, Russian President V.V. Putin and Chancellor O. Scholz continued to discuss the most important topical issues of cooperation. The author sums up the political and economic results of cooperation between the two leading countries of the European continent in 2021, and also analyzes its prospects in 2022, paying special attention to the role of Germany and the Russian Federation in resolving the intra-Ukrainian conflict.

The present study focuses upon a political, rather than SE, comparison of economic policy making in Great Britain & the Federal Republic of Germany. Responding to the reality of persistent unemployment, policies of both countries have grown similar with Britain moving steadily toward a 'concerted action' approach already adopted by Germany & France. Policy-making processes also resemble each other in terms of the institutional structure & interrelationship of governing bodies. Closer analysis, however, reveals a number of differences in actual functioning within the structure due to the historical & political backgrounds of each country. Federation in Germany, for example, has meant a decentralization of power, leading indirectly to a more equal distribution of employment. In addition, the Bundesbank, unlike the Bank of England, is autonomous & hence, exercises control over governmental inflationary practices. Thirdly, the British Manpower Services Commission is relatively recent & lacks the power & credibility of the Bundesanstalt, its German counterpart. Traditionally, the countries have held differing attitudes regarding employment problems in relation to an overall economic policy. Germany has viewed unemployment as one of many factors influencing economic stability, whereas Britain has considered full employment an economic goal in its own right. Evidence indicates that differences will continue to decrease as Western democracies continue to face unemployment. 4 Figures. P. Hoye.

Thу article describes one of the modern problems – political condition of international relations, relations between nations and inter-ethnical consent. The authors analyze the experience of Kazakhstan and Germany in ethnic politics, explore the importance of these issues in the world today.